Violet Mullein

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Violet Mullein
Violet Mullein (Verbascum phoeniceum)

Violet Mullein ( Verbascum phoeniceum )

Systematics
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)
Tribe : Scrophularieae
Genre : Mullein ( Verbascum )
Type : Violet Mullein
Scientific name
Verbascum phoeniceum
L.

The violet mullein ( Verbascum phoeniceum ), also called Phoenician mullein or purple mullein , is a species of mullein ( Verbascum ).

description

Basal leaf rosette in the first year
Detail of an inflorescence with long-stalked flowers
Illustration in Curtis's botanical magazine
illustration

Vegetative characteristics

The Violet mullein is a two- or multi-year , herbaceous plant , the plant height of 30 to 80, often up to 100 centimeters achieved. The upright stem is downy hairy, upward dense glandular and ribbed angular.

The leaves are mainly arranged in a basal rosette and lie close to the ground. The leaf blades, which are shiny on the top and almost bare, and have downy hairs on the underside, are egg-shaped and their edge is irregularly notched.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from May to June. In traubigen inflorescence long-stalked flowers are borne. The flower buds have a striking regular pentagonal shape.

The flowers are about 30 millimeters in size and the short corolla tube is mostly yellow-orange colored. The petals of the five mostly dark purple petals are spread out and slightly wavy. The stamens are orange at their base. In the middle and towards the tip, the stamens are enveloped by thick and long purple or whitish hairs. The anthers are black-purple, but after opening they are covered with bright yellow pollen . The violet stylus with the green stigma is slightly shorter than the stamens and protrudes downward from the circle of the stamen.

The chromosome number is 2n = 32 or 36 with a basic chromosome number of 8 or 9. The ploidy level is therefore 4, i.e. tetraploid

Occurrence and endangerment

The violet mullein is common in Central Europe, Eastern Europe and South-Eastern Europe. It is also found in Western Asia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Western Siberia and Xinjiang .

Occurrences in Germany, where the violet mullein is particularly widespread in the eastern federal states (e.g. in Saxony-Anhalt), possibly go back to earlier naturalization from garden culture. The north-western boundary of the natural distribution area can therefore hardly be determined. In contrast, other authors list Verbascum phoeniceum as a species native to parts of Germany, whereby in this area only the subspecies Verbascum phoeniceum subsp. phoeniceum is represented. Here, too, attention is drawn to the additional presence of synanthropic stocks.

In Austria, the violet mullein is native to the Pannonian region as a southern Siberian-Pontic-Pannonian floral element , otherwise only introduced through lawn seeds , and rarely occurs in the federal states of Burgenland , Lower Austria and Vienna as well as inconsistently in Upper Austria in the colline altitude range. The violet mullein is considered endangered in Austria.

The violet mullein thrives best on alkaline , sandy or loamy , rather nutrient-poor soils . They can be found in semi- arid lawns or in the fringes of dry forests . It is in Central Europe, a characteristic species of the order valesiacae Festucetalia.

Systematics

Verbascum phoeniceum was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné .

Of Verbascum phoeniceum there are about two subspecies:

  • Verbascum phoeniceum L. subsp. phoeniceum
  • Verbascum phoeniceum subsp. flavidum (Boiss.) Bornm. (Syn .: Verbascum phoeniceum var. Flavidum Boiss. ): It occurs in Greece , Bulgaria and the former Yugoslavia .
Hybrid Verbascum phoeniceum × Verbascum Blattaria

Also hybrids of Verbascum phoeniceum with other Verbascum styles are known.

ecology

The violet mullein is a deciduous semi-rosette plant . Their form of life corresponds to that of a hemicryptophyte , which is characterized by persistence buds on the herbaceous shoot axes at the level of the earth's surface. The storage organ is indicated differently in sources. According to biolflor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany , it is a turnip , according to the excursion flora Rothmale r (2017) a Pleiokorm system .

With the violet mullein, female, male and hermaphrodite flowers are formed, which can be distributed differently to the individual plant specimens. On the one hand, all flowers of a plant can be hermaphroditic ( synocial ). Furthermore, hermaphroditic and female flowers can be found on a plant ( gynomonomy ). Also only female and only hermaphrodite flowers were found distributed on different plants, as well as purely female and monoecular flowers on different plants ( gynodioce ). No information was given about the relationship between the frequency of the gender distribution.

The purple mullein is commonly pollinated by insects . It does not offer nectar , but has an abundant supply of pollen for the pollinators. Therefore it is called a pollen flower according to Müller's flower classes . The main pollinators are short- nosed bees , syrphids , beetles and flies .

The violet mullein is self-incompatible according to the GSI type (gametophytic self-incompatibility). This means that the pollen can usually germinate on the scar , but the pollen tube in the style stops growing if the S allele of the haploid pollen matches one of the S alleles of the diploid style. Even if self-pollination or neighbor pollination takes place, self-fertilization , i.e. successful fruit set, is usually prevented by the GSI mechanism.

A septicidal capsule is formed as the fruit . Characteristic is that they are along the Verwachsungsnähte the former carpels opens. The egg-shaped capsule is about 6 millimeters long and is therefore longer than the permanent calyx. Towards the tip it is sparsely hairy with glands. The seeds are spread by shock propagation ( semachory ), which means that the seeds of the capsule that opens upwards are shaken out by gusts of wind or by animals passing by

use

The purple mullein is rarely used as an ornamental plant , especially in natural gardens . There are a few varieties that differ mainly in the color of the flowers. So white and pink blooming forms were developed. It needs a full sun to partially shaded location. Propagation takes place by sowing. The violet mullein is a folk medicinal herb

photos

  • Habitus

  • inflorescence

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Verbascum phoeniceum L., purple mullein. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  827 .
  3. ^ A b Verbascum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
  4. ↑ H.-J. Zündorf, K.-F. Günther, Korsch, H. and W. Westhus: Flora of Thuringia. Weißdorn-Verlag, Jena 2006, ISBN 3-936055-09-2 .
  5. ↑ Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= The fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  6. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  7. ↑ a b Karol Marhold: Scrophulariaceae. , 2011: Datasheet Verbascum phoeniceum In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  8. ↑ a b c d entry Verbascum phoeniceum biolflor database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany
  9. ↑ a b Eckehart J. Jäger: Rothmaler - excursion flora from Germany. 21st edition, Springer, 2017, ISBN 978-3-662-49707-4 , p. 663
  10. ^ Entry self-incompatibility in Lexicon of Biology, Spektrum.de
  11. ^ Entry Verbascum Linnaeus in the Flore of China
  12. ^ Entry Fruchtformen in Pschyrembel online, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
  13. ↑ Entry Verbascum phoeniceum Linnaeus in the Flore of Chine
  14. ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 , pp. 459 .

literature

  • Georg Philippi : Scrophulariaceae, figwort family. In: O. Sebald, S. Seybold, G. Philippi, A. Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 5, Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-3342-3 .

Web links

Commons : Violet Mullein ( Verbascum phoeniceum )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files