Pyramid dogwort

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Pyramid dogwort
Pyramidal dogwort (Anacamptis pyramidalis)

Pyramidal dogwort ( Anacamptis pyramidalis )

Systematics
Family : Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily : Orchidoideae
Tribe : Orchideae
Sub tribus : Orchidinae
Genre : Dogwort ( Anacamptis )
Type : Pyramid dogwort
Scientific name
Anacamptis pyramidalis
(L.) Rich.

The pyramid Hundswurz ( Anacamptis pyramidalis ), also Pyramidal , Spitzorchis , comb-leaved or pyramid-leaved , belongs to the genus of anacamptis ( Anacamptis ) in the family of orchids (Orchidaceae).

In order to draw attention to the special need for protection of this species, the pyramidal dogwort was selected by the local orchids working group as the orchid of the year 1990 .

description

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Habit and leaves

The pyramid dogwort is a deciduous, perennial , herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 20 to 40 centimeters. This geophyte forms two subterranean, elongated ovoid tubers as a perennial organ. A rosette of leaves develops from the daughter tuber in autumn.

inflorescence
Anacamptis pyramidalis var. Alba
Spain - Mallorca
Anacamptis pyramidalis in Spain

Inflorescence and flowers

The flowering period extends from May to July. The dense and florid inflorescence becomes longer as it fades. The density decreases slightly from top to bottom. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. The bracts are bright red to dark purple-red. The strong purple color in particular can hardly be reproduced photographically.

The capsule fruit is erect and sessile.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 36.

ecology

Day and nocturnal butterflies can be used as pollinators. According to Darwin (1862), a pollinator first wraps the saddle-shaped adhesive disc around the trunk and then the pollinator stalks lower by 90 degrees. Only then do they have the right position to meet the two opposite parts of the stigma when visiting another flower. Since no nectar is produced in the spur, there is a nectar deception bloom.

The above-average fruit set and the different positions of the capsule fruits on the stem confirm the allogamy.

Occurrence

This lime-loving plant species prefers dry to freshly changing grasslands and light forests.

The pyramidal dogwort is a light plant, a heat pointer, dry pointer as well as base and lime pointer with oceanic distribution. She is an association characteristic species subozeanischer half- dry grassland (Mesobromion) and often occurs in Mesobrometum, rare sanguinei in dry societies Molinion or Geranion.

The pyramid dogwort thrives best on well- humus- rich, lime-rich, loose and therefore often stony loam soil , but it also grows on loose loess .

In Central Europe, it inhabits areas with a warm climate, dry grassland , light shrubbery, but also moist litter meadows. It is absent in the lowlands west of the Elbe; east of it it occurs only sporadically in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . It rarely rises in the mountains to an altitude of 1500 meters. According to Baumann and Künkele, their height limits in Germany are 110–870 meters, France 0–1900 meters, Switzerland 270–1900 meters, Liechtenstein 430–1360 meters, Austria 300–1300 meters, Italy 5–1560 meters, Slovenia 20–1490 meters and in the Amanus Mountains at 2350 meters above sea level. Overall, the species is very rare in Central Europe, but it occurs occasionally at its locations in smaller, but rich in individuals, albeit in loose populations.

Systematics

There are the following varieties:

  • Anacamptis pyramidalis var. Dunensis Londo, Kreutz & Slings : The subspecies first described in 2016 occurs in the Netherlands and northwestern France. It used to be found in Belgium too.
  • Anacamptis pyramidalis var. Pyramidalis : It occurs from Europe and the Mediterranean area to northern Iran.
  • Anacamptis pyramidalis var. Sanguinea (Druce) Kreutz : It has a round inflorescence and is smaller. It occurs in Ireland in Counties Galway and Kerry .
  • Anacamptis pyramidalis var. Tanayensis Chenevard : It is dark and small-flowered. It occurs in Switzerland in the cantons of Valais and Friborg .
  • Anacamptis pyramidalis var. Urvilleana (Sommier & Caruana) Kreutz : This variety, sometimes referred to as its own species Anacamptis urvilleana Sommier & Caruana , is endemic in Malta , where it occurs frequently on garigues and maquis . The plant blooms at the beginning of spring. It is smaller than the nominate form, the flowers are light pink to whitish.

Surname

The botanical genus name Anacamptis is made up of the Greek word ανακάμτειν anakamptein = to bend (because of the bent lateral leaves of the perigone or because of the bent anthers ). The specific epithet pyramidalis means pyramidal, pyramidal.
As a result of a revision of orchid species according to genetic characteristics by Bateman in 1997, the monotypical species Anacamptis pyramidalis became a genus with several species. To differentiate the German generic name "Hundswurzen", this species is named with the literal translation of the specific epithet after the name Pyramiden-Hundswurz , which is common in German-speaking countries .

literature

  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe , Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag, 2nd revised edition 1994, 2000, volume 5, ISBN 3 440-08048-X

proof

  1. ↑ a b c d e Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape 8 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclasses Commelinidae part 2, Arecidae, Liliidae part 2): Juncaceae to Orchidaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1998, ISBN 3-8001-3359-8 .
  2. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , p. 285.
  3. ↑ a b Heinz Ellenberg : Vegetation of Central Europe with the Alps in an ecological, dynamic and historical perspective (=  UTB for science. Large series . Volume  8104 ). 5th, heavily changed and improved edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8252-8104-3 .
  4. ↑ Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele : Orchidaceae . In: Oskar Sebald u. a .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. 1st edition Volume 8, page 504. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998. ISBN 3-8001-3359-8
  5. ↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Anacamptis pyramidalis. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 4, 2018.
  6. ↑ Hans Christian Weber, Bernd Kendzior: Flora of the Maltese Islands - A Weber 2006 Guide. Margraf, Weikersheim 2006, ISBN 3-8236-1478-9 , p. 34.

Web links

Commons : Pyramiden-Hundswurz ( Anacamptis pyramidalis )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files