Dmitri Andreevich Tolstoy

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Dmitri Andreevich Tolstoy ( Iwan Kramskoi , 1884)

Count Dmitry Andreyevich Tolstoy ( Russian Дмитрий Андреевич Толстой ; born March 1, jul. / 13. March  1823 greg. In Moscow , † April 25 jul. / 7. May  1889 greg. In St. Petersburg ) was a Russian historian and statesman .

Life

Tolstoy came from an impoverished branch of the Tolstoy family on the Volga . His father was the staff captain Count Andrei Stepanowitsch Tolstoy (1793-1830). His mother Praskowja Dmitrijewna nee Pawlowa († 1849) married Vasily Jakowlewitsch Wenkstern after the early death of her husband. Dmitri Tolstoy graduated from Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum in 1842 .

In 1848 Tolstoy entered the Department of Spiritual Affairs of Foreign Religions of the Ministry of the Interior as a chamberlain (5th class ) in St. Petersburg and compiled a history of foreign religions. For the history of financial institutions in Russia , he received the Demidov Prize in 1847 .

In 1853 Tolstoy became director of the Chancellery of the Navy Ministry and was involved in the economic planning of the Navy Ministry and in the new rules of procedure for the Navy Office. Tolstoy, on the urgent advice of his uncle Dmitri Nikolayevich Tolstoy , renounced the intended marriage of the beautiful but wealthy Marija Jasykowa, who later married the diplomat D. O. Schepping . Instead, Tolstoy married the wealthy Sofja Dmitrijewna Bibikowa (1827-1907), daughter of the Interior Minister Dmitri Bibikow , in 1853 , who then completely subordinated herself to her husband and in 1873 received the small cross of the Order of St. Catherine . In 1856 Tolstoy became Real Councilor of State (4th class) and in 1860 Hofmeister (3rd class). In 1861 he administered the Department of Popular Education. Then he became a senator .

Sofja Dmitrijewna Tolstaja (1858)

In 1865 Tolstoy became chief procuror of the Holy Synod (according to AP Akhmotov ) and in 1866 minister of education (according to AW Golovin ). He held both offices until 1880 when he became a member of the State Council . Tolstoy now fundamentally reformed the educational system. During this time the St. Petersburg Historical - Philological Institute (1867), the University of Warsaw , the Agricultural Institute in Nowa Alexandria (1869), the Moscow Higher Courses for Women of Professor Guerrier (1872), the Russian Philological Seminar in Leipzig for teachers were established of ancient languages ​​(1875) and Tomsk University (1878). The Nischyn Legal Lyceum was converted into a Historical-Philological Institute and the Yaroslavl Lyceum into a Legal Lyceum. In 1871, secondary education was reformed with the strengthening of mathematics lessons and Latin and Greek lessons according to AA Kornilov's suggestion , to which MN Katkow also contributed. Only the high school qualification allowed to attend university. One of the reform goals was the development of independent thinking for students to protect against radical views. In 1872 an ordinance for municipal schools was issued and in 1874 an ordinance for school principals, for whose control school inspectors were hired as early as 1869. At the same time, the spiritual educational institutions were reformed (1867–1869). In 1872 he became Real Privy Councilor (2nd class). His successor as Minister of Education was AA Saburov , while KP Pobedonoszew succeeded him as chief procuror.

In addition, Tolstoy continued to pursue his historical studies. His work Le Catholicisme romain en Russie appeared in two volumes in St. Petersburg in 1863 and 1864 and was included in the Index Librorum Prohibitorum in 1866 by the Roman Curia like a work of heresy as opus praedamnatum . His essays on the history of education in Russia have appeared in the Ministry of Education magazine and in Russki Archiw . On his initiative, the materials on the history of the Imperial Academy of Sciences were published.

After the assassination attempt on Alexander II and the accession of Alexander III. Tolstoy became Minister of the Interior (after NP Ignatjew ) and head of the gendarmerie in 1882 and remained so until his death. He now became a leader of political reaction and an advocate of a strong state. The nobility was strengthened, the life of the peasants was regulated, and local self-government was restricted, as was freedom of the press by the provisional rules of 1882. Tolstoy's successor was IN Durnowo .

In 1882 Tolstoy became President of the Imperial Academy of Sciences after Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke , of which he had been an honorary member since 1866. His successor was Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinowitsch . Tolstoy was an honorary member of the Tsarevich Museum , the St. Petersburg Mineralogical Society and the Moscow Technical University as well as an honorary citizen of Cherepovets .

Tolstoy's daughter Sofja (1854-1917) married the St. Petersburg governor Count Sergei Toll from the Baltic German Toll family , who became known as a benefactor and author of a book on Freemasonry . Tolstoy's son Gleb (1862-1904) became a civil servant in Ryazan Governorate . Tolstoy had two older siblings, brother Vsevolod (1824-1843) and sister Jelisaveta (1825-1867), who married the governor of Samara N. A. Zamyatnin (1824-1868) for the second time . Tolstoy's cousin was the grandfather of the writer Alexei Tolstoy .

Tolstoy was buried in the Makowo family estate in Ryazan Governorate.

Honors

Web links

Commons : Dmitri Andreevich Tolstoy  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Толстой (граф Дмитрий Андреевич) . In: Brockhaus-Efron . tape 33 , 1901, pp. 447 .
  2. ↑ Article Tolstoy Dmitri Andrejewitsch in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)http: //vorlage_gse.test/1%3D037448~2a%3DTolstoi%20Dmitri%20Andrejewitsch~2b%3DTolstoi%20Dmitri%20Andrejewitsch
  3. ↑ Tolstoy DA: История финансовых учреждений России со времени основания государства до конансыны императыр II . St. Petersburg 1848.
  4. ↑ Sinel: The Classroom and Chancellery: State Educational Reform in Russia under Count Dmitry Tolstoy . Cambridge, MA 1973.
  5. ↑ DA Tolstoy: The academic high school and the academic university in the XVIII. Century . Biblio-Verlag, Osnabrück 1970.
  6. ↑ Любжин А. И .: Очерки истории российского образования в императорскую эпоху . Изд-во Московского культурологического лицея, Moscow 2000.
  7. ↑ Tolstoï, Dimitri Andréïévich. In: Jesús Martínez de Bujanda , Marcella Richter: Index des livres interdits: Index librorum prohibitorum 1600–1966. Médiaspaul, Montréal 2002, ISBN 2-89420-522-8 , p. 884 (French, digitized ).
  8. ↑ К 120-летию утверждения "Временных правил о печати" (accessed October 20, 2017).
personal data
SURNAME Tolstoy, Dmitri Andreevich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Толстой, Дмитрий Андреевич (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian historian and statesman
DATE OF BIRTH March 13, 1823
PLACE OF BIRTH Moscow
DATE OF DEATH May 7, 1889
Place of death St. Petersburg