Steppe fox
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Steppe fox ( Vulpes corsac ) |
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The steppe fox ( Vulpes corsac ) or Korsak is a type of real fox ( Vulpini ) within the dogs (Canidae). It is distributed over a large area from the lower Volga in the European part of Russia through West and Central Asia to Manchuria , Tibet and as far as northern Iran . Its habitat are mainly steppes and semi-deserts to deserts. Like most foxes, the steppe fox is primarily a carnivore, feeding primarily on insects and small mammals.
There is no reliable information on the size of the population or the development of the population. The steppe fox is hunted in its entire range mainly because of its fur ( corsak fur ). Due to the large area of distribution and the current lack of serious threats, the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) classifies it as "Least Concern".
features
general characteristics
The steppe fox reaches a head-trunk length of 45 to 60 centimeters with a tail 24 to 35 centimeters in length and a weight of 1.6 to 3.2 kilograms for the males and 1.9 to 2.4 kilograms for the females . So the males are slightly larger and heavier than the females. Apart from that, the sexes do not differ outwardly, so a sexual dimorphism that goes beyond the size is not pronounced.
In summer the animals have a brownish-gray to reddish fur, which is yellow or whitish below the throat and on the belly. The head is gray-ocher-colored or brown, slightly darker on the forehead with a white to yellowish color around the muzzle, throat and lower neck area. With a length of 50 to 70 millimeters, the ears are rather short compared to other fox species and correspond in their color to that of the back; the front is banded in brown, the back is ocher-brown to red-brown. The legs are light yellowish on the front, the sides are rusty yellow. The hind legs are slightly lighter than the front legs with the same color. The tail length is about half the head-trunk length. The tail is bushy and hairy, the color ranges from dark ocher brown to gray-brown. It is black on the upper side and has a dark to black tip and a black spot about six to seven centimeters from the base that marks the viold gland . The underside of the tail is ash-gray to brown or rust-brown.
The steppe fox changes its coat ( coat change ) in autumn and spring , whereby the winter coat is completely replaced in spring. Winter fur is significantly lighter, thicker, softer and more silky, which is why it is popular as a fur. It has a central brown stripe and the tips of the hair are silver-white. The fur and skin protect the fox from cold and extreme weather conditions, which are typical for a large part of the range, especially in winter. The maximum size of the hair pores is less than 2 micrometers and can vary seasonally. This increases the insulating properties of the fur.
Since the range of the steppe fox overlaps with that of several other fox species, there is a risk of confusion in some areas. The steppe fox mainly differs from the similar, but significantly larger red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ), which occurs sympatric in most of the distribution area , in its longer legs in relation to body size. The steppe fox also differs from the red fox as well as the Tibetan fox ( Vulpes ferrilata ), with which the range only overlaps on the northern edge of the Tibetan highlands, by the dark to black tip of the tail . This is also slightly larger and has a significantly different head shape as well as clear, dark neck stripes. The Afghan fox ( Vulpes cana ) differs from the steppe fox mainly in color and body shape. Particularly striking in this species are the dark markings under the eyes and the dark-spotted fur. The Bengal fox ( Vulpes bengalensis ) in turn differs from the steppe fox by the sand-yellow color of the ears and the Rüppellfuchs ( Vulpes rueppelli ) by the sand-yellow fur color, the dark facial patch and the long tail with a white tip.
Skull and skeletal features
| 3 | · | 1 | · | 4th | · | 2 | = 42 |
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The skull has a basal length of 96 to 113 millimeters and a maximum width in the area of the zygomatic arches of 57 to 71 millimeters. In the area of the brain skull it is 49 to 50 millimeters wide. The length of the bony snout is 46 to 52 millimeters, with the nasal bones 36 to 42 millimeters long. Compared to the red fox, the skull is smaller, shorter and at the same time somewhat wider, and the canine teeth of the steppe fox are stronger.
The row of teeth in the upper jaw is 48 to 55 millimeters long and the teeth are comparatively small. The fox has three cutting teeth (incisors), a canine (canine), four Vorbackenzähne (Praemolares) and two molars (Molar) in an upper jaw half and three cutting teeth, a canine, four Vorbackenzähne and three molars in the lower jaw half. The animals have a total of 42 teeth. The first molar is significantly smaller compared to that of other fox species.
genetics
The steppe fox has a simple chromosome set (s) of 18 and a diploid chromosome set of 36 chromosomes in each cell. It is assumed that this genome in the common ancestor of the steppe fox and the red fox developed through mergers from a genome that was formerly equipped with 68 chromosomes, whereby the type of merger was different for both species. Sequence data is available for various genes and gene segments of both the nuclear DNA and the mitochondrial DNA , which were mainly used for phylogenetic analyzes. These include the sequences of cytochrome b and the genes COI and COII, all of which come from mitochondrial DNA and are often used as a standard for these analyzes.
distribution and habitat
The distribution area of the steppe fox includes the steppe, semi-deserts and desert areas of Central Asia and extends from the lower Volga through West and Central Asia to Manchuria and Tibet . In Europe the species lives as far as the Samara , Tatarstan and northern Caucasus regions . From here the distribution extends over Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , Tajikistan and Kazakhstan to the steppe and forest-steppe areas of Russia including the southern area of Western Siberia . The steppe fox also lives in the Transbaikalia region and in all of Mongolia with the exception of the forested mountain regions and in the northeast of the People's Republic of China with Manchuria, Inner Mongolia and the area between the Argun and the Great Hinggan Mountains , in Djungaria and Kashgar in Xinjiang as well as Afghanistan and northeastern Iran . The southern limit of distribution is unknown. In China it probably extends as far as the mountain ranges that border the highlands of Tibet in the north.
In the recent past, an expansion of the distribution area to the west has been recorded, which probably follows the distribution and recovery of the population of the steppe marmot ( Marmota bobak ) as far as the Voronezh region . Individual sightings of the species have also been documented from the steppe regions of Ukraine to Pavlodar , the eastern Transcaucasia in Azerbaijan and perhaps also from western Kyrgyzstan .
Its habitat are mainly steppe areas and semi-desert to desert areas. It avoids mountainous regions and is usually absent in forests, shrubbery and woody plants as well as in settlement areas. It can appear locally in search of food on agricultural land and hunt for prey there.
Way of life
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The steppe fox is adapted to both drought and cold and extreme weather. He can do without food and water for long periods of time. In the steppe regions in particular, the fox often goes to watering places where it can also find its prey. It is mainly nocturnal, with the hunting season usually starting in the evening and having its peak in the first half of the night and then again shortly before sunrise. However, the animals can also be active during the day, especially in summer when the young animals need to be looked after.
The social structure is mainly based on the family group. The steppe fox mainly uses the abandoned burrows of marmots or other rodents, more rarely those of red foxes or badgers. In the north of its range, the burrows of the Siberian marmot ( Marmota sibirica ) are used in particular . According to a study from Mongolia, the steppe foxes use the marmot burrows regularly and significantly more frequently than other species, which means that the marmot can be considered a key species for the ecology of the region. The burrows are usually not deep and have one to four entrances. They serve to protect against bad weather and predators. The foxes stay in the burrow, especially during the harsh winter storms and in severe frost, whereby several foxes can share a burrow. The litter burrows are often equipped with more entrances that lead into a central chamber.
The size of the action area varies greatly depending on the availability of prey and other resources. In optimal living spaces, a couple's action area can be limited to one square kilometer, under unfavorable conditions it is 35 to 40 square kilometers. Markings with urine or feces (faeces) mostly occur near the litter burrows, but compared to other species they are rare. The preferred form of communication is barking , whereby a spectrum of different barking sounds is available for hunting, territorial behavior, mating and threats. In addition, there are short and high tones in close communication such as whimpering and whining tones .
In winter he tries to avoid deep snow of more than six inches; he would sink into it due to the comparatively high weight pressure of 68-80 g / cm², which would restrict his mobility. For comparison, the red fox has a weight pressure of only 27–30 g / cm². Accordingly, the steppe fox prefers snow trodden by cloven-hoofed animals and follows the herds of the saiga ( Saiga tatarica ), the crop gazelle ( Gazella subgutturosa ) or the Mongolian gazelle ( Procapra gutturosa ), which also startle potential prey and thus make them hunted for the fox. In winter, the steppe fox can migrate from the northern parts of the distribution area to the south, covering between 50 and 600 kilometers. It also moves from forest and grass steppe areas to semi-desert areas, where the prey population is greater in winter.
Because the steppe fox is easy to tame, it was often kept as a pet in Russia in the 17th century.
nutrition
As an opportunistic hunter , the steppe fox feeds primarily on small to medium-sized mammals and insects, but also on birds or plant material. Within its range, the composition of the prey spectrum can vary according to the occurring and dominating species. In the north of the distribution area the vole Microtus gregalis and the steppe lemming ( Lagurus lagurus ) make up a large part of the prey, while in other parts the gerbil ( Rhombomys opimus ) and racing rats ( Meriones ), jerboa such as the horse jumpers ( Allactaga ) or the grouse jerboa ( Dipus ), gray hamster ( Cricetulus ) and Phodopus ( Phodopus ), various species of voles as Alticola , lasiopodomys and Microtus as well as long-tailed ground squirrel ( Spermophilus undulatus can) outweigh proportionately. Larger animals such as pigeon hares ( Ochotona ), real hares ( Lepus ) or marmots ( Marmota ), on the other hand, are seldom captured on special occasions. In parts of China, the steppe fox has also been identified as one of the main predators for the Asiatic bustard ( Chlamydotis macqueenii ).
The foxes usually hunt alone, especially in summer, but small groups have also been observed, which are likely to represent family groups or groups with close social ties. Especially in winter, when the prey animals are rare, the steppe fox also feeds on prey remains of the wolf and other carrion remains . In areas where the fox lives close to human settlements, it also looks for food in garbage. There are also plants, wherein the steppe Fuchs less fruit, but rather leek like Allium polyrhizum , asparagus as Asparagus gobicus and the Tribulus ( Tribulus terrestris ) consumed.
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The main food competitors of the steppe fox are other predators, especially the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) and the wolf ( Canis lupus ). In addition, there are also the European badger ( Meles meles ), several species of marten such as the ermine ( Mustela erminea ), the Altai weasel ( Mustela altaica ), the steppe iltis ( Mustela eversmanii ), the weasel ( Mustela ), especially in times of low nutrition, mainly in winter nivalis ) and the fire weasel ( Mustela sibirica ) as well as the Tigeriltis ( Vormela peregusna ) and the Manul ( Felis manul ). Other competitors are birds of prey such as the saker falcon ( Falco cherrug ), the steppe harrier ( Circus macrourus ) and the hen harrier ( Circus cyaneus ), the steppe eagle ( Aquila nipalensis ), the buzzard ( Buteo lagopus ) and the eagle buzzard ( Buteo rufinus ). The greatest overlap is with the red fox, which, like the steppe fox, mainly feeds on insects and small rodents. According to a study based on faecal studies from Mongolia, the composition of the food differs, especially in spring and summer, with the steppe fox preying on significantly more beetles and fewer crickets than the red fox. In addition, red foxes feed to a greater extent on leftover meat from larger mammals (carrion) than steppe foxes. This distribution creates competition for food especially in the winter months when there are no insects and food resources are more limited.
Reproduction and development
The females only give birth to one litter per year. The mating season falls in most of the range in the period from January to March, with the ovulation of the females usually taking place in January or February. At the beginning of the mating season, the animals form groups, with several males following a female willing to mate and also fighting against each other. As soon as the female has chosen a male, the couple live monogamous and live together in one burrow. The gestation period lasts 52 to 60 days and the earliest births (litters) fall in mid-March, but most in April. The litters are usually five to six pups, but the range is two to ten pups . Since there are larger litters, especially in years with high food availability, there is probably a connection between litter size and availability of food.
The newborn young animals are 130 to 140 millimeters long and weigh 60 to 65 grams. They are blind and deaf and have light brown and soft fur with a monochrome tail; They only get adult color during further development. The eyes open after about 14 to 16 days. After about 28 days, the young can eat meat for the first time. The young animals come out of the burrows for the first time from mid-May. After the litter, the female lives alone with the young in the burrow for about two months, while the male moves into his own burrow nearby or simply lives outside the burrow; however, it participates in both feeding and protecting the young. During this time, the females change the burrow with the young up to two or three times when parasite infestation occurs. It also happens that two females live together with their litters in a burrow, and conspecifics also help with the rearing of the young. After weaning the puppies the female can relate to the male one building, while the young stay alone in Wurfbau.
The young animals grow and develop very quickly, and after just four months they have reached the size of their parents. They reach sexual maturity after nine months, so that they can mate for the first time at the end of their first year of life. Most of the time, the young leave their parents' den, but usually stay nearby and can return for the autumn and winter seasons.
Diseases and predators, and possibly ants that hunters have indicated, attack the helpless pups, are among the main factors contributing to mortality among young animals in den . Within the steppe fox populations, mortality rates rise sharply due to the lack of food, especially during long and hard winter periods. The adult animals can reach an age of up to nine years.
Predators and parasites
The predators of the steppe fox mainly include larger predators such as the wolf and poaching domestic dogs . The hunting pressure from wolves is particularly high in winter when there is heavy snowfall. Red foxes, which are significantly larger than steppe foxes, invade the buildings in summer and displace the steppe foxes and kill the young, but do not eat them. The steppe fox is also preyed by birds of prey such as the golden eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos ), the eastern imperial eagle ( Aquila heliaca ) and the highland buzzard ( Buteo hemilasius ) as well as by owls such as the eagle owl ( Bubo bubo ) and the snowy owl ( Nyctea scandiaca ) remains of steppe foxes in the nests of black vultures ( Aegypius monachus found).
Like other foxes, the steppe fox is also the host of various parasites that live as ectoparasites on the skin or as endoparasites in the fox's body. The latter include primarily parasitically living nematodes as Trichinella pseudospiralis and Trichinella nativa and the tapeworms counting Echinococcus multilocularis and Mesocestoides lineatus . In addition there are the scratch worms Macracanthorhynchus catulinus and the coccidia Isospora buriatica and Eimeria heissini . In northern Kazakhstan in particular, the very high prevalence of Trichinella nativa infections is due to the fact that fox carcasses are used as bait and the infections are thus spread. In addition, the steppe fox is a natural reservoir of the parasitic unicellular Leishmania donovani , which is an important causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis , and an intermediate host of Sarcocystis corsaci . It can also be infected with Sarcocystis citellivulpes under laboratory conditions and forms sporozoa seven or eight days later. The steppe fox is also a carrier and carrier of rabies and distemper .
Among the ectoparasites, numerous types of fleas as well as mites and ticks are particularly relevant. Flea infestation varies from season to region, and is highest in autumn.
Evolution and systematics
Fossil history
The species Vulpes praecorsac is considered to be a close relative or predecessor of the steppe fox, which is proven in the early Pleistocene and lived in Europe. There are fossil finds of the species from Austria and Hungary .
The oldest fossil record of the steppe fox comes from the middle Pleistocene in China. For the late Pleistocene, the fox has been recorded from today's Switzerland , i.e. from Central Europe, to northern China and the Urals . From this period at least 535 bone remains of at least 26 individuals of the species from the Prolom II cave on the Crimean peninsula , Ukraine, have been identified, which were also used by Middle Paleolithic hunter-gatherer groups at that time , and some finds document the occurrence of the type in the Crimea both in the pleniglacial period (75,000 to 15,000 years ago) and in the late glacial period from 15,000 to 9,500 years ago.
Systematics
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Phylogenetic classification of the genus Vulpes
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The first scientific description of the steppe fox comes from Carl von Linné from the year 1768. He described the fox as Canis corsac and thus classified it in the genus Canis . As a type of an individual from the steppes of northern is Kazakhstan (former Soviet Union) near Petropavlovsk named. In 1912 Kastschenko described Vulpes nigra , now a synonym for the species name. Ognev assigned the species described by Linnaeus in 1935 as Vulpes corsak corsak also to the genus Vulpes . In the same year, Dorogostaiska described a subspecies that is no longer valid today as Vulpes corsac skorodumovi for the first time under the binomial Vulpes corsac that is valid today . The epithet corsac is derived from the Russian or Turkish name of the steppe fox.
Today the steppe fox is classified in the genus Vulpes along with eleven other species . On the basis of morphological and molecular biological data, it was developed by Binninda-Emonds et al. Recognized in 1999 as a sister species of the Tibetan fox ( Vulpes femitata ), both together form the sister group of a taxon from the red fox ( V. vulpes ) and the ruff fox ( V. rueppelli ). The investigations by Zrzavý & Řičánková in 2004 did not confirm this position, so the Tibetan fox was classified as basal in the genus.
With the nominate form Vulpes corsac corsac and with Vulpes c. kalmykorum are divided into two subspecies according to Wilson & Reeder 2005, while Clark et al. 2008 with Vc turkmenicus and Sillero-Zubiri 2009 additionally with Vc scorodumovi name two further subspecies. According to the latter, Vulpes c. corsac in the northern part of the distribution area to the steppe areas of the Altai , Vulpes c. kalmykorum in the Volga Basin and the Volgo Urals, V. c. scorodumovi in northern China, Mongolia and parts of Russia and V. c. turkmenicus in the southernmost part of the distribution area from Central Asia via Afghanistan and Kazakhstan to the northeast of Iran.
The word Korsak comes from a Turkic language (see. Turkey turkish Karsak ) and was on the mediation of the Russian (Корсак, korsak borrowed into German and other European languages). The further derivation is uncertain, possibly it goes back to a Turkic * qarsa "hurried, hasty", the fox would therefore be named after its "wandering" way of life.
Hazard and protection
The hunt for steppe foxes has been known in today's Kazakhstan since the Bronze Age . Especially there and in today's Kyrgyzstan , the trade in corsair skins goes back to the 13th century. The traditional hunt takes place with greyhounds specially bred for hunting, the tazi , as well as pickling with the saker falcon and the golden eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos ), but rifles and traps are also used at the entrances to the burrows.
Because of its thick, beautiful fur, the species was heavily hunted, especially in the past, but the persecution continues to this day. In some years of the 19th century, 40,000 to 50,000 furs per year were traded in Russia. At the fair in the Siberian city of Irbit , around 10,000 corsair pelts were sold annually at the end of the 19th century. Especially in the 1920s, the korsak came into fashion due to a new dyeing method. Two very different, arbitrary annual export figures are striking: for the 1925/26 season there were 71,629 skins, for the following season 1926/27 only 22,836 are given. Especially in China, Mongolia, Russia and other parts of the northern distribution areas, the furs are still popular and are intensively traded.
Since the steppe fox does not get along well in cultivated landscapes, the transformation of many steppe areas into arable and pasture land as well as the sometimes very strong increase in grazing animals pose a threat to it. The sometimes heavy hunting also led to a sharp decline in animals in parts of the distribution area. These and the additional loss of habitat are the main reasons for the disappearance of the steppe fox from large parts of its previous range. For the 20th century, some “catastrophic” collapses in populations have been documented, which also led to hunting bans such as in Kazakhstan from 1928 to 1938. There is no reliable information on the size of the population or the development of the population, and the population figures fluctuate very strongly depending on climatic conditions and other factors. In particularly extreme years, stocks can regionally decrease by up to a tenth within a year.
However, due to the large distribution area and the current lack of serious threats, the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) classifies the species as "Least Concern", since there is no acute threat to the population. The steppe fox is also not included in the lists of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Washington Convention on the Protection of Species, CITES). The hunt for the fox is regulated in the countries of the distribution area. In Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, for example, hunting and the use of traps is only permitted between November and March. In addition, individual hunting methods such as excavating, fumigating or flooding the burrows and poison traps are prohibited. In Afghanistan the steppe fox is a protected species and hunting and trading in corsair pelts is prohibited.
supporting documents
- ^ A b W. Chris Wozencraft: Corsac Fox. In: Andrew T. Smith , Yan Xie: A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, 2008; Pp. 420-421. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2 .
- ↑ a b c d e f A. Poyarkov, N. Ovsyanikov: Corsac Fox - Vulpes corsac (Linnaeus, 1768) . In: Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, Michael Hoffman, David W. MacDonald: Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs - 2004 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN / SSC Canid Specialist Group 2004, ISBN 2-8317-0786-2 : pp. 142–147 Online ( memento of the original from April 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.6 MB)
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Claudio Sillero-Zubiri: Corsac Fox Vulpes corsac. In: Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 1: Carnivores. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2009. ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Howard O. Clark, James D. Murdoch, Darren P. Newman, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri: Vulpes corsac (Carnivora: Canidae) . In: Mammalian Species . tape 832 , 2008, p. 1–8 ( full text (PDF; 525 kB)). Full text ( Memento of the original from April 27, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Alexander S. Graphodatsky, Polina L. Perelman, Natalya V. Sokolovskaya, Violetta R. Beklemisheva, Natalya A. Serdukova, Gauthier Dobigny, Stephen J. O'Brien, Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith, Fengtang Yang: Phylogenomics of the dog and fox family (Canidae, Carnivora) revealed by chromosome painting. Chromosome Research 16, 2008; Pp. 129-143. ( Abstract )
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Vulpes corsac in the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species 2012.2. Posted by: A. Poyarkov, N. Ovsyanikov, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
- ↑ James D. Murdoch, Tserendorj Munkhzul, Suuri Buyandelger, Richard P. Reading, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri: The Endangered Siberian marmot Marmota sibirica as a keystone species? Observations and implications of burrow use by corsac foxes Vulpes corsac in Mongolia. Oryx 43 (3), 2009; Pp. 431-434. ( Abstract )
- ↑ James D. Murdoch, Tserendorj Munkhzul, Suuri Buyandelger, Richard P. Reading, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri: Seasonal food habits of corsac and red foxes in Mongolia and the potential for competition. Mammalian Biology 75 (1), 2010; Pp. 36-44. ( Abstract )
- ↑ VG Heptner, NP Naumov, PB Yurgenson, AA Sludskii, AF Chirkova, AG Bannikov: Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. II, part 1a. Sirenia and Carnivora (sea cows; wolves and bears). Vysshaya Shkola Publishers. Moscow 1998; P. 450 .
- ↑ James D. Murdoch, Tserendorj Munkhzul, Suuri Buyandelger, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri: Survival and Cause-Specific Mortality of Corsac and Red Foxes in Mongolia. Journal of Wildlife Management 74 (1), 2010; Pp. 59-64. ( Abstract )
- ↑ a b Donald W. Duszynski, Lee Couch, and Steve J. Upton: Coccidia (Eimeriidae) of Canidae and Felidae ( Memento of the original from October 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Article on the University of New Mexico home page, published August 15, 2000; Retrieved March 11, 2013. (Note: Both Poyarkov & Ovsyanikov 2004 and Clark et al. 2008 incorrectly list Isospora buriatica as Isopoda buriatica .)
- ↑ James G. Enloe, Francine David and Gennady Baryshnikov: Hyenas and Hunters: Zooarchaeological Investigations at Prolom II Cave, Crimea. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 10, 2000, pp. 310-324
- ↑ a b O. RP Binninda-Emonds, JL Gittleman, A. Purvis: Building large trees by combining phylogenetic information: a complete phylogeny of the extant carnovora (Mammalia). Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 74, 1999; Pp. 143-175.
- ↑ a b Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (eds.): Vulpes corsac ( Memento of the original from January 18, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed).
- ↑ Jan Zrzavý, Věra Řičánková: Phylogeny of Recent Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora): Relative Reliability and Utility of Morphological and Molecular Datasets. In: Zoologica Scripta Volume 33, No. 4, July 2004, pp. 311-333, doi : 10.1111 / j.0300-3256.2004.00152.x .
- ↑ Ingeborg Hauenschild: The animal designations in Mahmud al-Kaschgari : An investigation from a linguistic and cultural-historical perspective . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2003 (= Turcologica 53). Pp. 126-127.
- ↑ Marxist's Internet Archive, secondary source Soviet Union Information Bureau. Retrieved February 3, 2012
literature
- W. Chris Wozencraft: Corsac Fox. In: Andrew T. Smith , Yan Xie: A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, 2008; Pp. 420-421. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2 .
- Howard O. Clark, James D. Murdoch, Darren P. Newman, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri: Vulpes corsac (Carnivora: Canidae) . In: Mammalian Species . tape 832 , 2008, p. 1–8 ( full text (PDF; 525 kB)).
- A. Poyarkov, N. Ovsyanikov: Corsac Fox - Vulpes corsac (Linnaeus, 1768) . In: Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, Michael Hoffman, David W. MacDonald: Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs - 2004 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN / SSC Canid Specialist Group 2004, ISBN 2-8317-0786-2 : pp. 142–147 Online (PDF; 1.6 MB)
- Claudio Sillero-Zubiri: Corsac Fox Vulpes corsac. In: Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 1: Carnivores. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2009. ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1 .
Web links
- Vulpes corsac inthe IUCN 2012 Red List of Threatened Species . 2. Posted by: A. Poyarkov, N. Ovsyanikov, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
