Winchester (rifle)

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Winchester carabiners, from left two Model 73, Model 94, two Model 92
Winchester rifles, top down Model 73, Model 92, Model 86, Model 03 semi-auto

The Winchester Repeating Arms Company has developed and manufactured rifles in the United States since 1860 under the direction of Oliver Winchester . Initially these were sold under the name Henry Rifle , from 1866 under the well-known Winchester brand . Colloquially, a Winchester stands for lever action rifles, but the Winchester Repeating Arms Company also developed other types of rifle. In 1981 the production of Winchester weapons was separated and continued under the name US Repeating Arms Company in New Haven. This became part of the Belgian Herstal Group after 1989 . In 2006 production at the US Repeating Arms Company was finally given up. The many models that Winchester has launched on the market since the 1860s are named after the year they were introduced (Winchester 66, Winchester 73, Winchester 76, Winchester 86, Winchester 92, Winchester 94, Winchester 95, etc.) , but later this principle was abandoned. Numerous other companies are now copying classic Winchester models (including the Henry and the famous Winchester 73) for enthusiasts and sports shooting enthusiasts.

precursor

In 1849, inventor Walter Hunt patented the Volition Repeater , a repeating rifle with a tubular magazine located under the barrel , after developing the caseless ammunition Rocket Ball in 1848 . The lock of the Volition Repeater was operated by two levers hinged to the bottom of the housing. Hunt teamed up with gunsmith Lewis Jennings in Vermont to develop simplified and improved prototypes. This resulted in the Volcanic pistols and rifles patented by Smith & Wesson on February 14, 1854 , which fired caseless ammunition.

The tubular magazine, open at the bottom, was attached under the barrel. Reloading was carried out with the trigger guard, which operated and locked the latch via a knee joint. The system did not prove itself, because the powder charge in the hollow sphere was too weak and the gas leakage reduced the initial speed even more due to the lack of ligation . The pistol and a rifle based on the same principle sold poorly. In 1855, after Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson had decided to start producing revolvers, they left the production to the newly founded VOLCANIC REPEATING ARMS COMPANY . Right from the start, and from 1856 president and most important financier was Oliver Winchester, who reorganized the company in spring 1857 and registered it under NEW HAVEN ARMS Co. In total, just over 3,000 Volcanic pistols and around 1,000 Volcanic rifles were manufactured under the direction of Oliver Winchester.

Early lever action rifles with knee joint lock

Henry Rifle 1860

A former Hunt & Jennings employee, Benjamin Tyler Henry , developed a lever action rifle based on the Volcanic from Oliver Winchester while working as superintendent at NEW HAVEN ARMS Co. , which he patented on October 16, 1860 let. The first rifles had an iron frame, later red bronze (a copper-zinc-tin alloy, English gunmetal) was used.

The characteristic features of the Henry rifle were the use of a rimfire cartridge in caliber .44 Henry developed by Henry with a copper case, which guarantees the eyelid ; the double ignition via a fork and the sleeve extractor on the knee joint lock . Henry took over the following elements from the Volcanic system, adapted to the dimensions of his rifle:

  • The shutter operated by the loading lever, i.e. H. the extended trigger guard, which has been formed into a hand guard, is moved back and forth for loading and reloading.
  • The knee joint operated by the loading lever, which transmits the movement of the loading lever to the breech and locks it.
  • The outside cock, which is cocked by the closing movement.
  • The magazine arranged as an integrated part of the barrel in the form of a tube open at the bottom with a feed spring, magazine capacity 15 cartridges.
  • The cartridge feeder, which brings a cartridge from the magazine in front of the chamber and at the same time ejects the closed case pulled out through the breech . The cartridge feeder is connected to the loading lever by a transfer lever.

During the Civil War , the Northern Army acquired a little over 1,700 Henry rifles. A number of Henrys were also bought privately by unit commanders of the northern states for their troops or bought directly from combatants. Total production at the end of 1866 was over 12,800 pieces.

In addition to the Henry rifle, the Spencer repeating rifle, patented in March 1860, was also ready for the market. Northern troops used these weapons during the civil war. It turned out that these were superior to the Roots revolver rifle model 1855, a percussion weapon from Colt. The company was renamed Winchester Repeating Arms Company in May 1866 ; this pushed the name Henry Rifle into the background.

Model 1866

The Winchester Model 1866 in Henry caliber, developed from the Henry rifle by B. Tyler Henry's successor, Nelson King, had the knee joint lock of the Henry rifle, but a closed tubular magazine that was loaded from the rear through a loading flap attached to the side (King's improvement, Patent dated May 22, 1866). This eliminated the main disadvantage of the Henry rifle - problems with soiled cartridges due to the magazine being open at the bottom. The carbine magazine, barrel length 20 inches, holds 13 cartridges. The oldest known Winchester rifle, Model 1866, is numbered 12,476, while Henrys were made into the 14,000 range. During this transitional period, the lock housing of the Model 66 still corresponds to that of its predecessor except for details.

The Model 66 soon became a bestseller and began its triumphal march as a carbine and hunting rifle in the colonization of the west, which began stormy after the civil war. A total of around 170,000 pieces of the Model 66 were produced, the last of these weapons were delivered in 1898. About three quarters of the weapons delivered were carbines with 20-inch barrels, the rest of them were hunting rifles, some with octagonal barrels and fully loaded infantry rifles with bayonet holders. The most important purchaser of military weapons was the Ottoman Empire with 46,000 infantry rifles (called “muskets” in the contract between Winchester and the Ottoman Empire) and 5,000 carbines, which were used in the Russo-Ottoman War . France also acquired 3,000 infantry rifles and 3,000 model 66 carbines. The “muskets” were designed for spout bayonets, later optionally for saber bayonets. The Model 66 was less suitable as a military weapon, however, because it did not fire any powerful rifle cartridges . Since the lock box of the Model 66 was made of gunmetal, this model was also called "Yellowboy".

Model 1873

The Model 1873 was a further development of the Model 66, with which more powerful centerfire cartridges - developed by Winchester for this - could be fired. The new weapon weighed 4.6 kilograms and initially fired the .44-40-WCF cartridge, later also .38-40-WCF and .32-20-WCF cartridges (WCF: Winchester Center Fire). The knee joint lock was retained. For the lock case, gunmetal was no longer used, but iron and from 1880 - after reaching the serial number 41,000 - steel. Carabiners, hunting rifles and muskets were also made from this weapon. Between 1873 and 1923 over 720,000 Winchester Model 73s were produced, 36% of them carbines and 58% hunting rifles, the rest being "muskets". The carbine magazine, barrel length 20 inches, holds 12 cartridges. The Ottoman army was also equipped with Model 1873 Winchester rifles and deployed them in the Russo-Ottoman War (1877–1878) , among others .

The weapon’s weakness was also its strength, as it usually fired cartridges that were also used in the most common revolver models of the Wild West - the Colt Single Action Army , the Remington Single Action Mod. 1875 and Mod. 1890 and the Smith & Wesson No. 3 . The owner was thus able to use the same type of cartridge in both the rifle and his handgun. The .45 Colt revolver cartridge, introduced by the American Army in 1873 and later widely used, was unsuitable for rifles because the edge of the case was too narrow and rounded to ensure that the case could be pulled out safely. Back then, center fire cartridges were mostly made of thin copper sheet, similar to rimfire cartridges. Today's cartridges have a solid base with a groove cut over the edge so that pulling them out is no longer a problem. Therefore there are numerous replicas in caliber .45 Colt (.45 Long Colt) and other revolver calibers.

In 1884 Winchester launched a small bore version of the Model 1873. It can be recognized by the missing loading opening on the right of the lock box. It was produced in the rimfire calibres .22 short (.22 short) and .22 long (.22 long), the predecessors of the .22-lfB cartridge in 19,000 copies up to 1904.

Model 1876

The Model 1876 was a heavier version of the Model 73 with a longer lock housing and a resized knee joint lock. It fired much stronger black powder cartridges, which were also suitable for big game hunting. 63,871 examples of this weapon were made between 1876 and 1898. Developed as a hunting rifle, it was used as a .45-75 caliber carbine by the Canadian Mounted Police until 1905. The magazine of the rifle, barrel length 28 inches, holds 12 cartridges, that of the carbine 9 cartridges.

  • Volcanic pistol cal. 41

  • Henry Rifle, lock box

  • Henry 1860 Rifle, Winchester 1866 Musket

  • Winchester Model 1866, carbine

  • Winchester Rifle Model 1873

  • Winchester Model 1873, hunting rifle, short magazine

  • Winchester Model 1873, lock box open, knee joint lock partially open

Browning developments

The single loader model 1885

The collaboration with John Moses Browning began in 1885 after he had offered the Winchester company a single-shot rifle with a drop block and a lower loading lever, which was manufactured as a high-wall and low-wall model in 1885. See also Browning's Winchester Developments .

Lever action rifle model 1886

In 1886, Winchester brought out the first bolt-action rifle designed by John Moses Browning, which later also took cartridges with low-smoke powder . Browning had further developed the lever system and replaced the previous knee joint with a much more resilient block closure. The loading lever pulled two locking blocks in the side of the system box down before moving the bolt. The weapon fired various cartridges from the .33 WCF hunting caliber to the .45-70 army cartridge and up to .50 large game cartridges . 156,599 pieces of the 1886 model were produced between 1886 and 1935. Of a modernized variant, the Model 71, 47,254 pieces in caliber .348 WCF were produced between 1935 and 1958.

Lever action rifle model 1892

The little sister of the Model 86 followed in 1892, the Winchester Model 1892. It was also equipped with the sturdy block closure of the Model 1886 developed by John Moses Browning. Its advantage was that it was structurally narrower and therefore significantly lighter. As for the 1873 model, it was for the .44-40 WCF, .38-40 WCF and .32-20 WCF cartridges, which were now loaded with smokeless powder, and later the .25-20 Winchester - and in smaller numbers for the Small game cartridge .218 Bee set up. 1,001,324 pieces of the Winchester Mod 92 and its later variants Mod 53 and Mod 65 were produced, the last in 1932.

Lever action rifle model 1894

Model 1894 had the same locking principle with a locking block at the rear and was recognizable by the lock housing and its bottom, which flipped out during the loading movement, to which the loading lever was hinged. The Model 94 became famous at the turn of the century for its use in the Klondike gold rush in Alaska , where the weapon always worked even in the freezing cold.

The Model 94 first fired .32-40 and .38-55 black powder cartridges, the classic .30-30 Winchester , which were later also loaded smokeless. From 1901 the .32 Winchester Special , for small game the .25-35 Winchester cartridge. From 1924 the Model 94 hunting rifles - not the carbine - were offered as the Model 55 and from 1933 as the Model 64. They fired the same ammunition as the Model 94, with the Model 64 the .219 Zipper cartridge was added, all smokeless medium cartridges. The magazine of the carbine, barrel length 20 inches, holds 6 cartridges, with a rifle magazine and barrel length 24 inches it holds 8 cartridges. By 1932, around one million Winchester Model 94 weapons had been produced, and by the end of 1963 the weapon number had reached 2,586,000.

The manufacture of weapons manufactured from 1964 to 1983 was changed. The lock housing was no longer forged and milled, but made of sintered steel, other parts were made directly as precision castings instead of milled, which made production much cheaper. The Winchester 94 was the only Winchester in classic form - especially in the .30-30 caliber suitable for hunting - to be launched on the market by 2006. Copies from Italy and Japan are still available today.

Lever action rifle model 1895

In the previous Winchester bolt action rifles with tubular magazines, pointed cartridges could not be fired; the danger of magazine detonators was too great. In 1895 the Winchester Repeating Arms Company finally presented a model - also a Browning development - that had a box magazine and could therefore also fire modern pointed cartridges. The magazine holds 4 or 5 cartridges, depending on the caliber (case diameter). Between 1895 and 1931, 485,881 Winchester Model 1895 were manufactured as hunting rifles, infantry rifles and military carbines, and sales ceased in 1938.

The most famous owner of a Winchester Model 95 was the big game hunter and later American President Theodore Roosevelt . In addition to powerful hunting cartridges such as the .35 Winchester and the big game cartridge .405 Winchester , the rifle was also offered for various army cartridges such as the .303 British . Great Britain used the model in 1895 in the Second Boer War (1899–1902) .

The carbine with a 22-inch barrel in the American army caliber .30-40 Krag and .30-06 Springfield was used by the Texas Rangers  - who provided their weapons themselves - and other police units.

In 1915 the Russian army ordered around 300,000 of these weapons in the Russian military caliber 7.62 × 54 mm R , which also fired the Mosin-Nagant rifle. As with the Mosin-Nagant rifle, the magazine could be filled with the help of a loading strip or with individual cartridges. It held five cartridges. Around 200,000 were delivered until the outbreak of the October Revolution in 1917 when the US government banned further arms exports. Some of the Russian weapons ended up in Finland , where they were used in the Finnish Civil War (1918) and the Winter War (1939–1940). With another part the Soviet Union supported the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939).

Model 1887 - shotgun

The Winchester Model 1887, a five-shot lever action rifle that also fires 12/70 caliber shotgun cartridges, is largely unknown. The weapon designed by John Moses Browning was unwieldy and sold poorly. A model 1901 in caliber 10 followed later. The M1887 shotguns were often shortened and used as weapons for sheriffs, prison guards and coachmen.

Model 1890 forend repeater

From 1890 the forearm repeater Model 1890 (improved in 1906) in caliber .22 came onto the market, of which 849,000 had been produced by 1932. It had a tilting block lock and a tubular magazine under the barrel. An improved version with an increased magazine capacity came on the market in 1932 under the model designation 62. By 1943, 158,000 of these weapons had been sold.

Forearm repeater models 1893 and 1897 - shotgun

The design of the forearm repeater also goes back to the collaboration with Browning. The Winchester Model 1893 in caliber 12 had an external hammer like the first small-bore forearm repeater Model 1890 made by Winchester. The Model 1893 was fragile, with a total of around 35,000 of these models being produced. With the advent of smokeless powder, their production was discontinued. The improved successor model, the Winchester Model 1897 , manufactured in the same number series , however, was a considerable commercial success. The gun with the serial number 1,000,000 was given as a present to John M. Olin, the patron of the Olin Corporation and managing director of Winchester. In 1957 production was stopped at number 1,024,700.

Model 1900 - small bore rifle with cylinder lock

In parallel to these weapons, which were laborious to produce, Winchester also offered the cheapest products under various model numbers from 1900 onwards. All of these were single-shot rifles with cylinder locks developed by Browning. The barrel and breech housing were made from one piece. The Model 99 is of particular interest because its trigger was designed as a thumb trigger , located directly behind the breech on the butt. In the thirties, more elaborate small-caliber weapons, bolt-action rifles, target rifles and training rifles for the army with cylinder lock were also manufactured. However, with the entry of the United States into World War II , the production of civilian weapons virtually ceased.

  • Winchester Model 1885; Low-wall carabiner, high-wall lock housing

  • Lock housing of the Winchester Model 86 Deluxe

  • Winchester Model 1892 Rifle

  • Winchester Model 92, lock housing

  • Winchester 94, between breech and hammer (cocked) locking block

  • Winchester Mod 1894, luxury rifle above, made 1896, carabiner below, made 1948

  • Winchester 94, loading motion, locking block pulled down

  • Catalog page Winchester Model 1895

  • Winchester M1887 shotgun

  • Winchester Model 1890

  • Winchester 1897, shotgun

  • Winchester .22 cylinder lock

Later developments

Towards the end of the turn of the century, Browning began developing Herstal weapons for other companies such as Colt Patent Firearms and Fabrique Nationale d'Armes . Since Winchester was in possession of the previous patent rights Browings, the production of weapons based on it could be continued without any problems. Later developments such as the locking system of the Browning Auto 5 shotgun and the self-loading rifle .22 could not be copied. The development and design of weapons was therefore entrusted to Thomas C. Johnson, a long-time development engineer at the company.

Model 1903

Winchester Model 1903

From 1903 the Winchester company manufactured a .22 caliber semi-automatic rifle developed by Thomas C. Johnson; It was a weapon with a ground lock with the recoil spring in the fore-end, the loading movement was carried out via a loading pin protruding from the fore-end. The tubular magazine in the piston held ten rounds. Since the .22 long rifle cartridges available on the market had various different charges, Winchester offered a cartridge specially developed for this weapon, the .22 WIN AUTO RIMFIRE. Since the Model 1903 only worked with this special cartridge, sales were poor. By 1936 only a little over 122,900 weapons had been sold. From 1933 on, an improved variant, the Model 63, was offered in the popular .22 calibers, with sales of 51,600 units up to 1943.

Model 1905, 1907 and 1910

Winchester 05 Self Loading

In order to be able to bring a self-loading rifle with a locked breech for stronger ammunition on the market, the system of the Model 1903 with mass lock was further developed, however the bolt mass had to be increased considerably in order to guarantee a perfect function of the weapon. Thomas C. Johnson, who had already developed the Model 03, therefore applied an additional breech block to the hollow fore-end of the newly developed weapon. The chambers and the cartridge cases were cylindrical. The Model 1905 was produced in two calibres, it fired .32 SL (Self Loading) or .35 SL cartridges. The box magazine in front of the trigger guard held five cartridges. A little over 31,000 units of the 05 model were produced by 1923.

Both of the 1905 cartridges were too weak for hunting. Therefore, after just two years, the 1907 model came on the market, which fired a much stronger ammunition in the .351 SL caliber; The 1910 model in caliber .401 SL followed in 1910. The chambers of these self-loading rifles were cylindrical and the cartridges had cylindrical, thick-walled cases in order to prevent gas leaks when the bolt rewinds. The 07 and 10 models were also used by police units and in prisons and had 10-round magazines there. 49,000 of the Model 07 were produced by 1943, the Model 10 had around 20,000 weapons by 1936.

In 1912 Winchester launched a modern forearm bolt action shotgun developed by Thomas C. Johnson, the 1912 Hammerless model (with an internal hammer). More than 97,000 pieces of this weapon in calibers 20, 16 and 12 were produced by 1943.

Towards the end of American production in the 2000s, a lever action rifle Model 1894 with a smooth barrel bore came onto the market. The .410 caliber weapon known as the Model 9401 could fire shotgun cartridges as well as shotgun barrels.

At the instigation of dealers and hunters, Winchester began developing a high-quality side-by-side shotgun, which was launched as the Model 21 in 1931. It had an ingeniously simply constructed lock located in the receiver and was produced in all common calibers and barrel lengths. At $ 60, it was twice the price of the Model 12 Hammerless . By 1943, sales totaled 12,900 units.

Repeater with cylinder lock

Hotchkiss Model 1879

Hotchkiss Model 1879, breech, magazine

Winchester's first bolt-action rifle with a cylinder lock was the Hotchkiss rifle Model 1879 developed by Benjamin Hotchkiss and patented in 1876. The weapon had a tubular magazine in the butt that held five cartridges. For loading these had to be pushed in from the front with the lock open. In 1879, Winchester sent prototypes to the US Ordnance Department for the evaluation of a new army rifle. The weapon was offered in the American Army 45-70 caliber as well as for other large-caliber black powder cartridges of the era. From 1879 to 1899 over 80,000 of these weapons were manufactured, some going to the US Army and Navy, others being sold to the Chinese Army; the rest were hunting and rifle weapons.

The LEE model

Lee Navy rifle 1895, lock, loading lever

The weapon with a straight pull bolt developed by James Paris Lee is like a bolt action rifle with a cylinder bolt. In contrast to this, it has a square tilt lock, which is supported on the end of the lock housing. For reloading, the lock is tilted and unlocked by pulling back the loading lever. The single-row box magazine attached under the breech contains five rounds. In 1895, Winchester and the US Navy signed a contract for the delivery of 15,000 "LEE Navy Muskets" with a barrel length of 28 inches (71 cm) for the .236 - USN (6 mm Navy cartridge). Up to 1916 an additional 1700 specimens were produced as hunting rifles in the same caliber for the civilian market.

Model 54 hunting rifle

In order to meet the demand for hunting rifles with high firing power, Winchester developed a bolt action rifle with cylinder lock and box magazine, the Model 54, which came on the market in 1925 after the First World War . The breech of this weapon largely corresponded to that of the tried and tested Mauser 98 rifle . The magazine holds five cartridges and the weapon was available in most of the other common hunting calibers in addition to the most common .30-06 caliber. Sales did not go as expected, with only 50,000 Winchester 54s being sold by 1941.

Model 70 hunting rifle

Winchester Model 70

An improved version of the Model 54, the Model 70, came onto the market as early as 1937. Various changes to details and improved workmanship made the Winchester 70 a bestseller. It was offered in 20 different calibers from the .22 Hornet to the .458 Winchester Magnum . The most famous user of the Winchester 70 in NATO .308 caliber was the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . It was not until 1964 with serial number 570,000 that the design was simplified for price reasons, the Mauserschloss was abandoned, but the name of the weapon was left the same. The result is that the pre 64 Winchester Model 70 has become a sought-after hunting rifle and collector's item.

Production of weapons in the world wars

Winchester Model 1897 Trench Gun, barrel length 20 inch (510 mm)

During World War I Winchester manufactured a large number of short-barreled Winchester Model 1897 shotguns, trench guns , for use in trench warfare, and they were also used as close-range weapons in World War II.

During both world wars, Winchester also built large quantities of third-party constructions for the military on behalf of the government and also established a significant production of ammunition. Pattern 1914 rifles for England and M1917 rifles and Browning Automatic Rifles for the US Expeditionary Corps. During the Second World War Winchester produced M1 Garand rifles and the M1 carbines developed by Winchester .

Production of earlier models after 1945

From 1964 Winchester released certain carbines of the "Commemorative" model 1894 for collectors, which with their industrially applied inscriptions, engravings and surface treatments were mostly dedicated to historical personalities or events: for example the Winchester 94 Bicentennial 1976 on the 200th anniversary of the US Declaration of Independence .

From 1972 Winchester produced the Model 9422, a kind of small-caliber version of the Model 94, which differed from the 94 only in the slightly shorter system box, the missing loading opening, the ejector window on the right and a 19 mm prism rail. The system was designed not only for the .22 lr (15 rounds) cartridge, but also for .22 long (17 rounds) and .22 short (21 rounds). In later copies the specification .22 short was omitted. There was also a variant .22 WMR (11 rounds) and the Model 9417 in .17 rimfire. Production ended in 2005.

In the meantime, a model 1876 is also on the market as a replica. Western shooters increasingly asked for the traditional "old" calibers to be produced. A German company now brings the weapon onto the market under the label "Chapparal-Arms" in caliber .40-60 / .45-60 / .45-75 and in the rare caliber .50-95 Winchester Express. The rifle has a high dead weight (approx. 4.5 kg). Factory ammunition is not yet available. For reloaders among shooters, however, corresponding components such as cases and projectiles are available on the market.

Others

A Model 1866 Winchester rifle acquired by Karl May is now exhibited in the Karl May Museum under the name Henrystutzen .

One of the most famous Winchester rifles in history was the Winchester 73. The story of one of these rifles is told in the Western Winchester '73 of the same name with actor James Stewart .

See also

literature

  • Martin Pegler: Winchester Lever-Action Rifles. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015, ISBN 978-1-4728-0658-1 . (82 pages online PDF)
  • George Madis: The Winchester Book . Taylor Publishing Company, Dallas, TX 1971, ISBN 0-910156-03-4 .
  • George Madis: The Winchester Handbook . Art & Reference House, Brownsboro, TX 1981, ISBN 0-910156-04-2 .
  • John E. Parsons: The First Winchester . William Morrow & Co., New York, NY 1955, LCCN  55-007621 .
  • Wiley Sword: The Historic Henry Rifle . Andrew Mowbray Publishers, Lincoln, RI 2002, ISBN 1-931464-01-4 .
  • Arthur Pirkle: Winchester Lever Action Repeating Firearms, The Models of 1866, 1873, 1876 . North Cape Publications, Tustin, CA 1994, ISBN 1-882391-05-5 .
  • Arthur Pirkle: Winchester Lever Action Repeating Firearms, The Models of 1886 and 1892 . North Cape Publications, Tustin, CA 1996, ISBN 1-882391-13-6 .
  • Arthur Pirkle: Winchester Lever Action Repeating Firearms, The Models of 1894 and 1895 . North Cape Publications, Tustin, CA 1998, ISBN 1-882391-11-X .

Web links

Commons : Winchester rifles  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Thomas Henshaw: History of Winchester Firearms, 1866-1992. Academic Learning Company LLC, 1993, ISBN 0832905038 . Online In: books.google.de , pp. 1–4 (English).
  2. ↑ a b Rick Hill: Model 1892 and 1894 Carbines with Canadian Proof Marks. (online PDF 466 kB) ( Memento from June 26, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
  3. ^ Gordon L. Rottman : The Big Book of Gun Trivia. Osprey Publishing , 2013, ISBN 9781782009498 , p. 277 [1]
  4. ↑ Model 9410. Retrieved September 1, 2018 .
  5. ↑ Rick Hacker: Winchester Model 9422 Lever-Action Rifle. In: americanrifleman.org. August 3, 2011, accessed June 21, 2016.