Ravine

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The seven kilometer long Welschtobel near Arosa
Großwalsertal (“ravaged ravine landscape”) with Seewaldsee , strangely lying on the ridge

A ravine ( the or the is) in the upper German dialects a narrow valley to a gorge , in the jargon of the geomorphology a funnel-shaped valley with a narrow exit. The alternative spelling Dobel is also used regionally .

Word origin

The word Tobel is of Romance origin and occurs in the southeastern Alemannic as well as in the southwestern Bavarian-Austrian language area.

The Swiss Flurnamen researcher Paul Zinsli passes in his book place names the word of vulgar Latin tubal from Latin tubus , tube 'from. The Alemannic immigrants took over the generic word from the local Romansh population as a loan word. The acquisition of a previously spoken language there is also illustrated by the fact that the term Tobel in such diverse dialects as the Eastern High Alemannic German , which means Alemannische , the eastern Highest Alemannic German and western south Bavaria is known dialects. In Romansh , the ravine is also called Tavon , from which the name Montafon for a large valley in Vorarlberg is derived.

The generic word Tobel or Dobel is often used in the western Alpine foothills , especially in eastern and inner Switzerland (eastern canton Aargau , canton Zurich , eastern Switzerland and central Switzerland ), in the southern Black Forest , in the northern foreland of the Swabian Alb, in Upper Swabia , in the Allgäu , in Vorarlberg , in western Tyrol and occasionally in South Tyrol . The word is also very numerous in place and field names.

Formation and geomorphological phenomena

The Hölltobel at the exit of the Dietersbachtal (Allgäu)

The word was introduced as a geomorphological technical term by Adolf Schaubach around 1850 . According to this, the ravine is the landform of a more or less gentle high valley in the mountains, with a breakthrough valley of a torrent . Due to the larger catchment area and the steep gradient of the water, and the associated transport of rubble, a ravine differs from other canyon forms , such as the Klus .

Tobel Education is typical of activations of softer, less erosion resistant (usually tonreicheren) rock layers or intervals in more or less steeply inclined sedimentary sequences. In the softer material initially created gullies which a mountain stream utilized as passage means, which deepens the gully to a sharp incision. In the northern Alps, for example, ravines are mainly found in the molasse zone and flysch zone between the Upper Rhine and the Danube . Some ravines also go back to sudden meltwater streams from ice age glaciers . The ravine itself does not have a primarily glacial morphological form, so it was usually not overprinted by the Ice Age, but was postglacial or periglacial free of ice. In more compact material, the cirque forms instead as glacial erosion , also a funnel-shaped valley, which is either drainless ( endorheic ) with a cirque lake or overflows in waterfalls . In limestone instead form sinkholes and similar valley forms.

The opening of the ravine is typically V-shaped, the opposite flanks can have different slopes depending on the hardness of the rock , but can also deepen up to the gorge . If the Tobelbach erodes through the Tobel, stepping backwards , canyons are created with gentle sloping shoulders above . Conversely, a breakthrough cirque or trough valley can also form trough-like valley shapes.

Examples of larger ravines

See also

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Schweizerisches Idiotikon , Volume XII, columns 116–122, article Tobel ( digitized version ).
  2. ^ Vorarlberg dictionary including the Principality of Liechtenstein. Edited by Leo Jutz. 2 volumes. Vienna 1960, 1965.
  3. ↑ ortsnames.ch, enter Tobel .
  4. ^ Walter Haas, Doris Handschuh, Rolf Börlin (editing): Linguistic Atlas of German Switzerland; Word geography III; Environment . In: Rudolf Hotzenköcherle, Robert Schläpfer, Rudolf Trüb, Paul Zinsli (eds.): Linguistic Atlas of German Switzerland . 1st edition. tape VI . Francke, Bern 1988, ISBN 3-317-01652-3 .
  5. ^ Paul Zinsli: place names . Settlement and field names in German-speaking Switzerland. Huber, Frauenfeld 1971 (2nd edition 1975).
  6. ↑ verifiable in the hiking map of the Swabian Alb Association e. V. Kirchheim / Teck, scale 1: 25,000, edition 2017, cartography LGL Baden-Württemberg
  7. ↑ For Switzerland, see the comment on the article Tobel in the Swiss Idiotikon (Volume XII, columns 120–122) and in ortsnames.ch, input Tobel .
  8. ↑ "Tobel, an Alemannic name, quite common in Switzerland and therefore also at home in this area [Paznaun, note], denotes a funnel-shaped valley with a narrow exit." Adolph Schaubach: Handbook for travelers through North Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Oberbaiern . In: The German Alps: a manual for travelers through Tyrol, Austria, Steyermark, Illyria, Upper Bavaria and adjacent areas . 2nd Edition. tape II . F. Frommann, Jena 1866, Das Thal der Sanna , p. 70, note 1) ( full text in the Google book search).