Tarma (city)
| Tarma | ||
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Coordinates: 11 ° 25 ′ S , 75 ° 41 ′ W Tarma on the map of Peru
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| Basic data | ||
| Country |
 Peru
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| region | Junín | |
| province | Tarma | |
| City foundation | July 26, 1534 | |
| Residents | 39,456 (2017) | |
| - in the metropolitan area | 47,775 | |
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| Detailed data | ||
| height | 3053 m | |
| Waters | Rio Tarma | |
| City Presidency | Moisés Martín Tacuri Garcia (2019-2022) |
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| Website | ||
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Santa Ana de Tarma is the capital of the homonymous province of Tarma in the Junín region in central Peru . It corresponds de facto to the Tarma district .
geography
location
Tarma is located at an altitude of 3053 meters above sea level in the valley of the Río Tarma on the east side of the central Peruvian cordillera of the Andes ; so the city is in the altitude of the Tierra Fría or Quechua (after Javier Pulgar Vidal ). The city is the capital of the province of Tarma, one of nine provinces of the Junín (span. Región Junín , Quechua Xunin suyu ). Numerous public institutions point to the excess of importance Tarma as a central place . Among other things, Tarma is the seat of the diocese of Tarma with Bishop Richard Daniel Alarcón Urrutia, who was appointed in 2001, and on whose initiative a campus of the Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientiae in 2011 Tarma was settled. The city also has branches of the Universidad Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión and the Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú with its headquarters in Huancayo , which were merged into the Universidad Nacional Autónoma Altoandina de Tarma , founded in 2011 .
economy
The area is an important vegetable and flower growing center for the Peruvian capital Lima . Potato cultivation in the area is also of importance for all of Peru. Due to its geographical location, the Mercado mayorista wholesale market in Tarma serves as a transshipment point between Sierra (Andes) and Selva (lowlands). Dealers from Oxapampa , La Merced , La Oroya and Cerro de Pasco meet here . Within the province of Tarma, there is Cemento Andino, an important cement plant for all of Peru . Tourism is increasingly becoming an important source of income for the city. There are many archaeological sites in the vicinity of the city, but most of them are unexplored. The famous pilgrimage site of the Santuario del Señor de Muruhay is located in Acobamba (Tarma province) . The Gruta de Huagapo cave, about 35 kilometers from Tarma, is said to be one of the deepest caves in South America.
population
The city of Tarma had 39,456 inhabitants at the 2017 census. In 2007 the population was 39,105. In the Tarma district, the population was 47,775 in 2017.
traffic
The city is located on an important transport route that connects Lima with the Peruvian Selva Central ( tropical rainforest in central Peru). There are well-developed connections from Tarma to Huancayo and via La Oroya to Cerro de Pasco . Tarma is connected by air via Aeropuerto Francisco Carlé, which is an hour's drive away .
climate
Tarma generally has a temperate semi-arid climate. The average annual mean daily maximum temperature between 1963 and 1980 was 19.3 ° C. The average annual mean of the daily lowest temperature was 6.3 ° C. During the same period, the average annual precipitation was 383.5 mm.
vegetation
The landscape of Tarma was originally characterized by cloud forest . Human interventions, especially logging for the mining industry , pushed back this form of vegetation. The last remains can be found in the neighboring district of Huasahuasi (Tarma province) in the sanctuary of the Santuario Nacional Pampa Hermosa . A landscape-defining element of the surroundings of Tarma are areas afforested with eucalyptus (especially Eucalyptus globulus ). It is hoped that this will counteract the progressive denudation . The high fluid requirement of the allochthonous tree is criticized, which in this way greatly lowers the water table. The wood of the eucalyptus is mostly used as a building material due to its nature. Current efforts are pursuing reforestation with Caesalpinia spinosa , an indigenous species.
history
Pre-Columbian period
The results of the archaeological excavations and ethnohistorical studies show that the area of Tarma was originally inhabited in the north and west by the Chinchaycocha ethnic group. South of the Tarma River lived the Xauxa / Wanka, while in the rest of the area, to the east, there was a small ethnic group whose name is not recorded in historical documents, which are mentioned by the archaeologists Pallcamayo. When Pachacutec, the ninth Inca, conquered the region, he founded the province of Tarma. As a result, the above-mentioned ethnic groups, Chinchaycocha and Xauxa / Wanka, lost control of their land in the region of Tarma and the Pallcamayo ethnic group became part of the province. The purpose of this measure was to be able to better control the Chinchaycocha and Wanka / Xauxa. That is why the curaca [Kazique] was given power by Tarma by Pachacutec.
The name Tarma was probably derived from the name of the curacas, it was called Tarma Taprac. He was Kazique when the Spaniards conquered the Inca state. The capital of the Inca province was Tarmatambo, whose architecture and city map is entirely Inca. The engineering art and architecture can still be admired today, as can also be seen in Machu Picchu. Both are similar because they were built for Inka Pachacutec.
Viceroyalty of Peru
1538 is considered to be the year of the founding of the city of Santa Ana de la Ribera de Tarma by the Spaniards. The key position that Tarma had in the Inca Empire was retained by the city under the Spaniards. Initially laid out as a garrison town, Tarma soon developed into an administrative and ecclesiastical center of the region. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Tarma was first the capital of a Corregimiento , then an Intendencia .
The first cadastral plan is said to come from 1815; for this point in time a number of 755 buildings and around 3500 inhabitants is given.
Republican time
Soon after Peru gained independence in 1821, Tarma was elevated to the center of the newly established Departamento de Tarma . The region included the districts of Tarma, Jauja , Huancayo and Pasco . Due to the wealth based on mining, Cerro de Pasco soon developed into the center of the region, and Tarma slowly lost its importance. During the republican period, Huancayo rose to become the center of the entire Peruvian central Andes, and Tarma finally lost its role as an important city in central Peru.
etymology
It is generally assumed that the origin of the name Taramayo ( Quechua , "river of the Tara bushes", cf. Caesalpinia Spinosa ) comes. The name Tarma was probably derived from the name of the curacas, it was called Tarma Taprac. He was Kazique when the Spaniards conquered the Inca state. This derivation is not uncommon as it was common practice among the Spaniards, such as the name of the Chimu kingdom derived from the name of the Chimu-Qhapaq.
sons and daughters of the town
- Manuel Apolinario Odría Amoretti (born November 26, 1897 in Tarma, † February 18, 1974 in Lima ). General and politician who was president from 1948 to 1956 at the head of a military government.
literature
- Carmen Arellano Hoffmann: El wamani Pumpu: reflexiones acerca de las demarcaciones políticas de los incas . Revista Histórica, tomo XLV, pp. 405-427. Lima, 2011–2012.
- Carmen Arellano Hoffmann: Visita de Tarma (1786) . In: Guide to Documentary Sources for Andean Studies, 1530–1900, vol. III. Edited by Joanne Pillsbury. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, National Gallery of Art, 2008: 732-733.
- Carmen Arellano Hoffmann, Ramiro Matos: Variations between Inka Installations in the Puna of Chinchaycocha and the Drainage of Tarma . In: Variations in Inka Power. A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks 18th and 19th October, 1997. Richard Burger, Craig Morris & Ramiro Matos (eds). Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections, 2007: 11–44.
- Carmen Arellano Hoffmann: Tarmatambo . In: Enciclopedia Archeologica. Americhe-Oceania, vol. 3, pp, 773-774. Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 2004.
- Carmen Arellano Hoffmann: Los Inkas en la sierra central del Perú. Balance crítico desde la perspectiva etnohistórica . In: Actas del 49o. Congreso Internacional de Americanistas. Quito 1997. Simposio: “Los Inkas: Avances arqueológicos, etnohistóricos e iconográficos”, Carmen Arellano Hoffmann & Laura Laurencich Minelli (Special Editors.), Pp. 18-22. In: Tawantinsuyu, nº 5 (Special issue). Canberra, 1998.
- Carmen Arellano Hoffmann: Hanan / Urin: Reflexiones acerca de un concepto dual inka y su aplicación en el Chinchaysuyu . In: 50 Años de Estudios Americanistas en la Universidad de Bonn. Nuevas contribuciones a la arqueología, etnohistoria, etnolingüística y etnografía de las Américas. Sabine Dedenbach, Carmen Arellano, Eva König & Heiko Prümers (Ed.), Pp. 473-493. (Bonn American Studies, 30). Markt Schwaben: Verlag Saurwein, 1998.
- Carmen Arellano Hoffmann, Ramiro Matos y David Brown: Asentamientos inka en Chakamarka y Tarmatambo (Dpto. De Junín). Problems and criterios de interpretación para la reconstrucción de una provincia inka . In: I Encuentro Internacional de Peruanistas. Estado de los estudios histórico-sociales sobre el Perú a fines del siglo XX, vol. 1, pp. 181-193. Universidad de Lima, Unesco, Fondo de Cultura Económica. Lima, 1998.
- Carmen Arellano Hoffmann: Between the exotic and ideas of poverty in the Third World. Intercultural perception in a village partnership, Illingen (Germany) and Palca / Tarma (Peru) [Polarization of images about the Third World: between the idea of Exotic and Poverty. Intercultural perceptions among the communities of Illingen (Alemania) and Palca / Tarma (Perú)]. In: Transatlantic Perceptions: Latin America – Europe – USA in the past and present. Hans-Joachim König & Stefan Rinke (Ed.), Pp. 367-388. (Historama, vol. 6), Stuttgart, 1998.
- Carmen Arellano Hoffmann: El Intendente de Tarma Juan María de Gálvez y su juicio de residencia (1791). Aspects of the corrupción en una administración serrana del Perú . Histórica vol. 20, nº. 1, pp. 29-57. Lima, 1996.
- Carmen Arellano Hoffmann: Los títulos de comunidades como fuentes para una reconstrucción histórica de límites de las antiguas etnías andinas: el ejemplo de Tarma en la sierra central del Perú . América Indígena, vol. 50, nº. 4, pp. 99-132. México, 1994.
- Carmen Arellano Hoffmann: On the meaning and use of the word "Ayllu". New insights into the inner function of an "ayllus" in colonial times using an example of a "parcialidad" from Tarma / Peru [meaning and use of the word "ayllu". On the internal logic of an "ayllu" in the colonial period: The "parcialidad" Urauchuc (Tarma / Perú)] . In: Contributions to the cultural history of western South America. Albert Meyers / Martin Volland (Ed.). Research reports of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, Section Humanities, nº 3242, pp. 67-85. 1990
- Carmen Arellano Hoffmann: "Anotaciones sobre el clima, ganado y tenencia de pastos en la puna de Tarma, siglo XVIII". In: Llamichos y paqocheros. Pastores de llamas and alpacas. Jorge Flores Ochoa (Ed.), Pp. 77-84. Cusco, 1988.
- Carmen Arellano Hoffmann: Notas sobre el indígena en la intendencia de Tarma. Una evaluación de la visita de 1786. Seminar for Ethnology, Bonn 1984, ISBN 3-86097-307-X ( Bonn American Studies 13).
- Carmen Arellano Hoffmann: Apuntes históricos sobre la provincia de Tarma en la sierra central del Perú. El kuraka y los ayllus bajo la dominación colonial española, siglos XVI – XVIII. Seminar für Völkerkunde, Bonn 1988, ISBN 3-86097-309-6 ( Bonn American Studies 15), (also: Bonn, Univ., Diss., 1987).
- Bonnier, Elisabeth and Catherine Rozenberg: L'Occupation humaine dans le bassin du Shaka-Palcamayo à l'Intermédiaire Récent, Andes Centrales du Pérou . Paris: Université de Paris X - Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales. 3 tomos. Tesis doctoral. 1982.
- Elisabeth Bonnier, Catherine Rozenberg: L'habitat en village à l'époque préhispanique dans le bassin Shaka-Palcamayo, département de Junín - Pérou . Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines, [Lima] 7 (1-2): 49-71. 1978.
- Elisabeth Bonnier, Catherine Rozenberg: Note complémentaire sur l'habitat en village, à l'époque préhispanique, dans le bassin Shaka-Palcamayo (dpt. De Junín, Pérou) . Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines, [Lima] 7 (3-4): 59-60. 1978.
- Ana Teresa Lecaros: Los peregrinos del señor de Muruhuay. Espacio, culto e identidad en los Andes. Tesis doctoral . Free University of Berlin. 2001
- Ana Teresa Lecaros: The dance as a ritual lecture of the cultural reality in the Peruvian pilgrimage to the Lord of Muruhuay . English, Pilgrimage and Complexity, Nueva Delhi. 1999
- Jeffrey Parsons, Charles Hastings, Ramiro Matos: Rebuilding the state in highland Peru: Herder cultivator interaction during the late intermediate period in the Tarama-Chinchaycocha region . Latin American Antiquity, 8 (4): 317-341. Washington, DC 1997.
- Jeffrey Parsons, Charles Hastings, Ramiro Matos: Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in the Upper Mantaro and Tarma Drainages . Junin, Peru. 2 vols. Ann Arbor: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 2000.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b PERU: Junín Region - Provinces & Places . www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
- ↑ PERU: Junín Region - Provinces and Districts . www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
