Cinnamon

Cinnamon
	Alder-leaved cinnamon ( Clethra alnifolia )
Systematics
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Asterids
Order :	Heather-like (Ericales)
Family :	Scheinellergewächse (Clethraceae)
Genre :	Cinnamon
Scientific name
	Clethra
	L.

The cinnamon or Scheinellern ( Clethra ) are a genus of plants within the Scheinellergewächse family (Clethraceae). Most of the approximately 77 species are common in the New World and Southeast Asia.

description

Illustration from Afbeeldingen der Fraaiste, meest uitheemsche boomen en heesters , Plate 57 of Alder- leaved Cinnamon ( Clethra alnifolia )

Vegetative characteristics

The cinnamon are partly evergreen, partly deciduous trees or shrubs . Buds, twigs, leaf blades, inflorescences and flowers are loosely to densely hairy with predominantly star-shaped hairs. The alternate leaves are in clusters at the branch ends. The leaf blades are simple (undivided) with mostly serrated, sometimes smooth leaf margin. There are no stipules .

Generative characteristics

The terminal racemose inflorescences are mostly multi-flowered and elongated; they stand individually or in small groups.

The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals overlap. The five mostly white petals are free or fused at the base. There are two circles with five stamens each; they are mostly fused with the base of the petals. The stamens are more or less V-shaped and curved inward. Three carpels have become a top permanent ovary grown. The ovary is approximately spherical, but flattened at the base of the stylus. Each of the three ovary chambers contain 20 to 40 ovules . There is a stylus that ends at the tip in a mostly three-lobed or three-lobed scar .

The capsule fruits are hemispherical to spherical, three-chambered and hairy. The seeds have a thin shell with a net-like imprint.

The basic chromosome number is x = 8.

fossil

A fossil representative of this genus from the Baltic amber ( Eocene , age around 40 to 50 million years) is very similar to the only Macaronesian species, Clethra arborea .

Systematics and distribution

Mountain cinnamon ( Clethra acuminata )

Alder-leaved cinnamon ( Clethra alnifolia )

Lily of the valley cinnamon ( Clethra arborea )

Japanese cinnamon ( Clethra barbinervis ), blooming

Japanese cinnamon ( Clethra barbinervis ), fruiting

Clethra delavayi

Clethra mexicana leaves heaped at the end of the branch

Clethra suaveolens

The genus Clethra was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné . Synonyms for Clethra L. are: Junia Adans. nom. illeg., People's America P.Browne nom. illeg., Tinus L. nom. illegal, Gillena Adans. nom. illeg., Cuellaria Ruiz & Pav. , Kowalewskia Turcz. , Crossophrys Klotzsch .

The Clethra species are common in the New World and Southeast Asia in the tropical to moderately warm areas. Only one species, Clethra arborea , occurs on the Macaronesian islands.

About 77 species belong to the genus Clethra :

Berg-Zimterle ( Clethra acuminata Michx. , Syn .: Clethra glauca Pers. , Clethra glauca Steud. , Clethra montana Fraser ex Loisel. , Clethra michauxii Courtois , Clethra alnifolia var. Michauxii (Courtois) G.Nicholson ): It comes in the eastern United States .
Clethra alcoceri Greenm. : It occurs in the Mexican states of Hidalgo and Jalisco .
Clethra alexandri Griseb. : This endemic occurs in Jamaica only in the Blue Mountains.
Alder-leaved cinnamon ( Clethra alnifolia L. nom. Cons., Syn .: Clethra incana Pers. Nom. Illeg., Clethra angustifolia Raf. Nom. Illeg., Clethra tomentosa Lam. , Clethra dentata Aiton , Clethra paniculata Aiton , Clethra pubescens Willd. , Clethra bracteata Raf. , Clethra pumila Raf. , Clethra alnifolia var. Glabella Michx. , Clethra alnifolia var. Denudata Aiton , Clethra alnifolia var. Pubescens Aiton , Clethra alnifolia var. Paniculata (Sol.) G.Nicholson , Clethra alnifolia var. tomentosa Michx. , Clethra alnifolia var. rosea (Rehder) Rehder ): It occurs from southeastern Canada to Texas .
Lily of the valley cinnamon ( Clethra arborea Aiton , Syn .: Clethra arborea Vent. Nom. Illeg., Clethra cordata Raf. , Clethra secundiflora Decne. ): It occurs on Macaronesian islands: on the Azores island of São Miguel , on Madeira and on Tenerife in front.
Clethra arfakana Sleumer : It occurs in New Guinea .
Japanese Zimterle ( Clethra barbinervis Siebold & Zucc. , Syn .: Clethra japonica Thunb. Ex Steud. , Clethra kawadana Yanagita , Clethra stolonifera Nakai , Clethra wuyishanica R.C.Ching ex LCHu , Clethra wuyishanica var. Erosa L.C.Hu , Clethra barbinervis var. Kawadana ( Yanagita) H.Hara ): It occurs from southern China to Korea and on the Japanese islands of Honshu and Kyushu .
Clethra bodinieri H.Lév. (Syn .: Clethra glandulosa W.P. Fang & LCHu , Clethra bodinieri var. Latifolia S.Y.Hu , Clethra bodinieri var. Parvifolia S.Y.Hu , Clethra bodinieri var. Coriacea L.C.Hu , Clethra bodinieri var. Parviflora W.P. Fang & LCHu. ) China to Hainan .
Clethra canescens Reinw. ex flower : There are four varieties:
- Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var. canescens : It occurs in southern and central Malesia.
- Clethra canescens var. Clementis (Merr.) Sleumer (Syn .: Clethra clementis Merr. ): It occurs in Borneo .
- Clethra canescens var. Ledermannii (Schltr.) Sleumer (Syn .: Clethra papuana Schltr. Nom. Illeg., Clethra ledermannii Schltr. ): It occurs in New Guinea.
- Clethra canescens var. Luzonica (Merr.) Sleumer (Syn .: Clethra luzonica Merr. ): It occurs in the Philippines .
- Clethra canescens var. Novoguineensis (Kaneh. & Hatus.) Sleumer (Syn .: Clethra lancifolia Turcz. , Clethra williamsii C.B.Rob. , Clethra castanea Elmer , Clethra longispicata var. Novoguineensis Kaneh. & Hatus. ): It comes in the central and eastern Malesia before.
Clethra cardenasii Sleumer : It occurs in Bolivia.
Clethra castaneifolia Meisn. (Syn .: Clethra mathewsii Turcz. , Clethra sprucei Turcz. , Clethra guyanensis var. Brevis J.F. Macbr. ): It occurs in Peru .
Clethra chiapensis L.M. González : It occurs only in the Mexican state of Chiapas .
Clethra concordia D.A. Neill : It was first described in 2012. It occurs in Ecuador and Peru.
Clethra consimilis Sleumer (Syn .: Clethra coloradensis C.W.Ham. ): It occurs in Costa Rica and Panama .
Clethra conzattiana L.M. González : It occurs only in the Mexican state of Oaxaca .
Clethra crispa Gust. : It occurs in Ecuador.
Clethra cubensis A. Rich. (Syn .: Clethra byrsonimoides Griseb. ): This endemic occurs only in eastern Cuba .
Clethra cuneata Rusby : It occurs in Peru and Bolivia.
Clethra delavayi Franch. (Syn .: Clethra cavaleriei H.Lév. , Clethra esquirolii H.Lév. , Clethra lineata H.Lév. , Clethra monostachya Rehder & EHWilson , Clethra euosmoda Dop , Clethra longibracteata Sleumer , Clethra sinica K.S.Hao , Clethra yuiana S.Y.Hu , Clethra lancilimba C.Y.Wu , Clethra minutistellata C.Y.Wu , Clethra monostachya var. lancilimba (CYWu) CYWu & LCHu , Clethra monostachya var. minutistellata (CYWu) CYWu & LCHu , Clethra cavaleriei var. leptophylla L.C.Hu , Clethra cavaleriei var. subintegrifolia R.C.Ching ex LCHu , Clethra monostachya var. cuprescens W.P.Fang & LCHu , Clethra monostachya var. trichopetala W.P.Fang & LCHu , Clethra nanchuanensis W.P.Fang & LCHu , Clethra purpurea W.P.Fang & LCHu , Clethra purpurea var. microcarpa W.P.Fang & LCHu , Clethra delavayi var. glabra SYHu , Clethra delavayi var. Lanata S.Y.Hu , Clethra delavayi var. Yuiana (SYHu) CYWu & LCHu ): It occurs in Bhutan , Myanmar , Vietnam and in southern China.
Clethra elongata Rusby : It occurs in Peru and Bolivia .
Clethra fabri Hance (syn .: Clethra annamensis Dop , Clethra tonkinensis Dop , Clethra smithiana W.P.Fang , Clethra liangii H.L.Li , Clethra smithiana var. Latifolia C.Y.Wu , Clethra fabri var. Brevipes L.C.Hu , Clethra fabri var. Laxiflora W.P.Fang & LCHu ): It occurs in southern China and Vietnam.
Clethra fagifolia Kunth : There are two varieties:
- Clethra fagifolia var. Bicolor (Kunth) Sleumer (Syn .: Clethra bicolor Kunth ): It occurs in Venezuela , Colombia and Ecuador.
- Clethra fagifolia Kunth var. Fagifolia (Syn .: Clethra fagifolia var. Macrophylla Kuntze , Clethra fagifolia var. Microphylla Kuntze ): It occurs in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador.
Farges Zimterle ( Clethra fargesii Franch. , Syn .: Clethra brachypoda L.C.Hu , Clethra brachystachya W.P.Fang & LCHu , Clethra magnifica W.P.Fang & LCHu , Clethra magnifica var. Trichocarpa L.C.Hu ): It occurs in southern China.
Clethra ferruginea (Ruiz & Pav.) Link ex Spreng. (Syn .: Clethra divaricata Loisel. ): It occurs in Peru and Bolivia.
Clethra fimbriata Kunth (Syn .: Clethra brevifolia Benth. , Clethra punctata Turcz. ): It iswidespreadin western South America .
Clethra formosa E. Alfaro & JFMorales : It was first described from Costa Rica in 2006.
Clethra fragrans L.M.González & R.Delgad. : It was first described in 2005/2006. It occurs in the Mexican states of Jalisco and Guerrero .
Clethra galeottiana Briq. (Syn .: Clethra breedlovei C.W.Ham. ): It occurs in central and southern Mexico.
Clethra gelida Standl. : It occurs in Costa Rica, Honduras and Panama.
Clethra guyanensis Klotzsch ex Meisn. : It occurs in Venezuela and maybe in Guiana.
Clethra hartwegii Britton : It occurs in Mexico.
Clethra hendersonii Sleumer : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula .
Clethra hirsutovillosa S.Valencia & Cruz Durán : It was first described in 2011 from the Mexican state of Guerrero.
Clethra hondurensis Britton (Syn .: Clethra obliquinervia Standl. , Clethra caloneura Standl. & LOWilliams , Clethra nutantiflora Standl. & LOWilliams ex Ant.Molina ): It is distributed from southeastern Mexico across Central America.
Clethra javanica Turcz. : There are two varieties:
- Clethra javanica var. Javanica : It occurs on the islands of Java and Bali .
- Clethra javanica var. Lombokensis Sleumer : It occurs on the Lesser Sunda Islands .
Clethra kaipoensis H.Lév. (Syn .: Clethra pinfaensis . H.Lév , Clethra brammeriana Hand.-Mazz. , Clethra polyneura H.L.Li , Clethra kwangsiensis S.Y.Hu , Clethra kaipoensis var. Polyneura (HLLi) WPFang & LCHu , Clethra kaipoensis var. Paucinervis L.C.Hu ): It occurs in southern China.
Clethra kebarensis Sleumer : It occurs in New Guinea.
Clethra licanioides Standl. & Steyerm. : It occurs in Guatemala and Honduras.
Clethra longispicata J.J.Sm. (Syn .: Clethra elongata J.J.Sm. nom. Illeg.): It occurs in Borneo in central Malesia.
Clethra luzmariae L.M. González : It occurs only in the Mexican state of Chiapas .
Clethra macrophylla M. Martens & Galeotti (Syn .: Clethra serrulata (Turcz.) Turcz. , Clethra spicigera Meisn. , Clethra badendalii Briq. ): It occurs in the Mexican states of Veracruz , Puebla and Oaxaca .
Clethra mexicana DC. (Syn .: Clethra integrifolia Moc. & Sessé ex DC. , Clethra ovalifolia Moc. & Sessé ex DC. , Clethra lanata M.Martens & Galeotti , Clethra quercifolia Lindl. , Clethra kowalewskii Turcz. Nom. Superfl., Clethra integerrima (Turcz .) LMGonzález , Clethra confertifolia Ernst , Clethra costaricensis Britton , Clethra salvadorensis Britton , Clethra augustinensis Briq. , Clethra broadwayana Briq. , Clethra smithii Briq. , Clethra kenoyeri Lundell , Clethra bimatris & Steyerm Standl.. , Clethra panamensis Standl. & LOWilliams , Clethra michoacana C.W.Ham. , Clethra nicaraguensis C.W.Ham. ): It is widespread from Mexico through Central America to Colombia and Venezuela and occurs on the island of Trinidad .
Clethra oaxacana C.W. Ham. : It occurs in southwestern Mexico.
Clethra obovata (Ruiz & Pav.) G.Don (Syn .: Clethra macrostachya Loisel. , Clethra dombeyi Turcz. , Clethra virgata (Ruiz & Pav.) O.Fedtsch. ): It occurs in Ecuador and Peru.
Clethra occidentalis (L.) Kuntze (Syn .: Clethra bracteata Griseb. Nom. Illeg., Clethra tinifolia Sw. , Clethra angustifolia DC. , Clethra grisebachii Merr. , Clethra jamaicensis Britton ): It occurs only in Jamaica .
Clethra oleoides L.O.Williams : It occurs from the Mexican states of eastern Guerrero and Chiapas via Guatemala and El Salvador to Honduras.
Clethra ovalifolia Turcz. (Syn .: Clethra cutervoana Szyszyl. ): It occurs in western South America from Colombia and Ecuador to Peru and northwestern Venezuela.
Clethra pachecoana Standl. & Steyerm. : It occurs from the Mexican state of Chiapas via Guatemala and El Salvador to Honduras.
Clethra pachyphylla Merr. : It occurs in Borneo.
Clethra papuana J.J.Sm. : There are two varieties:
- Clethra papuana var. Papuana : It occurs in New Guinea.
- Clethra papuana var. Trichostyla Sleumer : It occurs in western New Guinea.
Clethra parallelinervia Gust. : It occurs in Ecuador.
Clethra × parvifolia Lundell = Clethra suaveolens × Clethra vicentina : It occurs only in the Mexican state of Chiapas.
Clethra pedicellaris Turcz. (Syn .: Clethra obovata var. Sprucei Meisn. ): It occurs in western South America from Colombia, Ecuador and Bolivia to Peru.
Clethra peruviana Szyszyl. (Syn .: Clethra peruviana var. Subintegra Szyszyl. ): It occurs in Ecuador and Peru.
Clethra petelotii Dop & Troch.-Marq. : It occurs in southeastern Yunnan and northern Vietnam.
Clethra poilanei Gagnep. ex Dop : It occurs only in northeastern Laos.
Clethra pringlei S. Watson : It occurs in Mexico.
Clethra pulgarensis Elmer : It occurs only in Palawan .
Clethra purpusii L.M. González : It was first described in 2005/2006. It occurs in the Mexican states of Oaxaca and Chiapas.
Clethra pyrogena Sleumer : It occurs in Costa Rica and Panama.
Clethra repanda Turcz. (Syn .: Clethra ocanensis Turcz. ): It occurs in Colombia and northwestern Venezuela.
Clethra retivenia Sleumer : It occurs in northeastern Peru.
Clethra revoluta (Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng. (Syn .: Clethra nervosa Loisel. ): It occurs in southern Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru.
Clethra rosei Britton (Syn .: Clethra obovata Hook. & Arn. Nom. Illeg., Clethra palmeri Britton , Clethra confusa Briq. , Clethra guadalajarensis Briq. ): It occurs in Mexico.
Clethra rugosa Steyerm. : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.
Clethra scabra Pers. (Syn .: Clethra alnifolia var. Scabra (Pers.) G.Nicholson , Clethra scabra Loisel. Nom. Illeg., Clethra brasiliensis Cham. & Schltdl. , Clethra micrantha Remy , Clethra brasiliensis var. Bracteata Meisn. , Clethra brasiliensis var. reticulata Meisn. , Clethra brasiliensis var. venosa Meisn. , Clethra maromensis Villa , Clethra gardneri Turcz. , Clethra laevigata Meisn. , Clethra scabra var. laevigata (Meisn.) Sleumer , Clethra scabra var. venosa (Meisn.) Sleumer ): Sie iswidespreadin South America to northwest Argentina .
Clethra skutchii Standl. & Steyerm. : It occurs in Guatemala.
Clethra sleumeriana K.S.Hao : It occurs in Hunan.
Clethra suaveolens Turcz. : (Syn .: Clethra vulcanicola Standl. , Clethra glaberrima Lundell , Clethra matudae Lundell , Clethra nubium Standl. & LOWilliams , Clethra viridifolia Standl. & LOWilliams ) It is distributed from southern Mexico via Guatemala and El Salvador to Honduras.
Clethra sumatrana J.J.Sm. (Syn .: Clethra pulcherrima Ridl. , Clethra longipedicellata Merr. , Clethra pubifolia Merr. ): It occurs in Sumatra .
Clethra sumbawaensis Sleumer : It occurs on the Lesser Sunda Islands.
Clethra symingtonii Sleumer : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula only in Perak (G. Korbu).
Clethra talamancana C.W. Ham. : It occurs in Costa Rica.
Clethra tomentella Rolfe ex Dunn : It occurs in the Philippines.
Clethra tutensis C.W. Ham. : It occurs in Panama.
Clethra tuxtlensis L.M. González : It was first described in 2005/2006 from the Mexican state of Veracruz.
Clethra uleana Sleumer : It occurs in southern Brazil.
Clethra vicentina Standl. (Syn .: Clethra johnstonii Standl. & Steyerm. , Clethra molinae Standl. & LOWilliams ): It is widespread from southern Mexico to Central America.

swell

Haining Qin, Peter Fritsch: Clethraceae. , P. 238: the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China , Volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2005, ISBN 1-930723-41-5 . (This is actually the family description of the Clethraceae, however, according to the representation there, it only includes the genus Clethra .)

Individual evidence

↑ George O. Poinar, Jr .: Life in Amber . 350 pp., 147 figs., 10 plates, Stanford University Press, Stanford (Cal.) 1992, ISBN 0-8047-2001-0 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Clethra. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved October 10, 2017.

Web links

Commons : Zimterlen ( Clethra ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[1] George O. Poinar, Jr .: Life in Amber . 350 pp., 147 figs., 10 plates, Stanford University Press, Stanford (Cal.) 1992, ISBN 0-8047-2001-0 .

[WCSP-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Clethra. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved October 10, 2017.