Els Segadors: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
Archon 2488 (talk | contribs) m →History: en dash |
||
(35 intermediate revisions by 14 users not shown) | |||
Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
| until = |
| until = |
||
| sound = Els Segadors.ogg |
| sound = Els Segadors.ogg |
||
| sound_title = Official orchestral and choral vocal recording |
| sound_title = Official orchestral and choral vocal recording (sung in Standard [[Central Catalan]]) |
||
}} |
}} |
||
[[File:Els Segadors (Instrumental).ogg|thumb|Instrumental recording of the anthem]] |
|||
"'''Els Segadors'''" ({{IPA |
"'''Els Segadors'''" ({{IPA|ca|əls səɣəˈðos|label=Eastern Calatan:}}, {{IPA|ca|els seɣaˈðos|label=Western Calatan:}}; "The Reapers") is the official [[national anthem]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dogc.vlex.es/vid/llei-febrer-himne-nacional-catalunya-36313054 |title=Law 1/1993, 25 February, of the national anthem |publisher=dogc.vlex.es|access-date=14 September 2019 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> of [[Catalonia]], [[Nationalities and regions of Spain|nationality]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.gencat.cat/ca/generalitat/estatut/estatut2006/titol_preliminar/ |title=First article of the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia. 'Catalonia, as a nationality, exercises its self-government constituted as an autonomous community...' |publisher=gencat.cat |access-date=30 June 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] of [[Spain]]. |
||
==History== |
==History== |
||
[[File:Els segadors.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The [[Reapers' War]] "Corpus de Sang" (1640). Painted in 1910]] |
[[File:Els segadors.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The [[Reapers' War]] "Corpus de Sang" (1640). Painted in 1910]] |
||
[[File:Francesc Alió.jpg|upright|thumb|right|150px|Portrait of Francesc Alió, |
[[File:Francesc Alió.jpg|upright|thumb|right|150px|Portrait of Francesc Alió, composer of the music]] |
||
The original song dates in the oral tradition to 1640, based on the events of June 1640 known as ''[[Corpus de Sang]]'' during the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618 |
The original song dates in the oral tradition to 1640, based on the events of June 1640 known as ''[[Corpus de Sang]]'' during the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–1648) between Spain, England, France and Austria, the event that started the [[Reapers' War]] or {{lang|ca|Guerra dels Segadors}}, also known as the Catalan Revolt,<ref name="oficial">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gencat.cat/catalunya/eng/coneixer-simbolsnacionals.htm|title=Generalitat de Catalunya: National symbols|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016151727/http://www.gencat.cat/catalunya/eng/coneixer-simbolsnacionals.htm|archive-date=2013-10-16}}</ref> where Catalans fought against the [[Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares|Count-Duke of Olivares]], the chief minister of King [[Philip IV of Spain]]. The song describes the event, an uprising of peasants due to the large presence of the Royal army in the [[Principality of Catalonia]], as they were required to lodge and provision the troops, creating a large tension and discomfort and leading to episodes such as religious sacrileges, destruction of personal properties, and rape of women by the soldiers. The second part of the song tells the arrival of the rebel reapers in Barcelona, who kill various guards, the royal officers and the [[viceroy of Catalonia]], [[Dalmau de Queralt, Count of Santa Coloma|Dalmau de Queralt]], ending with the exhortation to Catalans to take the arms, as they are at war. |
||
In the 19th century, the text was compiled in the ''Romancillero Catalán'', a book of folk traditions written by [[Manuel Milà i Fontanals]]. The music was standardized by [[Francesc Alió]] in 1892.<ref name="oficial" /> Its modern lyrics were written by [[Emili Guanyavents]], who won a competition convened by the political party [[Unió Catalanista]] in 1899, simplifying the text to three verses. At the time, the change of lyrics caused some controversy among conservative elements, as Guanyavents, coming from sectors close to [[anarchism]], gave them a revolutionary tone. |
In the 19th century, the text was compiled in the ''Romancillero Catalán'', a book of folk traditions written by [[Manuel Milà i Fontanals]]. The music was standardized by [[Francesc Alió]] in 1892.<ref name="oficial" /> Its modern lyrics were written by [[Emili Guanyavents]], who won a competition convened by the political party [[Unió Catalanista]] in 1899, simplifying the text to three verses. At the time, the change of lyrics caused some controversy among conservative elements, as Guanyavents, coming from sectors close to [[anarchism]], gave them a revolutionary tone. |
||
Since the beginning of the 20th century, "Els Segadors" became one of the most relevant symbols of [[catalanism]] and Catalonia itself, increasing its popularity during the [[Second Spanish Republic]] and the [[Spanish Civil War|Civil War]]. Despite an attempt of the [[Generalitat de Catalunya]] (Catalan autonomous government) in 1931 to replace it with another song, "[[El Cant del Poble]]", "Els Segadors" remained highly popular, treated by Catalan government and population as the national anthem. The [[Franco dictatorship|dictatorship of Francisco Franco]] (1939 |
Since the beginning of the 20th century, "Els Segadors" became one of the most relevant symbols of [[catalanism]] and Catalonia itself, increasing its popularity during the [[Second Spanish Republic]] and the [[Spanish Civil War|Civil War]]. Despite an attempt of the [[Generalitat de Catalunya]] (Catalan autonomous government) in 1931 to replace it with another song, "[[El Cant del Poble]]", "Els Segadors" remained highly popular, treated by Catalan government and population as the national anthem. The [[Franco dictatorship|dictatorship of Francisco Franco]] (1939–1975) banned the public use of Catalan national symbolism, among them "Els Segadors". Tolerated songs, such as the "[[Virolai]]" or "[[La Santa Espina]]", were often played in its place to express Catalan identity. |
||
After decades used de facto, sometimes alongside the "[[Cant de la Senyera]]", the Catalan government officially adopted "Els Segadors" as the national anthem of Catalonia on 25 February 1993, by law of its [[Parliament of Catalonia|parliament]]. The official version was made in 1994. The new [[Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia|Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006]] confirms this decision by its article 8.4.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parlament.cat/document/cataleg/150259.pdf |title=Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, Article 8.1: "The flag, the holiday and the anthem are the national symbols of Catalonia, defined as a nationality by Article 1" |publisher=parlament.cat|access-date=14 September 2019 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
After decades used de facto, sometimes alongside the "[[Cant de la Senyera]]", the Catalan government officially adopted "Els Segadors" as the national anthem of Catalonia on 25 February 1993, by law of its [[Parliament of Catalonia|parliament]]. The official version was made in 1994. The new [[Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia|Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006]] confirms this decision by its article 8.4.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parlament.cat/document/cataleg/150259.pdf |title=Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, Article 8.1: "The flag, the holiday and the anthem are the national symbols of Catalonia, defined as a nationality by Article 1" |publisher=parlament.cat|access-date=14 September 2019 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
||
Line 34: | Line 34: | ||
=== Modern lyrics === |
=== Modern lyrics === |
||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
!Catalan original (official)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elplural.com/autonomias/cataluna/todo-sobre-els-segadors-la-letra-y-su-significado_109855102_amp|title=Todo sobre 'Els Segadors': la letra y su significado|website=El Plural|date=2017-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.gencat.cat/en/actualitat/reportatges/diada-nacional-de-catalunya/himne-nacional-/index.html|title=National anthem|website=Gencat.cat}}</ref> |
![[Catalan language|Catalan]] original (official)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elplural.com/autonomias/cataluna/todo-sobre-els-segadors-la-letra-y-su-significado_109855102_amp|title=Todo sobre 'Els Segadors': la letra y su significado|website=El Plural|date=2017-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.gencat.cat/en/actualitat/reportatges/diada-nacional-de-catalunya/himne-nacional-/index.html|title=National anthem|website=Gencat.cat}}</ref> |
||
!Catalan [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]{{efn|See [[Help:IPA/Catalan]] and [[Catalan phonology]].}} |
![[Central Catalan]] ([[Eastern Catalan|Eastern]]) [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]{{efn|name=IPA|See [[Help:IPA/Catalan]] and [[Catalan phonology]].}} |
||
![[North-Western Catalan]] ([[Western Catalan|Western]]) [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]{{efn|name=IPA}} |
|||
!Poetic English translation |
!Poetic English translation |
||
![[Occitan language|Occitan]] translation |
![[Occitan language|Occitan]] translation |
||
Line 43: | Line 44: | ||
Catalunya triomfant, |
Catalunya triomfant, |
||
tornarà a ser rica i plena. |
tornarà a ser rica i plena. |
||
Endarrere aquesta gent |
|||
tan ufana i tan superba. |
tan ufana i tan superba. |
||
Line 66: | Line 67: | ||
{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Tornada'''}}}}}}</poem> |
{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Tornada'''}}}}}}</poem> |
||
|<poem>{{IPA|'''1''' |
|<poem>{{IPA|wrap=none|'''1''' |
||
[kə.t̪ə.ˈɫu.ɲə tɾi.uɱ.ˈfän] |
[kə.t̪ə.ˈɫu.ɲə tɾi.uɱ.ˈfän] |
||
[ |
[t̪uɾ.nə.ˈrä‿(ə) se ˈri.kə‿i ˈpɫɛ.nə] |
||
[ən̪.də.ˈre.ɾ‿ə.ˈkɛs.t̪ə ˈʒen] |
[ən̪.də.ˈre.ɾ‿ə.ˈkɛs.t̪ə ˈʒen] |
||
[t̪än u.ˈfä.nə‿i t̪an su.ˈpɛɾ. |
[t̪än u.ˈfä.nə‿i t̪an su.ˈpɛɾ.β̞ə] |
||
{{small|'''[ |
{{small|'''[t̪uɾ.ˈna.ð̞ə]'''}} |
||
[bɔŋ kɔp də faɫs] |
[bɔŋ kɔp də faɫs] |
||
[bɔŋ kɔp də faɫs‿ð̞ə.fən.'soz‿ð̞ə ɫə ˈt̪ɛ.rə] |
[bɔŋ kɔp də faɫs‿ð̞ə.fən.'soz‿ð̞ə ɫə ˈt̪ɛ.rə] |
||
Line 79: | Line 80: | ||
'''2''' |
'''2''' |
||
[ˈä.ɾ(ə)‿ez‿ˈɔ.ɾə sə.ɣ̞ə.ˈð̞os] |
[ˈä.ɾ(ə)‿ez‿ˈɔ.ɾə sə.ɣ̞ə.ˈð̞os] |
||
[ˈä.ɾ(ə)‿ez‿ˈɔ.ɾə ð̞əs.ˈt̪ä‿(ə). |
[ˈä.ɾ(ə)‿ez‿ˈɔ.ɾə ð̞əs.ˈt̪ä‿(ə).ˈɫɛɾ.t̪ə] |
||
[pəɾ kwäm‿ˈbiŋ.ɡi‿un ˈäɫ̪.t̪ɾə ʒuɲ] |
[pəɾ kwäm‿ˈbiŋ.ɡi‿un ˈäɫ̪.t̪ɾə ʒuɲ] |
||
[əz.mu.ˈɫɛm‿bem‿be ɫəz‿ˈɛi̯.nəs] |
[əz.mu.ˈɫɛm‿bem‿be ɫəz‿ˈɛi̯.nəs] |
||
{{small|'''[ |
{{small|'''[t̪uɾ.ˈna.ð̞ə]'''}} |
||
'''3''' |
'''3''' |
||
[kə t̪ɾə.ˈmɔ.ɫi ɫə.nə.ˈmik] |
[kə t̪ɾə.ˈmɔ.ɫi ɫə.nə.ˈmik] |
||
[əm‿bə.ˈjen ɫə ˈnɔs. |
[əm‿bə.ˈjen ɫə ˈnɔs.t̪ɾə‿n.ˈsɛ.ɲə] |
||
[ |
[kɔɱ fem ˈkäw.ɾə‿s.ˈpi.ɣ̞əz‿ð̞ɔr] |
||
[kwän kum.ˈbe sə.ˈɣ̞ɛm kə.ˈð̞ɛ.nəs] |
[kwän kum.ˈbe sə.ˈɣ̞ɛm kə.ˈð̞ɛ.nəs] |
||
{{small|'''[ |
{{small|'''[tuɾ.ˈna.ð̞ə]'''}}}}</poem> |
||
|<poem>{{IPA|wrap=none|'''1''' |
|||
[ka.t̪a.ˈɫu.ɲa tɾi.uɱ.ˈfän] |
|||
[t̪oɾ.na.ˈrä‿(a) se ˈri.ka‿i ˈpɫe.na, -ne] |
|||
[an̪.da.ˈre.ɾ‿a.ˈkes.t̪a ˈʒen] |
|||
[t̪än u.ˈfä.na‿i t̪an su.ˈpɛɾ.β̞a] |
|||
{{small|'''[t̪oɾ.ˈna.ð̞a]'''}} |
|||
[bɔŋ kɔp de faɫs] |
|||
[bɔŋ kɔp de faɫs‿ð̞e.fen.'soz‿ð̞e ɫa ˈt̪ε.ra, -rɛ] |
|||
[bɔŋ kɔp de faɫs] |
|||
'''2''' |
|||
[ˈä.ɾ(a)‿ez‿ˈɔ.ɾa se.ɣ̞a.ˈð̞os] |
|||
[ˈä.ɾ(a)‿ez‿ˈɔ.ɾa ð̞es.ˈt̪ä‿(a).ˈɫɛɾ.t̪a, -t̪ɛ] |
|||
[peɾ kwäm‿ˈbiŋ.ɡi‿un ˈäɫ̪.t̪ɾe ʒuɲ] |
|||
[ez.mo.ˈɫem‿bem‿be ɫez‿ˈei̯.nes] |
|||
{{small|'''[t̪oɾ.ˈna.ð̞a]'''}} |
|||
'''3''' |
|||
[ke t̪ɾe.ˈmɔ.ɫi ɫe.ne.ˈmik] |
|||
[em‿be.ˈjen ɫa ˈnɔs.t̪ɾe‿n.ˈse.ɲa, -ɲe] |
|||
[kɔɱ fem ˈkäw.ɾe‿s.ˈpi.ɣ̞ez‿ð̞ɔr] |
|||
[kwän kom.ˈbe se.ˈɣ̞em ka.ˈð̞e.nes] |
|||
{{small|'''[t̪oɾ.ˈna.ð̞a]'''}}}}</poem> |
|||
|<poem>'''I''' |
|<poem>'''I''' |
||
Catalonia triumphant |
Catalonia triumphant |
||
Line 186: | Line 213: | ||
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;" |
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;" |
||
|<poem>{{lang|ca|italic=no|'''I''' |
|<poem>{{lang|ca|italic=no|'''I''' |
||
Ai ditxosa Catalunya{{efn|Sometimes written {{lang|ca|Catalunya, comtat gran}} ({{IPA-ca| |
Ai ditxosa Catalunya{{efn|Sometimes written {{lang|ca|Catalunya, comtat gran}} ({{IPA-ca|kətəˈluɲə kumˈtat ɡɾan|}}; {{lang-en|Catalonia, large county}}; {{lang-es|Cataluña, condado grande}}).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Vergés|first1=Oriol|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxgvAAAAYAAJ|title=La Generalitat en la història de Catalunya|last2=Cruañas|first2=Josep|date=1982|publisher=Departament de Cultura de la Generalitat de Catalunya|isbn=978-84-500-8153-4|language=ca|page=34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Schädel|first=Bernhard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhwrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA80|title=Manual de fonètica catalana|date=1908|publisher=O. Schulze Verlag|language=ca|page=80}}</ref>}} |
||
qui t'ha vista rica i plena! |
qui t'ha vista rica i plena! |
||
Ara el rei nostre senyor |
Ara el rei nostre senyor |
||
Line 467: | Line 494: | ||
== Recordings and variations == |
== Recordings and variations == |
||
An arrangement of "Els Segadors" appears on "Ballad of the Fallen" by Charlie Haden (1983). |
|||
Contemporary Catalan composer [[Jordi Savall]] made a version of the folk song,<ref>{{Cite web|title=CANÇONS DE LA CATALUNYA MIL·LENÀRIA. Planys & Llegendes – Alia Vox|url=https://www.alia-vox.com/en/catalogue/cancons-de-la-catalunya-millenaria-planys-llegendes/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=www.alia-vox.com}}</ref> using the original narrative (which dates back to the 17th century) combined with the modern lyrics and refrain, which were added later. The song has also been recorded and interpreted by major artists, included on albums such as ''[[Traditional Catalan Songs]]'' (Victoria de los Ángeles). |
Contemporary Catalan composer [[Jordi Savall]] made a version of the folk song,<ref>{{Cite web|title=CANÇONS DE LA CATALUNYA MIL·LENÀRIA. Planys & Llegendes – Alia Vox|url=https://www.alia-vox.com/en/catalogue/cancons-de-la-catalunya-millenaria-planys-llegendes/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=www.alia-vox.com}}</ref> using the original narrative (which dates back to the 17th century) combined with the modern lyrics and refrain, which were added later. The song has also been recorded and interpreted by major artists, included on albums such as ''[[Traditional Catalan Songs]]'' (Victoria de los Ángeles). |
||
Line 495: | Line 523: | ||
[[Category:Regional songs]] |
[[Category:Regional songs]] |
||
[[Category:Catalonia]] |
[[Category:Catalonia]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Culture of Catalonia]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Songs in Catalan]] |
||
[[Category:Catalan symbols]] |
[[Category:Catalan symbols]] |
||
[[Category:Reapers' War]] |
[[Category:Reapers' War]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Compositions in A minor]] |
||
[[Category:National anthem compositions in E minor]] |
|||
[[Category:National anthem compositions in G minor]] |
|||
[[Category:Anthems of non-sovereign states]] |
[[Category:Anthems of non-sovereign states]] |
Latest revision as of 13:38, 12 April 2024
English: The Reapers | |
---|---|
National anthem of Catalonia | |
Lyrics | Emili Guanyavents, 1899 |
Music | Francesc Alió, 1892 |
Adopted | 1993 |
Audio sample | |
Official orchestral and choral vocal recording (sung in Standard Central Catalan) |
"Els Segadors" (Eastern Calatan: [əls səɣəˈðos], Western Calatan: [els seɣaˈðos]; "The Reapers") is the official national anthem[1] of Catalonia, nationality[2] and autonomous community of Spain.
History[edit]
The original song dates in the oral tradition to 1640, based on the events of June 1640 known as Corpus de Sang during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) between Spain, England, France and Austria, the event that started the Reapers' War or Guerra dels Segadors, also known as the Catalan Revolt,[3] where Catalans fought against the Count-Duke of Olivares, the chief minister of King Philip IV of Spain. The song describes the event, an uprising of peasants due to the large presence of the Royal army in the Principality of Catalonia, as they were required to lodge and provision the troops, creating a large tension and discomfort and leading to episodes such as religious sacrileges, destruction of personal properties, and rape of women by the soldiers. The second part of the song tells the arrival of the rebel reapers in Barcelona, who kill various guards, the royal officers and the viceroy of Catalonia, Dalmau de Queralt, ending with the exhortation to Catalans to take the arms, as they are at war.
In the 19th century, the text was compiled in the Romancillero Catalán, a book of folk traditions written by Manuel Milà i Fontanals. The music was standardized by Francesc Alió in 1892.[3] Its modern lyrics were written by Emili Guanyavents, who won a competition convened by the political party Unió Catalanista in 1899, simplifying the text to three verses. At the time, the change of lyrics caused some controversy among conservative elements, as Guanyavents, coming from sectors close to anarchism, gave them a revolutionary tone.
Since the beginning of the 20th century, "Els Segadors" became one of the most relevant symbols of catalanism and Catalonia itself, increasing its popularity during the Second Spanish Republic and the Civil War. Despite an attempt of the Generalitat de Catalunya (Catalan autonomous government) in 1931 to replace it with another song, "El Cant del Poble", "Els Segadors" remained highly popular, treated by Catalan government and population as the national anthem. The dictatorship of Francisco Franco (1939–1975) banned the public use of Catalan national symbolism, among them "Els Segadors". Tolerated songs, such as the "Virolai" or "La Santa Espina", were often played in its place to express Catalan identity.
After decades used de facto, sometimes alongside the "Cant de la Senyera", the Catalan government officially adopted "Els Segadors" as the national anthem of Catalonia on 25 February 1993, by law of its parliament. The official version was made in 1994. The new Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006 confirms this decision by its article 8.4.[4]
Lyrics[edit]
Modern lyrics[edit]
Catalan original (official)[5][6] | Central Catalan (Eastern) IPA[a] | North-Western Catalan (Western) IPA[a] | Poetic English translation | Occitan translation | Spanish translation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I |
1 |
1 |
I |
I |
I |
Original lyrics: pre-1899[edit]
Catalan original[7] | English translation | Spanish translation[8] |
---|---|---|
I |
I |
I |
Recordings and variations[edit]
An arrangement of "Els Segadors" appears on "Ballad of the Fallen" by Charlie Haden (1983). Contemporary Catalan composer Jordi Savall made a version of the folk song,[11] using the original narrative (which dates back to the 17th century) combined with the modern lyrics and refrain, which were added later. The song has also been recorded and interpreted by major artists, included on albums such as Traditional Catalan Songs (Victoria de los Ángeles).
In October 2017, in the aftermath of the Catalan independence referendum, the American band A Sound of Thunder released a heavy metal variation of the anthem, using a mix of English and Catalan lyrics.[12]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b See Help:IPA/Catalan and Catalan phonology.
- ^ Sometimes written Catalunya, comtat gran ([kətəˈluɲə kumˈtat ɡɾan]; English: Catalonia, large county; Spanish: Cataluña, condado grande).[9][10]
References[edit]
- ^ "Law 1/1993, 25 February, of the national anthem". dogc.vlex.es. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
- ^ "First article of the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia. 'Catalonia, as a nationality, exercises its self-government constituted as an autonomous community...'". gencat.cat. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
- ^ a b "Generalitat de Catalunya: National symbols". Archived from the original on 2013-10-16.
- ^ "Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, Article 8.1: "The flag, the holiday and the anthem are the national symbols of Catalonia, defined as a nationality by Article 1"" (PDF). parlament.cat. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
- ^ "Todo sobre 'Els Segadors': la letra y su significado". El Plural. 2017-09-20.
- ^ "National anthem". Gencat.cat.
- ^ Muntaner, Josep Massot i; Pueyo, Salvador; Martorell, Oriol (1993). Els segadors: himne nacional de Catalunya (in Catalan). L'Abadia de Montserrat. ISBN 978-84-7826-464-3.
- ^ Oliver y Castañer, Jaime (May 1900). Los Segadors: Estudio histórico-político de literatura popular catalana (in Spanish). La España Moderna. p. 108.
- ^ Vergés, Oriol; Cruañas, Josep (1982). La Generalitat en la història de Catalunya (in Catalan). Departament de Cultura de la Generalitat de Catalunya. p. 34. ISBN 978-84-500-8153-4.
- ^ Schädel, Bernhard (1908). Manual de fonètica catalana (in Catalan). O. Schulze Verlag. p. 80.
- ^ "CANÇONS DE LA CATALUNYA MIL·LENÀRIA. Planys & Llegendes – Alia Vox". www.alia-vox.com. Retrieved 2022-01-09.
- ^ https://www.asoundofthunderband.com/single-post/2017/10/05/Hola-Catalunya [dead link]