Enslavement of whites

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Noble merchant with his Circassian slave by Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje , around 1888, a Meccan trader (right) and his Circassian slave

The enslavement of whites called the slave trade with people of white skin color .

In contrast to the transatlantic slave trade , in which whites acted as slave traders , white Europeans played the role of enslaved, especially in the Mediterranean slave trade .

The term "white slavery" ( Engl. White Slavery ) was reported by the US politicians Charles Sumner used in 1847 to the enslavement of European Christians by Muslim pirates of the Barbary States , and especially in Algiers , capital of the Ottoman Algeria to describe.

The term White Slave Traffic was used at the beginning of the 20th century when most European countries signed an international agreement to suppress trafficking in human beings in Paris in 1904 .

history

Antiquity

The first manifestations of slavery and structures similar to slavery, to which white people fell victim, already existed in ancient times . Slaves were prisoners or conquered. One of the most mentions of slavery in ancient times can be found in Homer in the Iliad that the struggle of the Greeks against Troy describes. After the Greeks conquered Troy, the surviving portion of the population was enslaved.

As a result of the conquest of Thebes by Alexander the Great , 30,000 people were enslaved. One of the places of trade for slaves in ancient Greece was Crete . There was slavery in ancient Rome too. Thus, according to Livy , when the Romans conquered the Etrurian city ​​of Veii in 396 BC , all the inhabitants were enslaved. When Carthage was destroyed in the Third Punic War , 50,000 people were enslaved. Initially it looked Roman law also the possibility of the creditor against the defaulting or insolvent enslaving debtors. However, this option was abolished very quickly.

middle Ages

Slavery also existed from the Middle Ages to modern times and was present in the Ottoman Empire and in Europe until the early modern times . In feudalism there were various forms of status known as serfdom (such as bordar, villein, traveling folk, and slave ) among the interest farmers , which could be bought and sold as property and subject to labor and branding by their owners . Under Muslim rule were East African slave transactions , including Caucasian prisoners were often fueled by attacks in European territories or as children in the form of a boy reading from the families of citizens of conquered territories taken to the Empire to fulfill different functions. In the mid-19th century, the term “white slavery” was used to describe the Christian slaves who were sold in the slave trade in barbarian states .

Modern and post-modern

Modern forms of slavery are human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation or the exploitation of labor.

White slave trade

Slavic slavery

The Rus Commit a Slave Trade with the Khazars: Trade in East Slavic Camps by Sergei Ivanov (1913)

The Volga trade route was established by the Varangians (Vikings) who settled in northwestern Russia in the early 9th century. About 10 km south of the confluence of the Volkhov into Lake Ladoga , they founded a settlement called Ladoga (Old Norse: Aldeigjuborg). It connected Northern Europe and northwestern Russia via the Volga with the Caspian Sea . The Rus used this route to trade with Muslim countries on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, which sometimes reached as far as Baghdad . The route worked at the same time as the Dnepr trade route , better known as the Varangian-Greek trade route , and lost its importance in the 11th century.

Saqāliba referred to Slavic slaves kidnapped on the coasts of Europe or in wars, as well as white mercenaries in the medieval Muslim world, the Middle East , North Africa , Sicily and Al-Andalus . Saqāliba had to serve in many ways: servants , harem - concubines , eunuchs , artisans , soldiers and as guardians of the caliph . In Iberia , Morocco , Damascus and Sicily, their military role can be compared to that of the Mamluks in the Ottoman Empire. In Spain , Slavic eunuchs were so popular and widespread that they became synonymous with saqāliba.

Khanate of Crimea

During the time of the Khanate of Crimea, the Crimean people frequently carried out raids on the Danube principalities , Poland-Lithuania and Moscow . For each prisoner the khan received a fixed share ( savğa ) of 10 or 20 percent. The campaigns of the Crimean forces were categorized into "Sefers", military operations carried out by the khans themselves, and çapuls , raids carried out by groups of nobles, sometimes illegal because they violated treaties made by the khans with neighboring rulers were closed. Until the early 18th century, the khanate had a massive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East. Caffa was one of the most famous and important trading ports and slave markets. Crimean Tatar robbers enslaved between one and two million people from Russia and Poland-Lithuania between 1500 and 1700. In 1769, 20,000 Russian and Ruthenian slaves were captured in a last major Tatar attack .

See also

literature

  • Robert C. Davis : Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters. White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800. Palgrave MacMillan, New York 2004. Review by Rolf Latusseck, Die Welt , March 28, 2004; Review by Andreas Eckert, FAZ , December 27, 2004

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Andreas Eckert: The poor Europeans in the hands of Muslims FAZ , December 27, 2004
  2. ^ A b Charles Sumner: White Slavery in The Barbary States. A Lecture Before The Boston Mercantile Library Association, Feb. 17, 1847 . William D. Ticknor and Company, Boston 1847, p. 4 (English, digitized in Google Book Search): “I propose to consider the subject of White Slavery in Algiers, or perhaps is might be more appropriately called, White Slavery in the Barbary States. As Algiers was its chief seat, it seems to have acquired a current name for the place. This I shall not disturb; though I shall speak of white slavery, or the slavery of Christians, throughout the Barbary States. "
  3. ^ Charles Sumner: White Slavery in The Barbary States. A Lecture Before The Boston Mercantile Library Association, Feb. 17, 1847 . William D. Ticknor and Company, Boston 1847, p. 54 ( digitized version in the Google book search).
  4. ↑ International Agreement for the Suppression of the "White Slave Traffic," 18 May 1904 Human Rights Library, University of Minnesota, accessed March 2, 2019
  5. ^ Brøndsted (1965), pp. 64-65
  6. ↑ Junius P. Rodriguez: The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery: AK; Vol. II, LZ