Kirchberg (Bad Reichenhall)
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Kirchberg
City of Bad Reichenhall
Coordinates: 47 ° 43 ′ 8 ″ N , 12 ° 52 ′ 2 ″ E
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| Height : | 470 m above sea level NN |
| Postal code : | 83435 |
| Area code : | 08651 |
Kirchberg is a district of the city of Bad Reichenhall in the Berchtesgadener Land district . Like Nonn , Kirchberg belonged to the former municipality of Karlstein until 1978 and was incorporated into Bad Reichenhall as part of the municipal reform.
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geography
location
Kirchberg lies between the western bank of the Saalach , the underwater canal of the Saalach power plant and the 2101 state road . In the Kirchberg area is the eastern branch of the Müllnerberg .
Waters
Kirchberg is located on the Saalach, which for a long time formed the border between the municipality of Karlstein and the city of Bad Reichenhall. In the past, water was diverted from the Saalach at the so-called Salzburger Wehr (roughly where the valley station of the Predigtstuhlbahn is now ) and fed the Kirchberger Mühlbach. This supplied numerous mills in Kirchberg with water power. In 1890 the wood pulp manufacturer Konrad Fischer from St. Zeno started up Germany's first AC power plant with the Reichenhall Electricity Works . Fischer also used the Kirchberger Mühlbach for his hydropower plant . When the Saalach power station went into operation, there was no water for the Mühlbach and the mills and the old power station were given up. The Mühlbach was filled with excavated material from the underwater canal of the Saalach power plant, today's Nonner Straße roughly represents the course of the Mühlbach. The Kirchberg mineral spring rises behind today's old people's home, but is no longer used today.
climate
As in the rest of the urban area of Bad Reichenhall, the climate is moderate, favored by the sheltered location in the valley basin and the water of the Saalach. Bad Reichenhall is therefore often referred to as the Merano of the North . A special feature are strong, warm downward winds, which occur mainly in the Kirchberg area and are little or no noticeable in other districts. Due to the wind direction (from the west) these are popularly referred to as Kugelbach wind , after the farm in this direction.
history
prehistory
The oldest finds of human settlement in the Reichenhall valley basin can be found in Karlstein , which Kirchberg belonged to until the regional reform. Among other things, dwellings, utensils and a large burnt offering altar from the Early Bronze Age are documented . The sites were at the heights north of today's St. Pankraz Church .
The first documented settlement of Kirchberg was by the Romans. Between 1884 and 1888, Max von Chlingensperg-Berg researched an extensive Germanic burial ground in the area of today's Hirschmühlweg. He researched a total of 525 row graves . The findings of Chlingensperg dated the period between the early 6th century and the late 7th century and assume a total of over a thousand graves. As many of the graves were destroyed by grave robbers, the inventory was difficult to carry out. A special feature were the Roman memorial stones, which were discovered in the middle of the Germanic graves and show a connection with the previous Roman period. However, the way in which the grave fragments were found suggests that they were thrown over the nearby slope and used to fill the grave. In addition, the pictorial representations were destroyed or mutilated with hammer and chisel in order to obliterate any trace of the hated Roman hereditary enemy. During a lecture, Kaiser Wilhelm II was so enthusiastic about the finds that he bought the entire collection for 30,000 gold marks and left it to the Berlin Museum of Ethnology . Of the 658 finds from that time, 255 are still preserved today, the rest has been lost since the Second World War .
middle Ages
The first religious cult building in the Kirchberg and Karlstein area is mentioned in the High Middle Ages . Archbishop Konrad I of Salzburg donated a fiefdom near Kirchberg in 1130 for the church of St. Georg, which he had consecrated . After the building disappeared in the 15th century, its patronage was changed to what was previously dedicated to St. Martin dedicated to the nuns church . Kirchberg Castle was also built in the first half of the 12th century and was probably completed by the time St. George's Church was consecrated. Kirchberg Castle secured part of the Reichenhaller salt trade route, the so-called Güldene Salzstrasse along today's Thumseestrasse. It is believed that the area around the castle was a central settlement in the Reichenhall Valley at that time. But as early as 1262, Kirchberg Castle and other archbishopric fortifications in Karlstein were destroyed by Duke Heinrich von Niederbayern in a dispute with the archbishop. The bishop was subsequently prevented from rebuilding by the knight Paltram , who was resident at Karlstein Castle at the time . On February 2, 1286 Archbishop Rudolf finally gave up this project and an agreement was reached with the Duke of Bavaria. The Kirchberg is now privately owned, the few remains of the wall hidden under the vegetation are barely visible and not accessible to the public. Kirchberg Castle is part of the Reichenhaller Burgenweg and was explored in 2002 by Johannes Lang and members of the Bad Reichenhall Local History Association.
Mount of Olives Chapel
After the town fire of 1834 , some salt workers and bricklayers made the promise to build a chapel on a suitable hill. As thanks for being saved from the fire and as an intercession to avert a similar calamity. Up to the beginning of the 19th century there was already an Ölberg chapel on what is now Innsbrucker Straße, but it was demolished from the saltworks for the construction of the Kufsägermühle . The interior of this chapel was decorated with a relief depicting Christ on the Mount of Olives with the disciples. The initiators of the new chapel remembered this building and wanted to use the relief in the new chapel. At that time the Kirchberg was not very wooded and offered a beautiful view of the Reichenhaller valley. The former owner of the Kirchberg, the master leather master and bathroom owner Anton Wintersteller, left the space for the construction free of charge. The building was completed in 1845. The construction was carried out in spite of uncovered costs, the disputes about jurisdiction were only on June 2, 1860 before the Kgl. Reichenhall district court ended. The chapel already received little maintenance from the beginning of the 20th century and was completely abandoned to decay from the end of the Second World War. Today only the foundation of the chapel can be seen. The memorial plaque for the consecration of the chapel has been preserved and is in the collection of the Bad Reichenhall Local History Museum. At the end of August 2020, Georg Schöndorfer, the owner of the Kirchberg-Schlössl , the adjoining residential complex and the Kirchberg, announced that he would like to increase the residential complex . In the style of penthouse apartments, a set-back structure with roof terraces and balconies is planned, which should offer 700 m² of “subsidized, affordable living space”. In the event of approval of the increase by the responsible authority and the Bavarian State Office for the Preservation of Monuments , Schöndorfer indirectly announced the prospect of rebuilding the dilapidated Ölberg chapel. It is unclear whether the reconstruction of the chapel is possible, because it is located on the area of the former Kirchberg Castle , which is now entered in the list of monuments as a ground monument. Any construction activity in this area is also subject to approval by the monument authority.
Health resort
It is not known whether Bad Reichenhall knew about the healing properties of brine in the Middle Ages . The first baths were not built in Bad Reichenhall, but on the other bank of the Saalach in Kirchberg. Here, very close to the Kirchberg-Schlössl , a mineral spring rises which may have already caused the Romans to settle in their area. The Kirchberg spring was first historically documented as a healing spring in 1713. The High Princely Salzburg Council, physicist and doctor Franz Duelly formulated the “fifteen bathing rules for the beneficial use of water”. In the beginning, however, the bathroom was only of regional importance, because even a hundred years later it was said that the devices and facilities were only available in the simplest form and were not suitable for use by "higher levels". At the beginning of the 19th century, the bath belonged to the leather master Franz Obermeier , hence the name Ledererbad . The saltworks doctor Dr. Osterhammer first prescribed baths mixed with brine here in 1822 and drew up reports on the success of his therapy. Even after Osterhammer's death, the brine cures, for which the brine first had to be delivered from the salt works in Reichenhall, were retained.
When the Axelmannstein spa hotel was established in Bad Reichenhall around 1846 , controversy arose repeatedly due to competition, but Kirchberg also gained in importance as the spa business in Reichenhall flourished.
In 1864 the doctor Pachmayr came into possession of the Schlössl, the spring and all facilities and rights. Above all, the medical care of the spa guests favored the upswing of the spa. Now the spa has been adapted to the Reichenhaller customs and was soon able to welcome the first foreign guests. Structural changes also made the former servants' bathroom the elegant counterpart of Reichenhall. The "Bad Kirchberger cure" consisted of the administration of baths with brine from Reichenhall, mixed with the water of the Kirchberg spring, brine and pine needle inhalations, milk and whey cures , mother liquor and spruce needle baths. The raw materials required were obtained fresh every day from the Kugelbachalm and the Mack'schen Apotheke. From 1856, the pharmacist Mathias Mack produced pine oil using a special distillation process , which is considered a valuable remedy and is still produced today in an old tradition in the family company Josef Mack , the oldest pine oil distillery in the world. In addition to the cure, the guests were offered a concert twice a week in the spa garden between May and October, which is why a music stand was set up for the spa orchestra. Between 1872 and 1883, Pachmayr expanded his property and built several new buildings. During this time, the spa garden became a botanical garden with an exotic character, which was widely admired. There Pachmayr also built a spa house in 1887 with a kitchen, restaurant, guest rooms, dining room, reading room and the necessary sanitary facilities. Pachmayr was the Kgl. Bavarian court council title awarded. After Pachmayr's death on February 3, 1895, the bathroom was continued within the family.
The last fifty years until the outbreak of the First World War was one of the happiest times in Kirchberg. The bath had grown into a villa health resort and had its own railway station. After the war, bathing came to a standstill in 1919. The former bath building disappeared and the extensive park was built over with today's BRK retirement home. The mineral spring runs unused today.
Bad Kirchberg around 1870
Kirchberg spring
Billboard
Recent past
In the years 1889 to 1890 the long bridge over the Saalach was replaced by a modern arch bridge made of stone, the Luitpold bridge. In 1899 the new bridge was badly damaged in a flood.
In 1890 Konrad Fischer opened the Reichenhall Electricity Works in Kirchberg , the first AC power plant in Germany and the first E-Werk in Bavaria. Fischer used the hydropower of the Kirchberger Mühlbach to light up 1200 light bulbs in Bad Reichenhall, Karlstein and Kirchberg. However, he sold his business again in 1891, and in 1898 the city acquired the plant from the new owner. When the new Saalach power plant went into operation in 1914, the water that was so urgently needed was not available for the mills and the electrical works. Therefore, a compensation agreement was negotiated between the city and the railway and the power plant still supplies electricity to the Bad Reichenhall public utility.
Bad Kirchberg was converted into a military hospital during the First World War , which was in operation until 1921. The Kirchberg-Schlössl was also integrated into the hospital. The Kurhaus was sold to the Bavarian Association of Officials in 1924 and shortly thereafter opened as a recreational home for civil servants. This finally ended the bathing operations in Kirchberg.
Kirchberg survived the Second World War and the air raid on Bad Reichenhall on April 25, 1945 with little damage. Individual houses on Kiblinger Weg were affected, the bombs intended for the Kirchberg train station fell for the most part far beyond the railway line and devastated the Kammerbote district and large parts of the upper city. The Luitpold Bridge was blown up by SS pioneers on the afternoon of May 3, 1945. At this time, however, the Allied troops were already a few kilometers from Bad Reichenhall on both sides of the Saalach.
The Crete Bridge was built in the 1960s, and traffic on the German Alpine Road was relocated from Thumseestrasse to the new State Road 2101 . In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s there was brisk construction activity in Kirchberg. The previously free meadows were almost completely built on with residential buildings.
Economy and Infrastructure
Today there is no infrastructure worth mentioning in Kirchberg apart from the BRK retirement home and a few restaurants. The area is now used almost exclusively as a residential area. Like the rest of Karlstein, Kirchberg is supplied with gas and water by the Bad Reichenhall municipal utility; the local electricity provider is also the Elektrizitätsgenossenschaft Karlstein eG .
traffic
The federal road 21 , the state road 2101 and the Freilassing – Berchtesgaden railway line with the “Bad Reichenhall-Kirchberg” stop run near the district . For a long time the listed Luitpold Bridge was the only connection for vehicles and wagons with Reichenhall. Line 2 of the city bus routes runs through Kirchberg up to the Thumsee .
Culture and sights
In addition to the Saalach power station and the valley station of the Predigtstuhlbahn, there are numerous other listed buildings in Kirchberg .
Kirchberg-Schlössl
The Kirchberg-Schlössl is a listed building and is located at the foot of the Kirchberg in an easterly direction. Around 1500, the Reichenhaller Siedeherr Christian Kastner acquired the estate and converted the former farm yard of the castle on the Kirchberg into a representative stone building. Under Peter von Waltern the building was converted into today's Schlössl in 1723, the year and Waltern's coat of arms on the north facade are still preserved today. The architectural style suggests that the castle was expanded to its present size in the 15th century. There is a chapel and a restaurant in the castle.
literature
- Georg W. Schöndorfer: The Kirchberg-Schlößl in Bad Reichenhall and its historical environment , Verlag A. Plenk, Berchtesgaden. Bad Reichenhall, 1992
- Herbert Pfisterer: Bad Reichenhall in its Bavarian history , Motor + Touristik Verlag
Web links
Bad Reichenhall | On the sermon chair | Karlstein | Kirchberg | Marzoll | Nonn | Schwarzbach | St. Zeno | Thumsee | Turk | Weissbach
- ↑ Mareike Klappenbach: From the farmyard to the cradle of the spa on pnp.de, accessed on August 31, 2020