Strumaria

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Strumaria
Strumaria gemmata

Strumaria gemmata

Systematics
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae)
Subfamily : Amaryllidoideae
Tribe : Strumariinae
Genre : Strumaria
Scientific name
Strumaria
Jacq.

The plant genus Strumaria belongs to the subfamily Amaryllidoideae within the family of the Amaryllis (Amaryllidaceae). The approximately 24 to 28 species are common in southern Africa .

Description and ecology

Illustration of Strumaria tenella subsp. tenella

Appearance and leaves

The Strumaria species grow as perennial herbaceous plants that reach heights of (rarely 4 to) usually 20 to 30 centimeters. They form onions as persistence organs, which have a diameter of 1 to 5 cm and usually do not protrude from the ground. The onions are covered by parchment-like or felt-like outer onion shells (tunica). In these geophytes , the leaves are dried out during the flowering period in the dry season and fresh leaves only sprout again after the flowering period.

The mostly only two to six only basal and two rows arranged, upright to prostrate, sometimes laterally spreading leaves are sessile. The simple leaf blades are thread-shaped, linear to elliptical, belt-shaped and have parallel veins. The leaf surfaces are bald to softly hairy. The leaf margin is smooth.

Inflorescences and flowers

The slender, not hollow, bare to short downy hairy inflorescence stem is stiff upright to twisted or rarely twisted spirally and has a length of 3 to 48 cm. 2 to 30 flowers stand together in a compact to hemispherical, umbellate inflorescence with a diameter of 1.5 to 10 cm . In some species, the inflorescences hang over (for example Strumaria truncata ). When budded, two narrow, lanceolate, membranous bracts (called spathe) envelop the inflorescence, they wither early during anthesis . The stiff to lax flower stalks are as long or significantly longer than the flower envelope. The flowers are arranged closely together or spread widely in the inflorescence.

Threefold, radial symmetry flower of Strumaria gemmata .

The relatively small flowers are hermaphroditic, radial symmetry and threefold. The six equally shaped bracts are free or only fused at their base to form a short tube. The inflorescence is star-shaped or funnel-shaped. The bracts have a smooth or rarely curled edge. The colors of the bracts range from mostly pink to white or rarely lemon yellow. There are two circles with three identical stamens each; they are upright or spread out and protrude beyond the perianth. The stamens, which are free or up to half of their length, are usually thickened at their base and sometimes toothed and only fused to the style at their base or up to a third of their length; their base is rarely fused with the bracts. The anthers are dorsifix to almost centrifix. The bisulculate pollen grains have a prickly exine . Three carpels are almost spherical one, dreikammerigen under constant ovary grown, the bald hairy fluffy little up. Each ovary chamber contains up to nine unitegmic ovules . The upright, straight stylus is either triangular or swollen, it is conical to disc or egg-shaped at its base, it becomes slender towards the top and ends with a three-pronged scar.

Both self- fertilization and cross-fertilization are possible. The abundant nectar makes the flowers attractive to many insects .

Fruits and seeds

The small, almost spherical, loculicidal capsule fruits have a paper-like pericarp. The egg-shaped seeds with a diameter of about 2 to 4 mm are reddish-green and fleshy. The seed coat is covered with stomata . The integument and embryo are green.

Sets of chromosomes

The basic chromosome number is x = 10, in contrast to most of the other genera of this subfamily.

Occurrence

The approximately 24 to 28 Strumaria species are native to southern Africa . The main distribution area extends from the mountains of southern Namibia via Namaqualand and Lesotho to the South African provinces of the North Cape and Western Cape . In addition, two species occur in semi-arid areas in the southern Free State and Western Cape. 15 species are floral elements of the Capensis .

Strumaria species occur mainly in areas with winter rain areas. Many of the naturally rare Strumaria species thrive on the edge of winter rain areas, particularly in southern Namibia and in Richtersveld . Many species have small populations with very limited ranges. Most species are found in the highlands of Namaqualand near Springbok and on the Bokkeveld layer near Nieuwoudtville. The species thrive on rocky locations and sandy plains.

Systematics and endangerment of the species

The genus name Strumaria was 1797 Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in Collecteana , 5, p.49 first published . As Lectotypusart in 1951 Strumaria truncata Jacq. Established by Edwin Percy Phillips in The Genera of South African Flowering Plants , 2nd Edition, p. 201. A homonym is Strumaria Jacq. ex Willd. , published in Carl Ludwig von Willdenow : Species Plantarum , 4th Edition, Volume 2, 1799, p. 31. Synonyms of Strumaria Jacq. are: Pugionella Salisb. , Hymenetron Salisb. , Gemmaria Salisb. , Bokkeveldia D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.-Doblies . The generic name Strumaria is made up of the Latin word struma for a cushion-shaped swelling and aria for possessing, this refers to the thickened base of the stylus.

The genus Strumaria belongs to the subtribe Strumariinae (eponymous genus) from the tribe Amaryllideae in the subfamily Amaryllidoideae within the family of Amaryllidaceae . It used to be part of the Liliaceae family. D. Müll.-Doblies and U. Müll.-Doblies divided this genus into four small genera in 1985 and Snijman put some species back together in 1994 to form a larger genus.

There are about 24 to 28 species in the Strumaria s. l. according to Snijman 1994:

  • Strumaria aestivalis Snijman : In 2009 it was rated “Vulnerable” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
  • Strumaria barbarae Oberm. : It was rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa in 2009 as “Rare” = “rare but not endangered”.
  • Strumaria bidentata Schinz : In 2009 it was rated “Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
  • Strumaria chaplinii (WFBarker) Snijman : In 2009 it was rated “Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
  • Strumaria discifera Marloth ex Snijman : There are two subspecies. One is rated as “Near Threatened” and the other as “Least Concern” = “not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
  • Strumaria gemmata Ker Gawl. : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Least Concern" = "not endangered".
  • Strumaria hardyana D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.-Doblies : It is native to Namibia.
  • Strumaria karooica (WFBarker) Snijman : It was rated in 2009 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Rare” = “rare but not endangered”.
  • Strumaria karoopoortensis (D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.-Doblies) Snijman : In 2009 it was rated “Vulnerable” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
  • Strumaria leipoldtii (L.Bolus) Snijman : In 2009 it was rated “Critically Endangered” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
  • Strumaria luteoloba Snijman : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Least Concern” = “not endangered”.
  • Strumaria massoniella (D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.-Doblies) Snijman : In 2009 it was rated “Vulnerable” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
  • Strumaria merxmuelleriana (D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.-Doblies) Snijman : It was rated in 2009 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Rare” = “rarely but not endangered”.
  • Strumaria perryae Snijman : It was rated “Critically Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa in 2009.
  • Strumaria phonolithica Dinter : It occurs in southwestern Namibia .
  • Strumaria picta W.F.Barker : It was rated in 2009 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Rare” = “rare but not endangered”.
  • Strumaria prolifera Snijman : It was rated “Critically Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa in 2009.
  • Strumaria pubescens W.F.Barker : It was rated in 2009 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Rare” = “rare but not endangered”.
  • Strumaria pygmaea Snijman : It was rated in 2009 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Rare” = “rare but not endangered”.
  • Strumaria salteri W.F.Barker : In 2009 it was rated as "Vulnerable" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
  • Strumaria speciosa Snijman : Thisspecies, first describedin Bothalia , Volume 35, p. 23in 2005, occurs in Namibia.
  • Strumaria spiralis (L'Hér.) WTAiton : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Least Concern” = “not endangered”.
  • Strumaria tenella (L. f.) Snijman : There are two subspecies. Both were rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
  • Strumaria truncata Jacq. : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Least Concern" = "not endangered".
  • Strumaria unguiculata (WFBarker) Snijman : In 2009 it was rated as “Vulnerable” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
  • Strumaria villosa Snijman : It was rated in 2009 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Rare” = “rare but not endangered”.
  • Strumaria watermeyeri L.Bolus : With two subspecies. Both were rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa in 2009 as “Rare” = “rare but not endangered”.

use

Some species are used as ornamental plants . Since the flowers are not very durable, they are not used as cut flowers. Nothing is known of any medicinal use.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Strumaria at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 14, 2012.
  2. ↑ a b entry at amaryllidaceae.org . (French, accessed February 14, 2012)
  3. ^ Strumaria in Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
  4. ↑ a b c d Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Strumaria. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 27, 2018.
  5. ↑ Deirdré A. Snijman, JE Victor, 2004: Species list for Strumaria in the Red List of South African Plants

Web links

Commons : Strumaria  - collection of images, videos and audio files