Beach chamomiles

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Beach chamomiles
Coastal chamomile (Tripleurospermum maritimum)

Coastal chamomile ( Tripleurospermum maritimum )

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Tribe : Anthemideae
Genre : Beach chamomiles
Scientific name
Tripleurospermum
Sch. Gdp.

The plant genus beach chamomile ( Tripleurospermum ) belongs to the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae). The 38 to 40 species are widespread in the northern hemisphere in North America , Eurasia, and North Africa. In their external appearance they are very similar to the real chamomile ( Matricaria recutita ), but do not smell like it.

description

Illustration from Billeder af nordens Flora , 1917 of the odorless chamomile ( Tripleurospermum inodorum )
Illustration of Tripleurospermum tenuifolium

Vegetative characteristics

Tripleurospermum species are annual, biennial or perennial herbaceous plants and reach heights of growth of 5 to 80 centimeters. In contrast to real chamomile, they are more or less odorless. The one to five independently upright, ascending or prostrate stems per plant specimen are single or multiple branched. The stems are bald or sparsely hairy.

The leaves, which are mostly arranged alternately on the stem, are stalked or sessile. The basal leaves have wilted by the time they bloom. The leaf blades, which are one to three pinnate, are glabrous or slightly hairy. The outer edges are notched or serrated.

Generative characteristics

The cup-shaped ( pseudanthia ) partial inflorescences are individually terminal or together in umbrella -shaped total inflorescences . The flower head is convex to conical in shape. The sheath of the leaflets, the involucre , forms a hemisphere and reaches 8 to 12 millimeters in diameter. The 28 to 60 and more broad-oval bracts are arranged in two to five rows. The edges and tips are pale to dark brown or black and more or less dry-skinned. The flower heads contain 300 to 500 yellow tubular flowers (= disc flowers) and 0 to 34 and more white ray flowers (= ray flowers).

The fruit is an achenes with a pappus. The pappus is designed as a membranous hem. There are up to five oil glands at the apex of the three-ribbed fruit.

The basic chromosome number is x = 9.

Occurrence

The genus Tripleurospermum is widespread in the northern hemisphere in North America , Eurasia and North Africa. For example, some species are neophytes in North America and New Zealand . In many places, some species, such as the odorless chamomile, are considered invasive species. In Europe only Tripleurospermum maritimum and Tripleurospermum inodorum occur , in Southeastern Europe also T. caucasicum . The species grow in a wide variety of locations, often along the coast, but also in ruderal meadows , along roadsides and in fields.

Systematics

The genus Tripleurospermum was set up in 1844 by Carl Heinrich Schultz in Ueber die Tanaceteen: with special consideration of the German species , pages 31-34. The scientific name Tripleurospermum is made up of the Greek words tri for three, pleuron Πλευρών for rib and sperma for seed, this refers to the three-ribbed achenes. Synonyms for Tripleurospermum Sch. Gdp. are: Chamaemelum Vis. nom. illeg., Rhytidospermum Sch. Gdp. , Dibothrospermum Knaf .

The species of the genus Tripleurospermum were previously integrated into the genus of camomiles ( Matricaria ). Hence the numerous synonyms.

The genus Tripleurospermum differs from Matricaria in that its fruits are ribbed three times instead of five and two oil glands near the apex of the fruit. It could be shown that the genus Tripleurospermum is closer to the genus of the canine chamomiles ( Anthemis ) than to the genus Matricaria .

Tripleurospermum caucasicum
Odorless chamomile ( Tripleurospermum inodorum )

Types (selection)

The genus Tripleurospermum includes 38 to 40 species:

Sources and further information

Single sources

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Luc Brouillet: Tripleurospermum Schultz Bipontinus - Mayweed. , Pp. 548-551 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae –Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 .
  2. ↑ Tripleurospermum at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  3. ↑ Tripleurospermum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). - In: W. Greuter & E. von Raab-Straube (eds.): Compositae. : Datasheet Tripleurospermum In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g Zhu Shi, Christopher J. Humphries, Michael G. Gilbert: Tripleurospermum Schultz Bipontinus. , Pp. 36-38 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 20-21: Asteraceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, October 25, 2011.
  6. ↑ a b c d Tripleurospermum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  7. ↑ Tripleurospermum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  8. ↑ a b c Flora of Pakistan. Tripleurospermum - online.

Web links

Commons : Beach Chamomiles ( Tripleurospermum )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files