Venetian language (Romance)
| Venetic | ||
|---|---|---|
| speaker | 5 million | |
| Linguistic classification |
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
- |
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| ISO 639 -2 |
roa (other Romance languages) |
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| ISO 639-3 |
vec |
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The Venetian (also Venezisch or Venedisch ; Venetic Vèneto or Łéngoa Veneta ) is a Romance language that about five million speakers in the region Veneto as well as parts of the region Friuli-Venezia Giulia , of Trentino and Istria is spoken. Venetian belongs to the group of northern Italian dialects. Due to the profound differences to standard Italian, it is sometimes viewed as a separate language, just like the other northern Italian varieties.
Both the Veneto inhabitants and linguistics usually differentiate between vèneto (Venetian), the entire dialect group including all local varieties, and venesiàn ( Venetian ), the variety of the city of Venice , which served as a general koine at the time of the Republic of Venice , today however, it is only one of several significant urban varieties within the Venetian.
The Romance Venetian language must not be confused with the Venetian language of antiquity, an extinct language that was used in the Veneto region between the 6th and the 1st century BC. BC and possibly influenced the Latin spoken in this region as a substrate language and thus indirectly also the Romanesque Venetian.
classification
Like all other Romance languages, Venetic goes back to Latin . With the group of northern Italian dialects north of the La Spezia - Rimini line , it is one of the Western Romanic languages and sometimes differs greatly from the standard Italian language.
features
The Venetian language differs from the Italian standard language particularly noticeably in that “dz” is spoken instead of the Italian “dsch”, as well as the lack of the typical Italian consonant doubling (e.g. Zanipólo for Giovanni e Paolo ).
As in many languages, there are also in Venetian clitic or unstressed pronouns for dative and accusative ( ghe ło digo = I tell him, Spanish “se lo digo”, Italian “glielo dico”). In addition, as in the other northern Italian dialects, there are also subject clitics for the nominative, which are mandatory (e.g. el varda = he looks at, he looks at, Italian “guarda”, Spanish “mira”, French “il regarde” ") and interrogative clitics, which are used as extensions ( Varde Lo ? = looks to ER;? Vardi to / Vardi (s?) tu ? = look at DU)?. The subject clitics do not exist in the standard Italian language. They are also used when the subject is visible in the sentence: Marco el varda ła strada (Marco “he” is looking at the street), Ti vien tu ? (You come-you?), 'Sa vàrdi to ti? (What are considering-du du?), 'Sa Varde Lo Marco? (What is-he looking at Marco? What is Marco looking at?).
In Venetian, as in German, there is the impersonal passive with the auxiliary verb xe stà ← gh'è stà (became / has become ...). For example:
- gh'è stà tełefonà al dotor? = literally "was (it) called to the doctor?"
- xe stà parlà de ti = literally "(it) was spoken about you"
There are vowel changes ( umlaut ) in many words, especially in nouns and verbs that end in -i . The closed middle vowels ó / é become the high vowels u / i :
- cant o n = cantón "corner", cant u ni "corners"
- c ó ro “I run”, c u ri “run!”. But: coro "choir", cori "choirs" (no umlaut, as with an open "o")
- t ó co “I touch”, te t u chi “you touch”. But: toco "pieces", tochi "pieces" (with an open o )
- v é do "I see", te v i di "you see", ved i vi "you saw"
- v é ro = viéro "glass, window", v i ri "glasses". But: vero "truer", veri "truer " (with an open e )
Sometimes the penultimate vowel is also subject to a change:
- d o t ó r "doctor, doctor", d u t u ri
- m o m é nto "moment, moment", m u m i nti
In some variants and in the cities there is no umlaut formation and the “Italian” form is used: te védi (Italian “vedi”), cori (Italian “corri!”), Te tóchi (Italian “tocchi”), dotóri (Italian "dottori").
Spelling
There has been a standardized spelling since 1995 . Other spellings are also in use.
Geographical distribution
Venetic is spoken in the following regions:
- Veneto : Provinces of Padua , Treviso , Venice , Verona , Vicenza , in the majority of the provinces Belluno (Ladin is also spoken there) and Rovigo (on the border with Emilia-Romagna, the dialect of Ferrara is spoken )
- Friuli-Venezia Giulia : in the west of the former province of Pordenone , in the coastal areas (especially Monfalcone, Grado (so-called Grades dialect ), Muggia) and in Trieste
- Trentino : In the east of the province of Trento (especially in the Suganertal ) the actual Trentino dialect - although this is a Gallo-Italic dialect - is also strongly influenced by the Venetian.
- outside Italy: some parts of Slovenia and Croatia ( Istria and Dalmatia ), once also in Montenegro , whose German name itself comes from the Venetian and means "Black Mountain". In addition, on the Ionian Islands in particular Corfu . On Kefalonia and Zakynthos until about 1952. Due to demographic changes after the great earthquake (emigration to Patras, Athens and overseas) the Venetian language, which was only preserved there in folk songs and poems, became extinct. As a result of the strong emigration from the region to America in the 19th century, Venetic is also spoken in some places in North and South America, for example in Argentina , in the city of Chipilo in Mexico or in Brazil in the Rio Grande do Sul region .
recognition
On March 28, 2007, the Venetian language was recognized by the vast majority of the Veneto Regional Council with the Law on the Protection and Promotion of the Venetian Language .
The Regional Council of Friuli-Venezia Giulia also passed a corresponding law on February 17, 2010 to revaluate the Venetian dialects.
Language history
The Venetian in the form of the variety of the city of Venice enjoyed great prestige during the time of the Republic of Venice . A remarkable document is the travelogue “ Il Milione ” by the Venetian Marco Polo in the Venetian translation (the original version is from Rustichello da Pisa and is written in Franco-Italian). Other well-known writers who wrote in the Venetian dialect are Marino Sanudo (1466–1536) and Andrea Calmo (1509–1570).
In the early modern period , the Venetian lingua franca was the Mediterranean trade. At this time it also had a great influence on the South Slavic varieties on the east coast of the Adriatic, especially the čakavian and the Dalmatian štokavian dialects of Croatian .
Over time, Venetian was replaced as a written language by Tuscan, which gained in prestige primarily through Dante Alighieri , Giovanni Boccaccio and Francesco Petrarca . Venetian language only regained literary importance in the 18th century through the plays by Carlo Goldoni as a model for the Italian Commedia dell'arte . With the dissolution of the Republic of Venice by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1797 and the establishment of the Italian national state as a result of the Risorgimento , which introduced the standard Italian , which was influenced by the Tuscan dialect, as the official language, Venetian lost its prestige and was for a long time downgraded to the status of an orally used dialect which, however, is actively spoken by many people of all generations and all social status. Like other northern Italian languages , it has only experienced a renaissance in recent years .
Today, Venetic is used as a diaphasic variety , especially in the informal context.
Text example
From the Gospel of Matthew (Mt 3,1-8); Translation by Gianjacopo Fontana (1859):
“ English : In those days John the Baptist appeared and proclaimed in the desert of Judea: Repent! Because the kingdom of heaven is at hand. It was he who said the prophet Isaiah: A voice in the wilderness calls out: Prepare the way for the Lord! Pave the streets for him! John wore a robe made of camel hair and a leather belt around his waist; Locusts and wild honey were its food. The people of Jerusalem and all of Judea and of all the Jordan region went out to him; they confessed their sins and were baptized by him in the Jordan. When John saw that many Pharisees and Sadducees were coming to the baptism, he said to them: You brood of snakes, who taught you that you could escape the coming judgment? Bring forth fruit that shows your repentance. "
Venetian : In sto tenpo ze venjùo Zuane el Batista a predicar inte'l dezerto de ła Giudea, dizéndo: fè peniténsa: perché el ze cuà arente el renjo de i siełi. Parché cuesto el ze l'omo, ca gavéa parlà el profeta Isaia, co'l ga ditto: voze de chi siga inte'l dezerto: preparè ła strada de el sinjor: fè dreti i so trozi. Lu steso po Zuane el gavéa dòso 'n àbito de peło de camełi, e' na sintura de pełe łigada ai so fianchi: e no'l manjava altro che cavalete, e miel selvadego. Ełora ndava da łu Jerusałeme, e tuta la Giudea, e tuto el paeze atorno de'l Giordan; ei jera batizai da łu inte'l Giordan, confessai i so pecai. Ma co'l ga visto a venjir a batizarse da łu tanti farizei, e Caducei, el ga dito a łori: rasa de vipare, chi ve ga insenjà a scampar da ła colera futura? Fè donca fruto denjo de penitensa.
Italian : In quei giorni comparve Giovanni il Battista a predicare nel deserto della Giudea, dicendo: "Convertitevi, perché il regno dei cieli è vicino!". Egli è colui che fu annunziato dal profeta Isaia quando disse: “Voce di uno che grida nel deserto: Preparate la via del Signore, raddrizzate i suoi sentieri”! Giovanni portava un vestito di peli di cammello e una cintura di pelle attorno ai fianchi; il suo cibo erano locuste e miele selvatico. Allora accorrevano a lui da Gerusalemme, da tutta la Giudea e dalla zona adiacente il Giordano; e, confessando i loro peccati, si facevano battezzare da lui nel fiume Giordano. Vedendo però molti farisei e sadducei venire al suo battesimo, disse loro: Razza di vipere! Chi vi ha suggerito di sottrarvi all'ira imminente? Fate dunque frutti degni di conversione.
literature
- Gianna Marcato, Flavia Ursini: Dialetti veneti. Grammatica e storia . Padova 1998, ISBN 88-8098-057-2 .
- Alberto Zamboni: Italian: Area Linguistics. [Chapter IV a:] Veneto. In: Lexikon der Romance Linguistik (LRL), Vol. 4, 1988, pp. 517-538.
- Giuseppe Boerio : Dizionario del dialetto veneziano. Venezia 1829.
Web links
- Wikisource in Venetian language
- Goran Filipi: Istro-Venetian , in Encyclopedia of the European East ( Memento from August 11, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), archive.org, August 11, 2014 (PDF, 136 kB)
- Gramaticaveneta.com Grammar of the Venetian language and its variants
- Raixe Venete
- Ethnologue
Remarks
- ↑ See Grafie venete in the Venetian Wikipedia.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Grafia Veneta Unitaria. Giunta Regional de Veneto, 1995, archived from the original on May 20, 2014 ; accessed on January 29, 2020 .
- ↑ Mt 3,1–8 EU
- ↑ Tiraccontolaparola.it/ ( Memento from September 11, 2014 in the Internet Archive )