Pygmy violet eared hummingbird

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Pygmy violet eared hummingbird
Pygmy violet eared hummingbird

Pygmy violet eared hummingbird

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Genre : Violet- eared hummingbirds ( Colibri )
Type : Pygmy violet eared hummingbird
Scientific name
Colibri cyanotus
( Bourcier , 1843)

The pygmy violet-eared hummingbird ( Colibri cyanotus ) or mountain violet-eared hummingbird is a species of bird from the hummingbird family (Trochilidae) found in Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , Venezuela , Ecuador , Peru and Bolivia . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The dwarf violet-eared hummingbird reaches a body length of about 9.9 to 10.5 cm with a weight of about 5.3 to 5.46 g for males and 4.8 g for females. The medium-long, slightly curved beak is approx. 20 mm long. The top is metallic green to bronze green. The control springs are tinted more of a bluish green, while the central control springs appear more bronze-colored. The tail has a blue-black subterminal band. The ear covers and the back of the eyes are dark metallic violet-blue. The blue doesn't extend to the reins. The chin and throat are light metallic green, the chest and stomach are dull metallic green. The under tail-coverts are yellow-brown, but the central feathers are more or less green. The female is very similar but looks more dull in color. The feet are dark grayish brown. Fledglings resemble the females in appearance, but the upper side has rust-colored to cinnamon-colored spots and seams. A similar pattern can be seen on the bottom, but it is less noticeable in the rear area.

Behavior and nutrition

The pygmy violet-eared hummingbird feeds on the nectar of many flowers, herbs, scrub, epiphytes and trees. He flies to Centropogon valerii , a plant in which he competes with the monochrome hooked beak ( Diglossa plumbea Cabanis , 1861). Another competitor for this nectar is the mite Rhinoseius colwelli ( Hunter , 1972). The fire-throated hummingbird ( Panterpe insignis Cabanis & Heine , 1860) and the violet-crown brilliant hummingbird ( Eugenes fulgens ( Swainson , 1827)) are also considered potential competitors for the flowers of Centropogon valerii . While the violet-crown brilliant hummingbird restricts its visit to the plant to the evening hours and thus avoids the dwarf violet-eared hummingbird , the dwarf violet-eared hummingbird defends its territory vehemently against the fire-throated hummingbird. Defending includes aggressive singing, flashy gestures, and chasing after other individuals. Fuchsia paniculata is also often visited by the little violet-eared hummingbird. Lobelia and Inga also belong to their nectar sources. It also feeds on small arthropods . In Ecuador they have been observed on coral trees. Here he prefers z. B. Erythrina poeppigiana . The dwarf violet-eared hummingbird is considered a specialist that adapts to the circumstances. Its strategy depends on the availability of seasonal feed resources. If many flowers are available, he likes to dominate this area. In times when nectar resources are scarce, it acts more as a trapliner, in which it regularly flies to very specific scattered flowers in quick succession.

He looks for his food from the lower strata to the treetops. He often sits high up in the trees and overlooks the plants. The males often sing close to each other, but do not form a real lek .

Reproduction

The pygmy violet-eared hummingbird breeds in Costa Rica from October to March, in Colombia from March to August. In Boyacá Department a nest was already discovered in October. The nest is a sustainable calyx made from tree fern, plant waste, dry grass leaves and moss. These are attached with cobwebs and decorated with moss and fern pieces. The nest is attached to downward-pointing branches, roots or bamboo trunks that are one to three meters above the ground on the edges of forests, currents or overhangs on roads. The clutch consists of two white eggs. Only the female builds and incubates the nest and takes care of the chicks. The breeding season is 16 days.

Vocalizations

The singing of different individuals can vary greatly. In community, however, his singing seems to adapt to the group. The sounds are described as powerful but unmelodic two to four phases of Tschip Tschut Tschut, Tschip, Tschip, Tschut or Tschit, Tschup tones that are repeated quickly over a few minutes. From Venezuela in the west of Mérida there are reports of endless repetitions of a short rattle, followed by a squeaky brrrt-stik sound. There are records of pit-bsss-et tones from Aragua . Multi-syllable high metallic chills and hums are reported from Peru, which sound like piti-chip, piti-chip, piti-chip or sss-tip, sss-tip, sss-tip .

distribution and habitat

Distribution area of ​​the violet-eared hummingbird (everything north of Coasta Risca is the violet-eared hummingbird ( Colibri thalassinus ))

The dwarf violet-eared hummingbird prefers open, bushy highland areas with scattered trees, including pastures, hedge landscapes and secondary vegetation. It is often found on highland rivers, larger clearings in the forest and on the edges of the forest. In Costa Rica it is present in the Sierra de Tilarán , in the Cordillera Volcánica Central and the Cordillera de Talamanca . Here it is present at altitudes between 1000 and 3000 meters. In Panama it can be found in the mountains of the province of Chiriquí and the province of Veraguas at altitudes of 900 to over 1500 meters. The altitude range in Colombia ranges from 600 to 2800 meters. Here it is in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta , the Sierra de Perijá and all Andes trains with the exception of those to the Pacific coast and in the western Andes north of Valle del Cauca . You can also find it in the Serranía de la Macarena . In the Ecuadorian Andes it occurs in subtropical mountain forests in both the Eastern and Western Andes, but also in gardens. Here it occurs at altitudes between 1200 and 2300 meters. In the west of the country it occurs south to western Loja . From Peru there are reports from the east at altitudes between 1300 and 2800 meters, locally even between 1000 and 3000 meters. In the western Andes in northwestern Peru it is at altitudes between 1500 and 2400 meters. In Venezuela, too, he is in the Sierra de Perijá, in Zulia , the Andes from Táchira to the northwest of Lara . In addition, it occurs in the Falcón mountains , the Sierra de San Luis , in Yaracuy and the northern cordillera of the Dependencias Federales , Miranda , Sucre and Monagas . In Bolivia it occurs near Laguna Incachaca , but the range extends to the west of Comarapa .

Subspecies

So far, four subspecies are known:

  • Colibri cyanotus cabanidis ( Heine , 1863) occurs in Costa Rica and western Panama. According to Donald Ryder Dickey and Adriaan Joseph van Rossem, this subspecies has a bluish tinge in the chest area. According to Heine, the lower degree of the subterminal bandage is decisive for its delimitation.
  • Colibri cyanotus cyanotus ( Bourcier , 1843) occurs in Colombia, northwestern Venezuela, and Ecuador.
  • Colibri cyanotus kerdeli Aveledo & Perez , 1991 is distributed in northeastern Venezuela. The tail is more bluish than in the nominate form. The subterminal band is wider and less clearly defined. In addition, the subspecies is slightly larger than the nominate form.
  • Colibri cyanotus crissalis Todd , 1942 occurs in Peru and Bolivia. While John Todd Zimmer does not recognize enough difference to the nominate form, it is above all the more pronounced yellow-brown of the under tail-coverts without the central green feathers that distinguishes this subspecies.

Long the way as a subspecies of was little violet ear hummingbirds ( Colibri thalassinus ( Swainson , 1827)) is considered. However, the dwarf violet-eared hummingbird lacks the striking blue tint and blue chin so that the species seems to be closer in color to the amethyst- eared hummingbird ( Colibri serrirostris ), while the small violet- eared hummingbird is more similar in color to the great violet- eared hummingbird ( Colibri coruscans ).

Etymology and history of research

The first description of the dwarf violet-eared hummingbird was in 1843 by Jules Bourcier under the scientific name Trochilus cyanotus . The type specimens came from Caracas . Only later was it added to the genus Colibri , newly created by Johann Baptist von Spix in 1824 , which this u. a. for the amethyst- eared hummingbird ( Colibri serrirostris ( Vieillot , 1816)) (Syn: Colibri crispus ). This name is the Spanish word for hummingbird and probably originally comes from the Caribbean. The species name "cyanotus" is a Greek word formation from "cyanos κυανος " for "dark blue" and "-ōtis, ōtos -ωτις " for "-ohrig, ear". "Cabanidis" is dedicated to Jean Louis Cabanis , "kerdeli" to  Francisco Kerdel Vegas (born 1928). »Crissalis« is of Latin origin and is derived from »crissum, crissare« for »cloaca, under tail coverts, copulate«.

literature

  • Robert Sterling Ridgely, John A. Gwynne: A Guide to the Birds of Panama: With Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras . Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey 1989, ISBN 978-0-691-02512-4 ( books.google.de - c).
  • Robert Sterling Ridgely, Paul J. Greenfield: Birds of Ecuador Field Guide: Status, Distribution, and Taxonomy . tape 1 . Princeton University Press, Princeton 2001, ISBN 0-8014-8720-X (a).
  • Robert Sterling Ridgely, Paul J. Greenfield: Birds of Ecuador Field Guide: Field Guide . tape 2 . Princeton University Press, Princeton 2001, ISBN 0-8014-8721-8 (b).
  • Frank Gary Stiles , Dana Gardner , Alexander Frank Skutch : A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica . Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York 1990, ISBN 0-8014-9600-4 .
  • Steven Leon Hilty , William Leroy Brown : A guide to the birds of Colombia . Princeton University Press, Princeton 1986, ISBN 978-0-691-08372-8 ( books.google.de ).
  • Steven Leon Hilty, John A. Gwynne, Guy Tudor : Birds of Venezuela . Princeton University Press, Princeton 2002, ISBN 0-691-09250-8 ( books.google.de ).
  • Thomas Scott Schulenberg , Douglas Forrester Stotz , Daniel Franklin Lane, John Patton O'Neill , Theodore Albert Parker III : Birds of Peru . Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey 2007, ISBN 978-0-7136-8673-9 .
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Jules Bourcier: Oiseaux-mouches nouveaux . In: Revue Zoologique par La Société Cuvierienne . tape 6 , 1843, pp. 99-104 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Ramón Aveledo Hostos, Luis A. Pérez Chinchilla: Dos nuevas subespecies de aves (Trochilidae y Formicariidae) from the region oriental and occidental de Venezuela . In: Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales . tape 44 , no. 147 , 1991, pp. 15-25 .
  • Walter Edmond Clyde Todd: List of the Hummingbirds in the Collection of the Carnegie Museum . In: Annals of the Carnegie Museum . tape 29 , no. 12 , 1942, pp. 271-370 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Ferdinand Heine junior: Trochilidica . In: Journal of Ornithology . tape 11 , no. 63 , 1863, pp. 173-216 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Johann Baptist von Spix: Avium species novae, quas in itinere annis MDCCCXVII – MDCCCXX per Brasiliam jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae Regis Augustissini suscepto colleoit et descripsit . tape 1 . Impensis editores, Munich 1824 ( biodiversity library ).
  • Donald Ryder Dickey, Adriaan Joseph van Rossem: The birds of El Salvador . In: Publication Field Museum of Natural History (=  Zoological series ). tape 23 , no. 406 , 1938 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Todd Zimmer : Studies of Peruvian birds. No. 57, The genera Colibri, Anthracothorax, Klais, Lophornis, and Chlorestes . In: American Museum novitates . No. 1463 , 1950, pp. 1–24 (English, digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
  • Robert Knight Colwell, Burr Joseph Betts, Pille Bunnell, Frances Lynn Carpenter, Peter Feinsinger: Competition for the nectar of Centropogon valerii by the hummingbird Colibri thalassinus and the flower-piercer Diglossa plumbea, and its evolutionary implications . In: The Condor . tape 76 , no. 4 , 1974, p. 447–452 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 711 kB ]).
  • Peter Feinsinger: Organization of a Tropical Guild of Nectarivorous Birds . In: Ecological Monographs . tape 46 , no. 3 , 1976, p. 257-391 , doi : 10.2307 / 1942255 , JSTOR : 1942255 .
  • Gilbert Barrantes, César Sánchez, Branko Hilje, Rodolfo Jaffé: Male song variation of Green Violetear (Colibri thalassinus) in the Talamanca Mountain Range, Costa Rica . In: The Wilson Journal of Ornithology . tape 120 , no. 3 , 2008, p. 519-524 , doi : 10.1676 / 07-024.1 .
  • James Vanderbeek Remsen junior, Melvin Alvah Traylor junior, Kenneth Carroll Parkes: Range extensions of some Bolivian birds, 2 (Columbidae to Rhinocryptidae). In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . tape 106 , no. 1 , 1942, p. 22-32 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • James Vanderbeek Remsen Junior., Frank Garfield Stiles III, Peter Evans Scott: Frequency of Arthropods in Stomachs of Tropical Hummingbirds . In: The Auk . tape 103 , no. 2 , 1986, p. 436–441 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 339 kB ]).
  • Sandra L. Lovett Gaunt, Luis Felipe Baptista, Julio E. Sánchez, Daniel Hernandez: Song Learning as Evidenced from Song Sharing in Two Hummingbird Species (Colibri coruscans and C. thalassinus) . In: The Auk . tape 111 , no. 1 , 1994, p. 87–103 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 1000 kB ]).
  • James Bond, Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee: The birds of Bolivia. Part II. In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . tape 95 , 1943, pp. 167-221 , JSTOR : 4064346 .

Web links

Commons : Little violet-eared hummingbird ( Colibri thalassinus cyanotus )  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Robert Sterling Ridgely et al. a. (2001b), p. 252.
  2. ↑ a b Robert Knight Colwell (1974) and a., p. 447.
  3. ^ Robert Knight Colwell (1973) and a., p. 741.
  4. ^ Robert Knight Colwell (1973) and a., p. 740.
  5. ↑ Gilbert Barrantes et al. a., p. 520.
  6. ↑ a b Peter Feinsinger, p. 268.
  7. ↑ James Vanderbeek Remsen junior (1986) and a., p. 439.
  8. ↑ a b Robert Sterling Ridgely et al. a. (2001a), p. 243.
  9. ^ Robert Knight Colwell (1973), p. 743.
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g Frank Gary Stiles u. a., p. 214
  11. ↑ a b Sandra L. Lovett Gaunt et al. a., p. 93
  12. ↑ a b Steven Leon Hilty u. a. (1986), p. 260.
  13. ↑ Gilbert Barrantes et al. a., p. 519.
  14. ↑ a b Steven Leon Hilty u. a. (2002), p. 401.
  15. ↑ a b Thomas Scott Schulenberg u. a. (2007), p. 222.
  16. ↑ Robert Sterling Ridgely et al. a. (1989), p. 209.
  17. ↑ James Bond et al. a., p. 205.
  18. ↑ James Vanderbeek Remsen junior (1986) and a., p. 27.
  19. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  20. ↑ a b c Ferdinand Heine junior, p. 182.
  21. ↑ Donald Ryder Dickey et al. a., p. 258.
  22. ↑ a b Jules Bourcier, p. 101.
  23. ↑ a b Ramón Aveledo Hostos u. a., p. 16.
  24. ^ Walter Edmond Clyde Todd, p. 292.
  25. ↑ John Todd Zimmer, pp. 1-2.
  26. ↑ AOU Classification Committee - North and Middle America Proposal Set 2016-C
  27. ^ Johann Baptist von Spix, p. 80
  28. ↑ James A. Jobling p. 113
  29. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 128
  30. ↑ Ramón Aveledo Hostos et al. a., p. 17.
  31. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 122

Remarks

  1. ↑ In addition, he ordered Colibri hirundinaceus , synonymous with breast band Fadenelfe ( Discosura langsdorffi ( Temminck , 1821)), Colibri leucopygus , a synonym for the Black Hummingbird ( Florisuga fusca ( Vieillot , 1817)), Colibri albogularis , a synonym for the white-throated hummingbird ( Leucochloris albicollis ( Vieillot , 1818)), Colibri helios , a synonym for the magnificent elf ( Lophornis magnificus ( Vieillot , 1817)) and Colibri mystax , a synonym for the butterfly elf ( Lophornis chalybeus ( Temminck , 1821)) belonging to the genus.