A Russian Air Force Sukhoi Su-24 was shot down in 2015

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A Russian Air Force Sukhoi Su-24 was shot down in 2015
Боевые вылеты российской авиации с аэродрома "Хмеймим" для нанесения ударов по объектам объектам терророристам терророривистам терророр (9)

The later shot down Su-24 landing at the Ḫumaymīm base on November 7, 2015
Accident summary
Accident type Launch
place SyriaSyria Syria ( Latakia Governorate )
date November 24, 2015
Fatalities 1
Survivors 1
Aircraft
Aircraft type Sukhoi Su-24
operator Russian Air Force
Mark 83
Departure airport SyriaSyria Latakia Airport
Destination airport SyriaSyria Latakia Airport
crew 2
Lists of aviation accidents

At launch of a Sukhoi Su-24 of the Russian Air Force on November 24, 2015 in the Turkish-Syrian border area on the Syrian province of Latakia which was Su-24 with the tactical number "white 83" of the Russian Air Force by the Turkish Air Force with an air-to-air Missile shot down. According to Turkish information, this and another machine launched by Latakia violated Turkish airspace when attacking targets near the Turkish border and was shot down by a Turkish F-16 after numerous warnings . According to Russian information, the Su-24 was in Syrian airspace and there was no advance warning. The machine crashed on Syrian soil, around four kilometers from the Turkish border.

prehistory

In September 2015, the Russian armed forces relocated, among other things, Sukhoi Su-30 , Su-24 and Su-34 fighter - bombers and Su-25 ground-attack aircraft as well as unmanned reconnaissance drones to Latakia . On September 30, 2015, they intervened on the side of the Syrian government in the Syrian civil war for the first time. On October 3, 2015, a Russian fighter aircraft accidentally entered Turkish airspace. The Turkish government protested against this airspace violation; the Russian Defense Ministry apologized for the "several seconds" violation of the airspace and blamed unfavorable weather conditions. According to the Turkish Foreign Ministry, Russian planes are said to have approached the Turkish border thirteen times between October 3 and 10, 2015. On October 16, the Turkish side shot down a Russian-type drone. The next day, Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu threatened to destroy any aircraft that were supposed to violate Turkish airspace.

On November 20, 2015, Turkey called in the Russian ambassador, Andrei Karlov , because, according to Turkish statements, the Russian air strikes in the Bayirbucak region were directed against Turkmen settlements northeast of the port city of Latakia, where civilians were not hit by terrorists. The Turkish Foreign Ministry demanded an "immediate stop of the operation" and otherwise threatened "serious consequences".

procedure

Schematic representation of the event in the Turkish and Russian versions shortly after the shooting. The Turkish side spoke of two aircraft that had violated Turkish airspace.
First Russian representation of the flight paths (information from the Russian Ministry of Defense)
Second, different Russian representation of the flight paths (information from the Russian Ministry of Defense)

The machine was launched on the Russian base in Latakia and was shot down after it had allegedly crossed Turkish airspace together with another machine. The USA confirmed the Turkish information, while Russia claimed that Turkish airspace had not been violated. According to Russian information, the rocket was a Sidewinder AIM-9X , other sources spoke of an AIM-120 AMRAAM . Both crew members, pilot Oleg Peschkow and weapons system officer Konstantin Murahtin, catapulted themselves out of the hit aircraft. While they were parachuting, Peshkov was shot at and killed by local fighters with handguns. The shelling violated Article 42 of the First Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions . A unit of the Syrian Turkmen Brigade , which is part of an alliance of “moderate rebels”, assumed responsibility for killing the pilot. Rebels published a video showing the two Russian pilots hanging from parachutes after the plane crashed and being shot at by fighters on the ground. But there were also voices to be heard on the video asking not to shoot the men. The Turkmen vice-commander, Alparslan Çelik, is a Turk from Keban , the eastern Turkish province of Elazığ, and a member of the Gray Wolves . In 2014, several Turkish newspapers reported that Çelik had traveled to Iraq and joined Turkmen in the fight against IS.

According to the American aircraft expert Pierre Sprey, the downing of the plane was an ambush.

A rescue operation with Mi-8 helicopters that was started immediately after the shooting was also shot at, with another Russian soldier being killed. One of the helicopters was destroyed by the rebels with an American TOW guided missile . They published a video of the attack on an Internet platform.

The injured weapons system officer of the jet was rescued by the Syrian army and was taken to the Russian base in Hmeimim . He rejected information from Ankara that the Turkish military had warned the Russian fighter jet several times. He said, “There have been no pre-warnings, either by radio or visually. There was no contact at all ”. The Turkish missile hit the aircraft “completely unexpectedly” at the rear: “We didn't even see it and therefore did not initiate an evasive maneuver.” The F-16 was faster than a bomber and could have positioned itself visibly for an advance warning.

According to Russian specialists, the Su-24M radio needs an additional module to receive the frequencies of the international emergency and call channel . The lack of such a module could explain why the Russian occupation did not hear any warnings.

Effects

Repatriation of the pilot to Russia
Certificate of Appointment to the Hero of the Russian Federation (posthumous)
Shoigu hands over the flight recorder to Putin

The Syrian government accused Turkey of violating its sovereignty because of the shooting down of a friendly Russian plane that was returning from a mission against the terrorist militia Islamic State (IS) over Syrian soil . Turkish President Erdoğan emphasized his country's right to defend national security and that of "our brothers". This refers to the Turkmen, Turkish-speaking minority in Syria, and Erdoğan sees himself as their patron.

Turkey initiated a special NATO meeting on November 24, 2015, the ambassadors of the 28 NATO countries held a meeting in Brussels at the request of Turkey , and Article 4 of the defense alliance was not included.

President Vladimir Putin accused Turkey of complicity with the IS terrorist militia and announced the relocation of the S-400 anti-aircraft missile system to Ḫumaymīm to protect the Russian base .

The former Vice Chief of Staff of the US Air Force, Lieutenant General Tom McInerney, said on November 24, 2015 that Turkey had made a "very serious mistake" by shooting down the Russian Su-24. The radar data indicated that the aircraft had flown over the most remote point on Turkish territory and was only 20 to 40 seconds in Turkish airspace. He stressed that this aircraft did not make any attack maneuvers on the territory. During a press conference with French President François Hollande on November 26, 2015, President Putin confirmed this statement: “We always informed our American partners in advance where, when and at what heights our pilots will be operating. The US-led coalition , which also includes Turkey, knew where our planes were at all times. And that is the exact place and time of the attack on us. "

The Turkish government tried to limit the damage: Erdoğan said in a televised address on November 25, 2015: “We have no intention of escalating this incident. We are only defending our security and the rights of our brothers. ”Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu assured that Russia is a“ friend and partner ”of Turkey and Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu phoned his Russian counterpart to express his condolences.

Five days after the shooting down, on the night of November 29, Turkey received the body of the pilot, Lieutenant Colonel Oleg Peschkow, at the Syrian border. The Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu announced that the dead person had been brought from Syria to the Hatay province on the border, and the Russian embassy in Ankara confirmed that the body of Peshkov had been brought from Hatay to Ankara. The transport arrived on November 30, 2015 at the Chkalovsky military airfield near Moscow.

Alparslan Çelik was sentenced to five years imprisonment in Turkey for illicit gun possession in 2017.

examination

The flight recorder of the Su-24 was seized by Syrian special forces at the crash site and brought to Moscow on December 8, 2015. President Putin ordered that it could only be opened in the presence of international experts.

After it was initially reported on December 9, 2015 that Putin had asked Cameron during a telephone conversation to send British specialists to investigate the flight recorder and that Great Britain would consider the request, Russia invited international experts from 14 countries to take part in the investigation. Of these 14 countries, China sent an expert to Moscow.

The opening of the flight recorder housing in the presence of a Chinese expert and an unofficial air safety expert with British citizenship was broadcast live during a briefing by the Russian Ministry of Defense. In addition to journalists, the military attachés of China, India and Great Britain also watched the live broadcast of the procedure in a press room. The examination itself is carried out by specialists from the manufacturing companies Ismeritel and Topas.

However, the investigation of the data was delayed due to the memory corruption.

Reactions

Political reactions

Russia

Russian President Vladimir Putin called the shooting down a crime and threatened Turkey with consequences.

On the political side, Russia reacted by reintroducing the visa requirement for Turkish citizens, tightening controls on Turkish food imports into the Russian Federation and stopping the Turkish Stream pipeline project . A meeting with Vladimir Putin requested by President Erdoğan was canceled by him. The Russian Foreign Ministry issued a travel warning for Turkey. The Russian state tourism agency Rostourismus then banned Russian travel agencies from selling trips to Turkey. Up to now around 4.4 million Russians had visited Turkey every year; the financial volume of these trips is estimated at around 10 billion US dollars. A visit to Turkey by Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov , planned for November 25, 2015 , has been canceled. The Turkish Akkuyu nuclear power plant , which is currently to be built by Rosatom and will later also be operated, is not affected for the time being.

On December 2, 2015, Russian Deputy Defense Minister Anatoly Antonov told foreign journalists in Moscow that Turkey was the main buyer of the oil stolen by IS in Syria and Iraq and accused the Turkish head of state Erdoğan and his family of engaging in oil deals with the terrorist militia Islamic State ( IS) to be involved. The fact that Turkey is at least involved in the alleged oil trade is also undisputed in the West.

On December 30, 2015, the Russian Foreign Ministry asked the Turkish government to take immediate action to apprehend the alleged killer of Pilot Peshkov, in response to an interview with Çelik that the Istanbul newspaper Hürriyet had printed three days earlier. Alparslan Çelik was arrested in Izmir on March 30, 2016.

Turkey

Prime Minister Davutoğlu defended the shooting down and warned Russia of further border violations. As a result of the downing of the Su-24, the Turkish Air Force suspended all flights in Syrian airspace for an indefinite period.

On June 27, 2016, the Russian Presidential Office announced that Turkish President Erdoğan wrote a letter to Russian President Vladimir Putin to apologize and to express his condolences to the relatives of the killed pilot Peshkov.

Other states

In addition to Russia and Turkey, several parties involved in the Syria conflict published statements about the shooting:

  • SyriaSyria Syria : also condemned the shooting as a crime, specifically accusing Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar of supporting Syria's opponents. Syria also accused Turkey of violating Syrian sovereignty by shooting down a "friendly Russian plane" over Syrian territory.
  • United StatesUnited States United States : President Barack Obama reiterated that Turkey had the right to defend its territory and at the same time warned of an escalation. The United States' armed forces say they were not involved in shooting down the Russian machine.
  • NATO NATO : NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg urged both sides to exercise restraint. At the urging of Turkey, representatives of the member states had already met for the first consultations on the evening of November 24, 2015, but without having requested this meeting in accordance with Article 4 of the North Atlantic Treaty - an escalation stage before the alliance case was declared.
  • GermanyGermany Germany : Chancellor Angela Merkel urged both sides to de-escalate. Turkey has the right to defend its airspace. On the other hand, the tense situation in the region, which was exacerbated by the incident, always had to be taken into account. That is why she spoke on the phone with the Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu on the day of the event.
  • Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic : Miloš Zeman , President of the Czech Republic said: Turkey made a mistake by shooting down the Russian fighter plane.
  • IraqIraq Iraq : Vice Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki accused President Erdoğan of bringing the world to the brink of world war and accused Turkey of violating Syrian and Iraqi airspace on a daily basis.
  • IranIran Iran : Iranian President Hassan Rouhani called on Russia and Turkey for moderation. He called actions like the current shooting down "extremely dangerous" and "provocative".
  • IsraelIsrael Israel : An Israeli Air Force spokesman said Israel would not shoot down a Russian fighter plane that accidentally entered its airspace. Russia is "not an enemy". A Russian plane over the Golan Heights reacted immediately to the request to turn off.

Military reactions

Russia

  • For the self-protection of the Russian troops, a mobile, all-weather, long-range surface-to-air missile system for combating combat aircraft and cruise missiles at all altitudes - S-400 Triumf - was stationed in the Latakia region.
  • Fighter -bombers like the downed Sukhoi Su-24 are also accompanied by fighter planes on their missions .
  • Su-34 fighter-bombers carried additional armament in the form of air-to-air missiles on their missions.
  • The guided missile cruiser Moskva was relocated off the Syrian Mediterranean coast to defend the Russian Air Force.
  • All military contacts with Turkey were broken off.
  • Rebels in the Syrian Turkmen region said Russian fighter planes had stepped up their attacks on them since the incident.
  • Russia moves Mil Mi-8 and Mil Mi-24 to Armenia . Russia has two bases in Turkey's northern neighbor and has had Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29 stationed there since 1998 .

Turkey

Turkey said it was moving more combat aircraft to the border region and was stationing tanks there.

NATO

On December 1, 2015, NATO announced that it would strengthen Turkey's air defense system in light of the increasing Russian military presence in the region. NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg stressed that strengthening Turkish air defense had nothing to do with the shooting down of the Russian jet. The plans are older. Obama did not expect Putin to change course in the Syria conflict, but in the longer term Russia may fight with the US-led anti-IS alliance .

consequences

  • Hundreds of trucks with fruit, vegetables and other goods from Turkey were jammed at the Georgian- Russian border because Russia was delaying their handling because of alleged terrorism suspicions. In May 2018, Russia eased the final import restrictions on tomatoes from Turkey.
  • The visa freedom for Turkish citizens has been abolished by Russia.
  • Russian authorities arrested 39 Turkish businessmen who had entered a business fair as tourists and not on business visas and initiated their deportation.
  • In the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea took place in the following weeks to several incidents between Turkish and Russian ships.
  • A cultural exchange with Turkey planned for 2016 was canceled by the Russian side.
  • The Russian government issued a flight ban on Russian package tours and charter flights to Turkey, which was lifted in July 2016.

See also

Web links

Commons : Su-24M "white 83"  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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