Alexander Wassiljewitsch Kriwoschein

Alexander Wassiljewitsch Kriwoschein (1907)

Alexander Vasilyevich Krivoshein ( Russian Александр Васильевич Кривошеин * July 19 ^{. Jul} / 31 July  1857 ^greg. In Warsaw ; † 28. October 1921 in Berlin ) was a Polish - Russian lawyer and politician .

Life

Kriwoschein's father Wassili Fjodorowitsch Kriwoschein (1829-1894) came from a serf peasant family, became a soldier and rose to Podpolkownik . Krivoschein's mother, Julija Fyodorovna, born Jaschinskaja, came from an impoverished Polish Szlachta family . Krivoschein attended high school in Warsaw and then studied at the University of St. Petersburg, first at the physics - mathematics faculty and then at the law faculty, graduating as a candidate for law .

Krivoschein began his career as a legal advisor to the North Donetsk Railway Company Savva Ivanovich Mamontov . In 1884 he entered the service of the Ministry of Justice and was sent to the Moscow Archives . In 1885 he left the service for personal reasons. In 1887 he entered the service of the Ministry of the Interior, which sent him to the Far East in 1888 to examine the needs of the farmers settled in the South Ussur region and to accompany the son Gleb Tolstoy of the Interior Minister Dmitri Andreevich Tolstoy . The Minister of the Interior then appointed him commissioner for peasant affairs at Ujesd Lentschitza in the Kalisch Governorate in Congress Poland at the end of 1888 . In 1891 Kriwoschein came to the Agriculture Department of the Ministry of the Interior. From 1894 to 1895 he examined the legal behavior of agricultural managers in various governorates and familiarized himself with the work of the Ujesd assemblies. In 1896 he became assistant to the head of the settlement administration at the Ministry of the Interior. In 1902 he became acting head of this administration and head only in 1904, when he received the required rank of Real Councilor (4th class ).

In June 1905 Kriwoschein became deputy head of the main administration for regional planning and agriculture. He proposed a Council of Ministers in order to come to a uniform approach. This was followed by the appointment as Hofmeister (3rd class). In May 1906 he became a member of the State Council and in October 1906 Vice Minister of Finance and Managing Director of the State Adelsland Bank and the State Farmers Land Bank. In May 1908 he became head of the Central Administration for Regional Planning and Agriculture, succeeding Prince Boris Alexandrovich Vasilchikov . He was one of the leading persons in the implementation of the Stolypin agricultural reform, which aimed at the dissolution of the village community with the formation of a layer of wealthy landowners and a stronger resettlement policy. Krivoschein enjoyed the trust of Stolypin and Nicholas II. In 1910 he was appointed State Secretary. With Stolypin he toured Siberia to inspect the resettlement process. He strongly supported economic growth in Siberia and was named Minister for Asiatic Russia. He was a member of the right-wing Russkoje Sobranije (Russian Assembly).

In January 1914 Krivoschein ensured the removal of Vladimir Nikolayevich Kokovtsov as chairman of the Council of Ministers. He contradicted the takeover of the government by Nicholas II and proposed next to himself Ivan Logginowitsch Goremykin , who then became Prime Minister. Krivoschein led the government's economic policy and initiated the new course with the stimulation of economic growth in industry through the construction of railways and the construction of power stations on the Volkhov and Dnepr, among others, and agriculture through land reclamation. As a result of the beginning of the First World War , the new course was not implemented.

During the war, Krivoschein led the group of liberal ministers who sought the support of the liberal public for their progressive policies. Krivoschein succeeded in the summer of 1915 in the dismissal of the conservative ministers Vladimir Alexandrovich Sukhomlinov , Ivan Grigoryevich Schtscheglowitow , Nikolai Alexejewitsch Maklakow and Vladimir Karlowitsch Sabler and the appointment of ministers acceptable for the Duma opposition . With the majority of government members, Krivoschein rejected the dismissal of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich as commander in chief. This led to a conflict with Goremykin, who denied the ministers the right to criticize the emperor's decisions. As a result, Kriwoschein lost his offices and his rank in October 1915, but retained his state council member salary. His successor was Alexander Nikolayevich Naumov .

Kriwoschein became chief representative of the Russian Red Cross Society . In 1917 he joined the main committee of the All-Russian Union of Landowners. He was one of the directors of the manufacturing company Sawwa Morosow , Sohn & Co in Moscow .

After the October Revolution , Kriwoschein headed the Right Center in spring 1918 , where German-friendly conservative politicians came together. He led the support campaign for the imperial family and raised 250,000 rubles in the Moscow entrepreneurship . He escaped arrest and fled to Kiev , where he organized with others the council of the National Association , of which he became vice-chairman and in 1919 chairman. In the Russian Civil War he was from December 1919 to February 1920 head of the government's supply department under Commander-in-Chief Anton Ivanovich Denikin . He then traveled to Constantinople and finally to France , where he was offered the chairmanship of one of the Russian banks there.

In April 1920, Krivoschein accepted Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel's offer to become his closest collaborator in the Crimea . In May 1920 Krivoschein became vice-chairman of the South Russian government formed in the Crimea with Mikhail Vladimirovich Bernatski as finance minister and in June became chairman of the government as successor to Viktor Nikolayevich Pepelyayev . In addition, he was assistant to Commander-in-Chief Wrangel. He carried out the agrarian reform with the division of the peasant land in the area controlled by Wrangel. However, the situation of the White Movement was hopeless. He provided ammunition supplies from France and contributed to the de facto recognition of the Wrangel government by France.

With the evacuation of the Wrangel Army from the Crimea, Krivoschein came to England on the cruiser Kentawr . He then lived in Paris and finally in Berlin . He was buried in the Russian cemetery in Berlin-Tegel .

Krivoschein was married to Jelena Gennadijewna nee Karpowa (1870-1942), daughter of the historian Gennady Fyodorowitsch Karpow and granddaughter of the entrepreneur Timofei Savvich Morozov , and had five sons. Wassili (1893–1920) studied philosophy , became an officer in World War I, fought in the white volunteer army in the Russian Civil War and died of typhus . Oleg (1894–1920?) Studied mathematics , became an officer, fought in the volunteer army and then went missing. Igor (1893–1987) was also an officer and member of the volunteer army and then lived as an engineer in France . During the Second World War he joined the Resistance , was arrested, was sent to Buchenwald concentration camp , campaigned for a return to the USSR after the war , was extradited there in 1947, was in Soviet prisons and camps from 1949 to 1954 and returned to France in 1974 back. Vsevolod (1900–1985) fought in the army of Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel and became a monk and archbishop of the Brussels and Belgian Russian Orthodox Churches . Kirill (1904–1977) was a political scientist in France, was a soldier in the French army in World War II, after being a member of the Resistance and took French citizenship.

Krivoschein's sister Olga Wassiljewna (1866–1953) married Sergei Timofejewitsch Morosow while emigrating .

Honors

• Order of Saint Stanislaus III. Class (1889), Class II (1891), Class I (1906)
• Russian Order of Saint Anne I Class (1908)
• Order of Saint Vladimir II Class (1912)
• Imperial-Royal Order of the White Eagle (1913)
• Alexander Nevsky Order (1915)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} ВОРОНОВ И.И., ПАНТЕЛЕЕВ В.И .: АЛЕКСАНДР ВАСИЛЬЕВИЧ КРИВОШЕИН: ЖИЗНЬ И ГОСУДАТЕСТЕОНАЯ ЯЕНОНОТОНОНА . In: СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ И ГУМАНИТАРНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ КРАСНОЯРСКОГО ГАУ . No. 4 , 2016, p. 220–238 ( elibrary.ru [accessed December 17, 2016]).
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Кирилл Александров: «Никакого идеализма. Но упрямая любовь к родине ... »(комментарий в свете веры) (accessed December 17, 2018).
3. ↑ Кирилл Александров: Русский патриот, гражданин и государственный деятель Александр (Retrieved December 17–19 , 2018.
4. ↑ Русская история в портрете: Кривошеин Александр Васильевич (accessed December 17, 2018).
5. ↑ Krivošein, Aleksandr V .: Overview of the work of the main administration for land facilities and agriculture 1909-1913 . Gustav Kiepenheuer Verlag Weimar , 1916.
6. ↑ Krivošein, Aleksandr V .: Memorandum of the head of the Central Administration for Land Facilities and Agriculture about his trip to Transcaucasia in 1913 . R. Eisenschmidt, Berlin 1913.
7. ↑ Последнее правительство Белой России - Петр Врангель и Александр Кривошеин (accessed December 17, 2018).