Tabula Imperii Romani
The Tabula Imperii Romani ( TIR ) is a research project that aims to create an archaeological map of the Roman Empire on 56 sheets at a scale of 1: 1,000,000. The map basis is the edition of the International World Map , which is also followed by the page count.
History and task
The project was proposed in 1928 by Osbert Crawford , a pioneer in the use and evaluation of aerial images for archeology. It initially had an international permanent council, which included Crawford as a member of the Ordnance Survey for Great Britain, Gerhard Bersu for Germany, Henri Seyrig for France and Giuseppe Lugli for Italy. Lugli had initiated a large archaeological map series in Italy as early as 1923, which finally appeared in individual volumes under the name Forma Italiae from 1926 and represents the Italian contribution to the Forma Orbis Romani .
After the Second World War , at the suggestion of Lugli and the Unione Accademica Nazionale , the project was placed under the patronage of the Union Académique Internationale (UAI), which at that time was already responsible for the Forma Orbis Romani - the smaller-scale project that complements the Tabula Imperii Romani was. In the UAI it has had project category A status since 1957.
The map series shows ancient cities and places, streets, military camps, temples, theaters, aqueducts, mines and more. Place names are given in Latin or Greek. If ancient names are unknown for a location, the common modern names of the location should be given in brackets. Terrain reliefs are expressed by contour lines and shading, elevation points are indicated occasionally. The guidelines of the international world map must be followed. The aim of the map creation is to deepen the understanding of the history, archeology and economic interrelationships of the ancient world. The maps are supplemented by comprehensive indices that include historical and bibliographical information on each location shown on a map. The map work is carried out on the sheets of the international world map of the respective area. In the map material itself, therefore, no ancient or modern boundaries are used as a frame for the map section, and no ancient geographic conditions are taken into account. The aim is not to create a historical atlas, but an archaeological map. Since the sheets are repeatedly cut across borders, a high degree of supranational or international scientific cooperation is often required.
The map series
In 1931 the first volumes were presented in a preliminary form in Paris : N-30 ( Edinburgh ), K-33 ( Rome ), K-29 ( Porto ) and K-30 ( Madrid ). The other provisional volumes K-32 ( Florence ), J-32 ( Tunis ) and J-33 ( Palermo ) followed. It was not until 1934 that the first volumes O-30 ( Aberdeen ), H-35 ( Alexandria ), H-36 ( Cairo ), G-36 ( Aswan ) and F-36 ( Wadi Halfa ) were published that were considered complete at their time were. But there were still problems to bring the material into a final and binding form, which was justified by the large scale and weaknesses in international cooperation.
From 1938 to 1940, three further volumes were presented with L-31 ( Lyon ), N-30 (Edinburgh; a revision from 1939) and M-32 ( Mogontiacum ), of which were dedicated to Mainz and edited by the Roman-Germanic Commission Volume presented a more complete representation of the listed locations for the first time, but formally the other volumes now also followed the specifications. Work on the project ceased internationally during the Second World War. Volumes H / I-33 Leptis Magna and H / I-34 Kyrene were presented in 1954 with funding from the Society of Antiquaries of London , and in 1958 a revision of volume G-36 (Aswan) was presented. Volume M-33 ( Prague ) followed in 1955, and in 1961 the first volume L-33 ( Trieste ) developed under Giuseppe Lugli as director of the project . This volume was decisive for the further formal design of the series.
In 1965 the external scheme changed with the volume L-35 ( Drobeta - Rotula - Sucidava), which concerns a part of Romania , since the sheet completely encompassed the Dacia Inferior , hence parts of the sheets K / L-34/35 and a historical one Area instead of the international layout. But a year later, Volume L-32 ( Mediolanum - Aventicum - Brigantium ) formally joined the Trieste volume again and thus to the intended page division. The volumes L-34 ( Aquincum - Sarmizegetusa - Sirmium ) of Hungary , published in 1968 and 1969 and supervised by Ion I. Russu , and especially the second part of L-35 (Romula - Durostorum - Tomis ) of Romania, continued to follow the project specifications and the Italian models.
With the preliminary volume M-31 (Lutetia - Atuatuca - Ulpia Noviomagus) (Paris) detailed maps were added to the work for the first time in 1975, which was done in 1976 by the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts for K-34 ( Naissus - Dyrrhachium - Scupi - Serica - Thessalonike ) was picked up. However, the French volume for sheet M-31 was not created on the basis of the international map of the world. By the beginning of the 1980s, this did not mean that half of the planned volumes had been completed, and many of the published volumes were still preliminary. In addition, there were repeated deviations from the project's own specifications. In 1981 John Bryan Ward-Perkins died , who had taken over the project from Lugli in 1967. He was succeeded by the Romanian historian Emil Condurachi . 1983 appeared the comprehensive volume M-30 ( London ) of the British Academy in Great Britain, which also contained the part on the territory of Great Britain for "Paris" named sheet M-31 (Condate - Glenum - Londinium - Lutetia).
1987 appeared under the title "Britannia Septentrionalis" an edited volume of the British Academy, which included the sheets N-30 (Edinburgh) and O-30 (Aberdeen) as well as parts of the sheets N-29, N-31 and O-29. The authors and editors had thus once again ignored not only the specifications and criteria for the uniformity of the map series, but also the division of the international world map. The authors justified their approach in the preface to the volume with the wish to conclude the part to be covered by Great Britain as quickly as possible. In 1988 Gianfilippo Carettoni became head of the project; Paolo Sommella has headed the project as President of the Commission since his death in 1991 . His first official acts were to draw up a new list of the members of the various academies involved and to define the broad lines of cooperation in order to revive the internationality of the company.
In the same year a new volume appeared with K-29 ( Conimbriga - Bracara - Lucus - Asturica ) after years of standstill, which also brought an innovation, since for the first time a system for electronic data management was used. Also for the following volumes of the Iberian Peninsula - K-30 ( Caesaraugusta - Clunia) for Madrid 1993, J-29 ( Emerita - Scallabis - Pax Iulia - Gades ) for Lisbon 1995 and K / J-31 (Eastern Pyrenees - Balearic Islands , Tarraco - Balearic Islands) 1997 - the data was recorded and processed electronically. A volume without a sheet number on Iudaea et Palaestina of the Israel Academy of Sciences had already appeared in 1994 . This volume also included the Byzantine churches in Palestine as well as the synagogues of Israel in Roman and Byzantine times. In 1995 Greece and Philippi submitted part of the K-35.1 ( Istanbul ) sheet . On the volume M-34 ( Krakow ), published in 2002 , which covers parts of Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine and Belarus, five nations worked together in the original spirit of the project. In 2002, the map series for the Iberian Peninsula was completed with volume J-30 ( Valencia ). In 2006 the last volume to date was K-32 (Florence), which is dedicated to parts of Italy and France. A final publication of the K-33 (Rome) on Italy and Croatia is in preparation.
Index of the pages published so far
- F-36, Wadi Halfa , 1934
Maṣlaḥat al-Misāḥah, Great Britain Ordnance Survey, Istituto geografico militare, Merkaz le-mipui Yiśraʼel, Comité Español de la Tabula Imperii Romani (ed.): International map of the Roman Empire 1: 1,000,000: Wadi Halfa . Survey of Egypt, Gize 1934. - G-36, Coptos , 1958 (first published as Aswan )
David Meredith: Tabula Imperii Romani: Map of the Roman Empire, based on the international 1: 1,000,000 map of the world. NG 36, Coptos . Society of Antiquaries of London, Oxford 1958. - J-32, Carthago (Tunis) , 1932 (only provisionally presented, not published)
- J-33, Panormus (Palermo) , 1932 (only provisionally presented, not published as part of the series)
Giuseppe Lugli: Carta internazionale dell'Impero Romano 1,000,000e: Palermo . Istituto Geografico Militare del Regno d'Italia, 1932. - H-35, Alexandria , 1934
Maṣlaḥat al-Misāḥah (Ed.): International Map of the Roman Empire 1: 1,000,000: Alexandria . Survey of Egypt, Gize 1934. - H-36, Cairo , 1934
Maṣlaḥat al-Misāḥah (Ed.): International Map of the Roman Empire 1: 1,000,000: Cairo . Survey of Egypt, Gize 1934. - H / I-33, Lepcis Magna , 1954 (H-33 Socna and I-33 Lepcis Magna (Tripolis))
Richard George Goodchild : Tabula Imperii Romani: Map of the Roman Empire based on the International 1: 1,000,000 Map of the World, Sheet HI 33. Lepcis Magna . Society of Antiquaries of London, Oxford 1954. - H / I-34, Cyrene , 1954 (H-34 Aujila and I-34 Cyrene (Derna))
Richard George Goodchild: Tabula Imperii Romani: Map of the Roman Empire based on the International 1: 1,000,000 Map of the World, sheet HI34 : Cyrene . Society of Antiquaries of London, Oxford 1954. - [H / I 36], Iudaea, Palaestina , 1994 (only parts of sheets H-36 Cairo and I-36 Beirut)
Yoram Tsafrir , Leah Di Segni, Judith Green: Tabula Imperii Romani: Iudaea Palaestina: Eretz Israel in the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Periods. Maps and Gazetteer . Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem 1994, ISBN 9-65-208107-8 . - J-29, Emerita, Scallabis, Pax Iulia, Gades , 1995
Jorge de Alarcão, José María Álvarez Martínez, Adela Cepas Palanca, Ramón Corso Sanchez: Tabula Imperii Romani: Hoja J-29, Lisboa: Emerita, Scallabis, Pax Iulia, Gades : Sobre la base cartográfica del mapa a escala 1: 1,000,000 del Instituto Geográfico Nacional . Centro Nacional de Información Geográfica, Madrid 1995, ISBN 8-47-819065-1 . - J-30, Valencia , 2002
José María Alvarez Martínez; Adela Cepas: Tabula Imperii Romani. Hoja J-30: Valencia. Cordvba, Hispalis, Carthago Nova, Astigi. At the base of the map of the map 1: 1,000,000 of the Instituto Geográfico Nacional . Centro Nacional de Información Geográfica, Madrid 2002, ISBN 8-49-517231-3 . - J-35,1, Smyrna I , 2012 (islands of the Aegean Sea, therefore only the relevant part of sheet J-35 and small parts of sheets J-34 Athens and J-35 Crete)
P. Karvonis; M. Mikedaki: Tabula Imperii Romani. J-35, Smyrna I: Aegean Islands . Academy of Athens, Athens 2012, ISBN 9-60-404226-2 . - K / J-31, Pyrénées orientales-Baleares. Tarraco, Baliares , 1997 (only parts of sheets K-31 Pyrénées Orientales and J-31 Algiers)
Adela Cepas, Josep Guitart i Duran, Guillermo Fatás Cabeza: Tabula Imperii Romani. Hoja K / J-3: Pyrénées Orientales-Baleares, Tarraco-Baliares: Sobre la base cartogràfica a escala 1: 1000000 del Instituto Geográfico Nacional . Ministerio de Fomento, Dirección general del Instituto Geográfico Nacional - Ministerio de Educación y Cultura - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Institut D'Estudis Catalans, Madrid 1997, ISBN 8-47-819081-3 . - K-29, Conimbriga, Bracara, Lucus, Asturica , 1991 (excluding the leaf area relating to Portugal)
Alberto Balil Illana: Tabula Imperii Romani. Hoja K-29, Porto: Conimbriga, Bracara, Lucus, Asturica: Sobre la base cartogràfica a escala 1: 1000000 del Instituto Geográfico Nacional . Centro Nacional de Información Geográfica, Madrid 1991, ISBN 8-47-819047-3 . - K-30, Caesaraugusta, Clunia , 1993
Guillermo Fatás Cabeza: Tabula Imperii Romani. Hoja K-30, Madrid: Caesaraugusta, Clunia: Sobre la base cartogràfica a escala 1: 1000000 del Instituto Geográfico Nacional . Centro Nacional de Información Geográfica, Madrid 1991, ISBN 8-47-819047-3 . - K-32, Firenze , 2006
Paolo Sommella: Tabula Imperii Romani. K-32: Firenze . Quasar, Rome 2006, ISBN 8-87-140297-9 . - K-33, Roma , 1932 (only provisionally presented, not published as part of the series)
Istituto Geografico Militare (ed.): Carta internazionale dell'Impero Romano 1,000,000e: Roma . Istituto Geografico Militare del Regno d'Italia, 1932. - K-34, Naissus, Dyrrhachium, Scupi, Serica, Thessalonike , 1976
Jaroslav Sašel , Georgi Alexandrov, Raymond Chevallier: Tabula Imperii Romani: Naissus, Dyrrhachion, Scupi, Serdica, Thessalonike. D'après la carte internationale du monde au 1: 1,000,000, K 34 Sofia . Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti, Ljubljana 1976. - K-35, Philippopolis, Constantinopolis, Philippi , 1995 (only partially covering K-35 Istanbul)
Anna Avramea , Paulina Karanastassi: Tabula Imperii Romani: D'après la Carte internationale du monde au 1: 1,000,000, K 35 Istambul: K 35, I: Philippi . Athens Academy, Athens 1993. - L-31, Lugdunum (Lyon) , 1938 (published without index and text)
Comité national français de géographie (ed.): Tabula Imperii Romani: Lugdunum . Comité National de Geographie, 1938. - L-32, Mediolanum, Aventicum, Brigantium , 1966
Gianfilippo Carettoni: Tabula Imperii Romani, sulla base della Carte internazionale del mondo alla scala di 1: 1 000 000, foglio L 32 (Milano): Mediolanum - Aventicum - Brigantium. Unione Accademica nazionale, Rome 1966. - L-33, Tergeste , 1961
Giuseppe Lugli: Tabula Imperii Romani, sulla base della Carta internazionale del mondo alla scala di 1: 1,000,000: foglio L33, Trieste (Tergeste) . Unione Accademica nazionale, Rome 1961. - L-34, Aquincum, Sarmizegetusa, Sirmium , 1968
Sándor Soproni: Tabula Imperii Romani: Map of the Roman Empire based on the international map 1: 1000000. L 34, Budapest: Aquincum, Sarmizegetusa, Sirmium. Hakkert, Amsterdam 1968. - [L-35,1] Drobeta, Rotula, Sucidava , 1965 (includes only Dacia Inferior, hence parts of the sheets K / L-34/35)
Dimitru Tudor: Bucarest: Drobeta-Romula-Sucidava . Académie de la République Socialiste de Roumanie, Bucharest 1969 (parts of sheets K-34, K-35, L-34, L-35). - L-35 Romula, Durostorum, Tomis , 1969
Nicolae Gostar, Constantin Daicoviciu , Emil Condurachi : Tabula Imperii Romani: Romula, Durostorum, Tomis: sur la base de la Carte internationale du monde à l'échelle de 1: 1000000. L 35, Bucarest . Académie de la République Socialiste de Roumanie, Bucharest 1969 - M-30, Londinium , 1983
Albert LF Rivet: Tabula imperii Romani. Condate-Glevum-Londinium-Lutetia: based on GSGS 4646 at 1: 1'000'000 (covering sheet M.30 and part of sheet M.31 of the international 1: 1'000'000 map of the world) . Oxford University Press, London 1983, ISBN 0-19-726020-9 . - M-31,1, Lutetia, Atuatuca, Ulpia Noviomagus , 1975 (not based on the international map of the world)
Roger Agache, Raymond Chevallier: Tabula Imperii Romani: Lutetia, Atuatuca, Ulpia Noviomagus: sur la base de la carte internationale du monde à l'echelle de 1: 1,000,000: M 31 Paris . A. et J. Picard, Paris 1975. - M-31,2, Condate, Glenum, Londinium, Lutetia , 1983
Albert LF Rivet: Tabula imperii Romani. Condate-Glevum-Londinium-Lutetia: based on GSGS 4646 at 1: 1'000'000 (covering sheet M.30 and part of sheet M.31 of the international 1: 1'000'000 map of the world) . Oxford University Press, London 1983, ISBN 0-19-726020-9 . - M-32, Mogontiacum , 1940
Peter Goessler : Mogontiacum: Map of the Roman Empire on the basis of the International Map 1: 1,000,000, sheet M 32 Mainz . Roman-Germanic Commission, Frankfurt 1940. - M-33, Castra Regina, Vindobona, Carnuntum , 1986
Pavel Oliva : Tabula Imperii Romani. Castra Regina, Vindobona, Carnuntum: based on the world map 1: 1,000,000, M 33 Praha . Academia, Prague 1986. - M-34, Kraków , 2002
Piotr Kaczanowski, Ursula Margos: Tabula Imperii Romani: M 34 - Kraków . Polska Akademia Umiejętności, Kraków 2002, ISBN 8-38-885736-3 . - N-29, Britannia Septentrionalis , 1987
Sheppard Frere , Albert LF Rivet, Nigel HH Sitwell: Tabula Imperii Romani: Britannia septentrionalis: Based on GSGS 4646 AT 1: 1,000,000 covering sheets N.30 and O.30, with parts of sheets N. 29, N.31 and O.29, of the international 1: 1,000,000 map of the world . Oxford University Press, London 1987, ISBN 0-19-726059-4 . - N-30, Eboracum (Edinburgh) , 1939
Ordnance Survey: International map of the Roman Empire 1: 1,000,000: Edinburgh . Oxford University Press, London 1939. - N-31 Britannia Septentrionalis , 1987
Sheppard Frere, Albert LF Rivet, Nigel HH Sitwell: Tabula Imperii Romani: Britannia septentrionalis: Based on GSGS 4646 AT 1: 1,000,000 covering sheets N.30 and O.30, with parts of sheets N.29 , N.31 and O.29, of the international 1: 1,000,000 map of the world . Oxford University Press, London 1987, ISBN 0-19-726059-4 . - O-29 Britannia Septentrionalis , 1987
Sheppard Frere, Albert LF Rivet, Nigel HH Sitwell: Tabula Imperii Romani: Britannia septentrionalis: Based on GSGS 4646 AT 1: 1,000,000 covering sheets N.30 and O.30, with parts of sheets N.29 , N.31 and O.29, of the international 1: 1,000,000 map of the world . Oxford University Press, London 1987, ISBN 0-19-726059-4 . - O-30, Caledonia (Aberdeen) , 1934
Ordnance Survey: International map of the Roman Empire 1: 1,000,000: Aberdeen . Oxford University Press, London 1934.
literature
- Freeman W. Adams: Tabula Imperii Romani . In: American Journal of Archeology . 58, 1954, pp. 45-51.
- Robert A. Gardiner: The International Map of the Roman Empire . In: The Geographical Journal . 139, 1973, pp. 107-111.
- Paolo Sommella: Saper leggere la TIR (foglio K-32): a proposito di una recensione di WV Harris . In: Mediterraneo Antico . 9, No. 2, 2006, pp. 1-24. ( PDF online ).