Tannhauser (poet)

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The Tannhäuser ( Codex Manesse , around 1300)

Tannhäuser , Middle High German Tanhûser († after 1265 ), was a German minstrel and poet . His life dates are unknown; historically datable references in his poetry point to the years between 1245 and 1265.

Life

Little is known about his biography. Tannhäuser was a traveling professional poet. For a while he worked at the court of Duke Frederick the Arguable of Austria ( Leich I). The Great Heidelberger Liederhandschrift (Codex Manesse) depicts him in the costume of the Teutonic Order and in the Deutschhauskirche in Würzburg there is the grave slab of Siboto von Tanhusen. Participation in the crusade of Frederick II is possible.

Documentary mentions

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The minnesinger Tannhäuser came from a family of imperial ministers "de Tanhusen", whose members were mentioned in the following documents, which had the guiding name Sigiboto / Siboto and which was closely related to the Rindsmaul family . The Rindsmaul family (first documented mention in 1191) was at that time one of the most respected families of the Reichsministeriale, with 17 genders at their disposal. According to the castle researcher Gustav Voit , their ancestors could have been those of Penzenhofen, as they also had property in Pyrbaum (13 km west of Neumarkt id Opf.) And had the same nicknames. The castle Grünsberg (between Altdorf and Burgthann) was verifiable as the residence of the Rindsmaul family from 1234 .

In the monastery church of Kastl , a Tannhausen coat of arms was painted in the coat of arms frieze from 69 inscribed coats of arms next to the coat of arms of the Rindsmaul family.

The following documents are reproduced in abbreviated form.

1st document: In 1145, Bishop Bruno of Strasbourg gave the Bamberg Church an owner of his family, called Hertwic, through the hands of the relatives and the trustees of his paternal inheritance (per manus cognatorum et delegatorum patrimonii sui), Sigiboto von Tanehusen and Adelbert von Hengen ( today Postbauer-Heng) and Ulrich, his sister's son.

Sigiboto I. von Tanehusen and Adelbert von Hengen came from the families of the Reich ministerial from the area of ​​the Reichsgut Neumarkt- Berngau . According to Gustav Voit, Bruno came from the von Habsberg family. His grandfather Otto I. Count von Kastl-Habsberg was one of the co-founders of Kastl Monastery. The free real estate of the Habsberg Count House was grouped around Neumarkt. Bruno Graf von Habsberg was initially a Bamberg canon, from 1112 to 1122 he was Provost of Strasbourg and Chancellor of Emperor Henry V. The Emperor appointed him Bishop of Strasbourg, but he did not get along with the cathedral chapter and the Strasbourg citizens. In 1131 he gave up his office and returned to Bamberg, where he called himself Bishop Bruno. He died in 1162.

2nd document: On December 22nd, 1215, Albert Rindsmaul and Siboto II von Tanhusen were witnesses in Eger when King Friedrich II agreed to an exchange of goods, with Bishop Konrad von Regensburg leaving the city of Nördlingen and the villa Orngau to the empire, but both of them Received the women's monastery of Ober- and Niedermünster in Regensburg from the Reich.

3rd document: On July 10, 1240, Friderich Rindesmul and Lupold von Tanhusen testified in Bamberg that Friedrich von Zwernitz , known as Waltpoto, had renounced the bailiwick of the Banz monastery .

4. Document: On January 22nd, 1242 Marquard, Butigler von Nürnberg, his son Jordan, Wolfer von Porta, Bertold von Cratero, Lupold von Tanhusin and five other gentlemen in Nuremberg were witnesses for the Bamberg Bishop Poppo , who sent his city Amberg to the Margrave Berthold von Hohenburg has pledged.

From 1235 to 1246 the minstrel Tannhäuser lived demonstrably in Vienna at the court of his patron Duke Friedrich II., Known as the arguable. In the battle against the Hungarians, Frederick II fell on June 15, 1246 on the Leitha. He was the last Duke of Austria and Styria from the Babenberg family . The Tannhauser pledged his fiefdoms, a house in Vienna, the small village Leopoldsdorf and an estate near Himberg (which he never redeemed), and left Vienna.

5. Certificate: On August 29, 1246 there were dominus (= Lord) Siboto III in Augsburg. and Dominus Lupold von Tanhusen with Friedrich Rindsmaul among the 52 witnesses when Gottfried von Hohenlohe lent Otto Bogenarius (= Bogner) a house in Augsburg in the presence of Konrad IV, the son of Emperor Friedrich II.

In a price song that was written later, the minstrel Tannhäuser listed his acquaintances, including: "darzuo der Bogenaere" (= Bogner). At the time of Conrad IV's minority, Gottfried von Hohenlohe was head of the government.

Siboto III. von Tannhausen joined the Teutonic Order . In the branch in Nuremberg he was mentioned twice as a friar. On May 7th, 1259 Burkart von Rutmarsperg (= Ruppmannsburg near Thalmässing ) sold his own property in Oberndorf near Ellingen to the brothers of the German House in Nuremberg, with other gentlemen frater (= brother) Siboto von Tanhusen being named as a witness. He appeared again as a witness in 1261 when Konrad von Lauffenholz gave goods to the brothers of the Teutonic Order in Nuremberg for his salvation.

In Thannhausen, today a district of Freystadt , to the west of the church there was a tower castle surrounded by a rampart and moat, which, after Karl Bosl, had been an imperial castle . State road 2220 now leads through the former castle area.

The minnesinger cannot descend from the noble lords and later barons of Thannhausen ( Tannhausen in the Ostalb district ), because these gentlemen were ministerials of the Counts of Oettingen .

Act

Tannhäuser was a representative of the Leich poetry (song poetry). His poems were songs of love and dance for the nobility and the people.

Some of his texts parodistically poke fun at the serious love poem, are strong in self-irony and contain boyish stanzas that are reminiscent of student songs. His songs are about adventures, legends and heroes, are interspersed with learned nonsense and great foreign words.

Traditional works by Tannhäuser are 6 dance leichs and 36 stanzas. This can be found in the Great Heidelberg Liederhandschrift (Codex Manesse). His so-called penance song occupies a special position compared to the erotic theme of the rest of the work. It is only notated in the Jena song manuscript (with melody).

Tannhauser legend

The serious penance song with its focus on spiritual values ​​(crusade) may have been the starting point for the Tannhauser saga (stay in the Venusberg, penance trip to Rome), for which the first evidence has existed since around 1430. In the Tannhauser - ballads since 1450, this legend was formed in parallel with other poets Say (Möringer ballad Bremberger-,) literary off. It tells of the knight Tannhäuser, who goes from the Venusberg to the Pope ( Urban IV. , 1261–1264) in Rome in order to be forgiven for his sinful conduct with Mrs. Venus . However, the latter rejects him: Just as the staff in his, the Pope's hand, does not begin to green, so little can Tannhauser hope for God's grace. The knight returns to the Venusberg; the messengers of the Pope, whose staff had started to green, no longer reach him. First printed in Nuremberg in 1515, the ballad had a great impact. Especially after its inclusion in the collection of poems Des Knaben Wunderhorn (1805–1808), the romantic poets retold the legend in many versions ( Ludwig Tieck, Der getreue Eckart and the Tannenhäuser 1799; Heinrich Heine 1836). The myth about his life ultimately provided Richard Wagner with the basis for his romantic opera Tannhäuser and the Singers' War at Wartburg (first performance in 1845 ).

Settings

An excerpt from Tannhäuser's Bußlied was set to music by the German medieval rock band In Extremo under the title Tannhuser on their album Mein rasend Herz (2005).

literature

Text output

  • Ralf-Henning Steinmetz [u. a.] (Ed.): The seals of the Tannhauser: Texts and translations . Germanistic Seminar, Kiel 2019 (full text edition, PDF, edited according to modern principles and provided with text-based translations).
  • Maria Grazia Cammarota, Jürgen Kühnel: Tannhäuser, The poems of the Manessian manuscript. Middle High German / New High German. Introduction, edition, text commentary by Maria Grazia Cammarota, translations by Jürgen Kühnel (= Göppingen works on German studies; Volume 749). Kümmerle, Göppingen 2009, ISBN 978-3-86758-004-5 . [unconventionally edited text, current commentary, quite free translation, some of which goes back to a different text basis]
  • Burghart Wachinger (Ed.): Deutsche Lyrik des Spätmittelalters (= Library of the Middle Ages. Volume 22 = Library of German Classics. Volume 191). Deutscher Klassiker-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2006, ISBN 3-618-66220-3 , pp. 172-217 u. 717–737 (modern edited partial edition of Nos. I, III, X, XI, XIII, XIV with translations and detailed commentary).
  • Werner Höver, Eva Kiepe [-Willms]: Poems 700–1300; after the first prints and manuscripts in chronological order (= epochs of German poetry in 10 volumes, edited by Walther Killy. Volume 1). Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-423-04015-7 (handwriting-based partial edition of No. III, IX, XI, XIII, XIV with translations).
  • John Wesley Thomas: Tannhäuser, poet and legend: with texts and translations of his works (= University of North Carolina studies in the Germanic languages ​​and literatures. Volume 77). University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill 1974, ISBN 0-8078-8077-9 (incorrect diplomatic reprint of the handwritten texts, rhymed and very free English translation).
  • Helmut Lomnitzer, Ulrich Müller (ed.): Tannhäuser: the lyric poems of the manuscripts C and J; Images and materials on the entire transmission of the texts and their history of impact and on the melodies (= Litterae. Volume 13). Kümmerle, Göppingen 1973, ISBN 3-87452-111-7 (illustrations of the handwritten texts and the text by Siebert).
  • Johannes Siebert: The poet Tannhauser: life, poems, legend . Niemeyer, Halle / Saale 1934. Reprint: Olms, Hildesheim 1980, ISBN 3-487-06832-X ( limited preview in the Google book search; for a long time the only complete and fully annotated edition and as such the basis of research in the 20th century , today in many ways out of date, also contains other texts from the Tannhauser tradition).

Secondary literature

  • Bernhard M. Baron : The Tannhäuser - a minstrel from the Upper Palatinate. In: Oberpfälzer Heimatspiegel 2016, ed. by district home nurse Dr. Tobias Appl, Pressath 2015, ISBN 978-3-939247-66-1 , pp. 178-184.
  • Philip Stefan Barto: Tannhauser and the Mountain of Venus. A Study in the Legend of the Germanic Paradise . Kessinger Pub. Co. 2007. ISBN 978-0-548-09913-1 .
  • Horst Brunner, Johann Schrenk: Tannhäuser (series In the footsteps of poets and thinkers through Franconia ). Schrenk, Gunzenhausen 2014, ISBN 978-3-924270-60-5 .
  • Richard M. Meyer :  Tannhauser . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 37, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1894, pp. 385-388.
  • Dietz-Rüdiger Moser: The Tannhauser Legend. A study of the intentionality and reception of catechetical folk tales on the sacrament of penance (= Fabula: Supplement series, series B. Investigations; 4). de Gruyter, Berlin 1977, ISBN 3-11-005957-6 ( review ).
  • Wolfgang Rappel: Tannhäuser. In: Karl Bosl (ed.): Bosls Bavarian biography. Pustet, Regensburg 1983, ISBN 3-7917-0792-2 , p. 770 ( digitized version ).
  • Johann Schrenk: Tannhäusers Heimat (= On the trail of the poets and thinkers through Franconia. Volume 1). Gunzenhausen 2003, ISBN 3-924270-38-4 .
  • Ralf-Henning Steinmetz:  Tannhäuser. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 25, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-428-11206-7 , p. 783 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Rudolf Stöckl: Tannhauser . In: Wolfgang Buhl (Ed.): Franconian classics . Nuremberg 1971, ISBN 3-920701-28-3 , pp. 96-109 (good description of the life and poetry of the minstrel).
  • Burghart Wachinger: Tannhauser . In: Author's Lexicon . 2nd Edition. Volume 9. de Gruyter, Berlin [u. a.] 1995, col. 600-610.
  • Burghart Wachinger: From Tannhäuser to Tannhäuser Ballad . In: Journal for German Antiquity . 125, 1996, pp. 125-141.

Web links

Commons : Tannhäuser  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Tannhäuser  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Gustav Voit, Adel an der Pegnitz, 1100–1400, Neustadt / Aisch 1979, p. 12 and p. 204 ff.
  2. ^ Regesta Boica, Vol. 1, p. 179. Paul Wentzcke, Regesten der Bishops of Strasbourg up to 1202, Vol. I, Innsbruck 1908, p. 308. There, Sigiboto von Tanehusen and Adelbert von Hengen are mistakenly referred to as relatives of the bishop designated.
  3. ↑ Gustav Voit, Die Schlüsselberger, History of a Franconian noble family, Altnürnberger Landschaft, Vol. 37, Nuremberg 1988, pp. 37 ff. G. Voit cites the document from 1145 without 'cognatorum'.
  4. ^ Regesta Imperii, V, no.840.
  5. ↑ Nuremberg document book, edit. from the Nuremberg City Archive, Nuremberg 1959, No. 294.
  6. ^ Regesta Imperii, V, No. 4448. Nürnberger Urkundenbuch, No. 302.
  7. ^ Regesta Imperii, V, No. 4511.
  8. ^ Johannes Siebert, Der Dichter Tannhäuser, Tübingen 1979, reprint from 1934, p. 106.
  9. ↑ Karl Bosl, The Reichsministerialität as a bearer of Staufer state policy in East Franconia and the Bavarian Nordgau, in: Yearbook of the Historical Association for Middle Franconia, vol. 69, 1941, p. 57.
  10. ↑ Nuremberg document book, No. 383 and No. 391.
  11. ↑ Karl Bosl, as above, p. 56 f.
  12. ^ Richard Dertsch and Gustav Wulz, The documents of the princely. Oettingischen Archives in Wallerstein and Oettingen, 1197-1350, Augsburg 1959, No. 62, 289, 301, 330.
  13. ↑ The Tannhauser . In: Heinrich Heine: New poems . 1844. Issued by wikisource .
personal data
SURNAME Tannhauser
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Tanhûser
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Middle High German minstrel and song poet
DATE OF BIRTH 12th century or 13th century
DATE OF DEATH after 1265