Anaerobic threshold

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The anaerobic threshold (ANS), also known as the aerobic-anaerobic threshold or lactate threshold , is a term from sport physiology and describes the highest possible intensity of exercise that an athlete can just about maintain a state of equilibrium between formation and degradation (the further oxidative metabolism ) of lactate can be provided, i.e. when the maximum lactate steady state (MLSS) is reached. The anaerobic threshold is primarily determined by performance diagnostics and used in training control when it comes to deriving the training areas and other aspects of training control. Training with an intensity just below this limit is said to have a high effect on the development of endurance performance .

Lactate performance curve of a treadmill ergometer test with an individual anaerobic threshold

history

Bicycle ergometry to study gas metabolism around 1900 in the USA
Sports medical examination at the Institute for Performance Medicine in Berlin in 1950

As early as 1808, Jöns Jakob Berzelius discovered the production of lactate in muscles . About a century later, the biochemistry of energy metabolism and muscle contraction was studied in detail by a large number of scientists , which led to a deeper understanding of lactic acid (which is dissociated as lactate and hydronium ion under physiological conditions ) during exercise. At this time, the now refuted assumption arose that lactate is a metabolic end product of glycolysis and is related to insufficient oxygen supply in the muscles ( anaerobia ). Today, however, it is assumed that lactic acid fermentation and thus lactate production is a process that depends on energy expenditure and not on the availability of oxygen. So even when you are at rest, there is a certain anaerobic energy supply.

In the first half of the 20th century, the working group around Archibald Vivian Hill developed the concept of maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) and used it to determine anaerobic endurance capacity. Thus, for the first time, the performance status of athletes could be checked and compared on a physiological basis and largely independent of the type of sport. Over time, criticism of the VO 2 max concept arose , as this requires full workload , which depends heavily on the individual motivation of the athlete. For example, it is difficult to determine the performance differences between test subjects at the same performance level using only the VO 2 max. Another problem is the high physical strain z. B. in sick patients.

In order to be able to test endurance without maximum stress, further methods were developed from the 1960s onwards. Hollmann's working group established a point of optimal ventilatory efficiency , which corresponds to the first increase in the ventilatory oxygen equivalent and the arterial blood lactate concentration in a step test . A few years later, Wasserman and McIllroy referred to this point in a plot of ventilation and oxygen uptake as the anaerobic threshold (LT An ) (in German the term " aerobic threshold " is sometimes used synonymously). At that time, the determination of the blood lactate concentration was still associated with some difficulties, so that spirometry was often used to determine LT An .

In the 1960s, the lactate concentration in capillary blood could be measured for the first time using an enzyme method. This led to an increasing use of the blood lactate concentration (bLa) to determine endurance capacity and workload. In the years that followed, numerous lactate threshold concepts were developed and a large number of studies on these thresholds were published. The large number of different threshold concepts, which often only provided reliable values ​​in a certain area of ​​application, led to some misinterpretations and confusion.

definition

Metabolic processes and lactate concentration

According to one definition, a characteristic of reaching the anaerobic threshold is the fact that the steady state, i.e. the steady state between lactate formation and further oxidative metabolism, can no longer be maintained and slight subsequent increases in performance lead to an accumulation of lactate concentration in the working cell , in the blood , in the surrounding muscle cells and in the interstitium . In performance tests, the lactate concentration in the peripheral blood - ideally from capillary earlobe blood - is determined. The earlobe blood has the advantage that it most closely reproduces the mixed venous lactate concentration from the arterial outflow tract without any further muscular blood flow.

The anaerobic threshold is closely related to the respiratory compensation point (RCP) and the pH value curve.

It should be noted that large amounts of lactate are formed well before the threshold is reached. An understanding that, at a certain point, lactate formation only begins in relevant quantities in the 1960s and 1970s was still widespread among sports medicine professionals and is now considered completely refuted. Furthermore, lactate is no longer seen as a performance-limiting factor. Therefore, at least from a physiological point of view, a pure restriction to lactate values ​​and thresholds in performance diagnostics is questionable.

In most people, the anaerobic threshold is close to a lactate concentration in the peripheral capillary blood ( earlobe or fingertip ) of 4  mmol / l . This lactate value was therefore often used to define the anaerobic threshold in the past. The value of 4 mmol / l can be viewed as an average and was determined empirically from the respiratory and metabolic conditions. The lactate value at the anaerobic threshold can, however, vary greatly from person to person; the values ​​measured were 2.3–6.8 mmol / l. Therefore, the basic threshold determination using the “4 mmol / l method” is nowadays considered unsuitable.

The lactate concentration at rest is 1–2 mmol / l; an initial drop in the lactate concentration is often observed after the start of exercise.

Not to be confused with the anaerobic threshold is the aerobic threshold at a lactate concentration of around 2 mmol / l. The aerobic threshold is the lowest exercise intensity at which an increase in the lactate value compared to the resting value can be measured for the first time. This individual aerobic threshold is referred to in exercise science as the minimum lactate equivalent, or base lactate. When the load increases, the muscle groups concerned work in the aerobic-anaerobic transition. The resulting lactate can be transported away and broken down relatively quickly and easily by the organism ("steady state"). The term "aerobic threshold" is now controversial.

Energy supply

Depending on the level of exposure, the body gains the energy to be converted from various sources. A distinction is made between four types of energy supply. With regard to the anaerobic threshold, different situations must be distinguished:

  • In the case of a load below the anaerobic threshold , the energy supply does not take place exclusively with the metabolism of oxygen , i.e. aerobically , but the anaerobic metabolism never reaches a level that the existing, better developed ability of the trained athlete to rapidly break down lactate through further oxidative metabolism exceeds (see above). An endurance performance can be maintained here for a very long time, e.g. B. in a marathon .
  • A load at the anaerobic threshold , that is to say slightly below or above the threshold, is the highest load that can be sustained in the long term. It should be noted that, from the point of view of the provision of energy, there are limits to such a long-term exercise that cannot be attributed to exceeding the anaerobic threshold, since the glycogen reserves are largely exhausted after 60 to 90 minutes, depending on the level of training, during intense long-term exercise. This drop in performance can be compensated for within limits by taking in food during the competition (see also food control ).
  • When the load is above the anaerobic threshold , the energy is provided increasingly anaerobically . The performance can therefore only be sustained for a short time (a few minutes). Nevertheless, even in longer competitions, the ability to provide significantly more energy for a short time and temporarily by means of anaerobic metabolism plays an important role in certain competition situations: For example, the so-called attacks in cycling or in the 5,000 and 10,000 meter run require this, just like the short-term, fast running passages in all ball sports. In addition to the use of creatine phosphate reserves , the anaerobic-lactic metabolism is the only way to achieve performance that is higher than that which the athlete achieves on the anaerobic threshold.
  • If - at the end of a competition (final spurt) or at any point during the competition - the predominantly aerobic intensity range is left, the accumulated lactate is then used by the metabolism under oxygen supply and thus broken down. The creatine phosphate reserve is also built up again. For this reason, increased breathing can be determined in a regeneration phase following the increased performance or after the end of the competition (see increased oxygen intake after the end of work ). The ability to regenerate during the competition is different and largely determines the type of athlete (e.g. criterion specialists vs. time trialists in cycling), but can also be trained within limits. In addition to rapid regeneration, the ability to tolerate elevated blood lactate levels over a limited period of time is of great importance. The training theory speaks here of "lactate tolerance", in relation to the metabolism of lactate in the regeneration phase of the "ability of rapid lactate utilization".

Terms

The term anaerobic threshold is used both in spiroergometry and in lactate performance diagnostics. There are different names and abbreviations, some of which are contradictory in English and German. For example, the English term anaerobic threshold (LTAn) coined by Wassermann corresponds to the German aerobic threshold and not to the anaerobic threshold . The following table shows the different names:

Spiroergometry Lactate performance diagnostics
German English
RCP: Respiratory compensation point
VT 2 : 2nd ventilatory threshold		 iANS, IAS: Individual anaerobic threshold
lactate
turnover point MaxLaSS, MLSS: Maximum lactate steady state
ANS (fixed 4 mmol / l) anaerobic threshold		 IAT: Individual anaerobic threshold
AT: Anaerobic threshold
LT: Lactate turn point, lactate break point, lactate threshold
MLSS: Maximal lactate steady state
OBLA: onset of blood lactate

Importance in performance diagnostics

The anaerobic threshold is of great importance in lactate performance diagnostics. The ANS can be related to various other performance parameters. In practice, these are speed (in km / h ), heart rate or power ( watts ). For sports medicine examinations, the percentage of VO 2 max used can also be specified.

Today it is common - based on the performance diagnostic results determined in the step test - to divide the training areas into percentages with reference to the individual anaerobic threshold (iANS). The exercise intensity is broken down into intensity ranges, which are specified in% of the performance at the iANS in watts or in% of the heart rate at the iANS, for example "Basic endurance - 65 to 75% iANS" (meaning 65 to 75% of the performance at the iANS).

determination

The performance at the (individual) anaerobic threshold is determined by a step-by-step stress test combined with several blood samples (ear). By recording the curve, it is possible to determine the iANS even more precisely. The sharp rise in the lactate performance curve indicates that the organism was unable to maintain the steady state . An approximate determination is also possible without blood using a heart rate / power diagram: From the individual anaerobic threshold, the increase in heart rate decreases with additional stress (kink in the curve). The Conconi test is known in this context .

To determine the lactate threshold, the blood lactate concentration in the arterial capillary blood of the ear lobe (approx. 20 μl) is determined, for example with the aid of enzymatic methods. When performing the tests, it is important that the appropriate guidelines are followed. This includes taking into account various influencing factors on the concentration of the metabolic quantity lactate. Above all, it is important that the intracellular glycogen stores are full, as they significantly influence the level of the lactate concentration and the shape of the lactate performance curve. With low glycogen supplies, for example, very little lactate can be produced. The lack of glycogen in the muscles thus simulates a good endurance training effect. In order to make measurement results comparable and to avoid misinterpretations, attention must be paid to the best possible glycogen replenishment before the test. The training program before the test should also be comparable for different runs. Furthermore, factors such as time of day , blood circulation , sweat lactate or urine lactate are important.

Individual anaerobic threshold

Comparison of different threshold value models: The values ​​for the IAS differ greatly depending on the method used and range from approx. 2.9 mmol / l to approx. 4.8 mmol / l.

The individual anaerobic threshold (iANS or IAS) was introduced because, depending on the level of performance, there can be large differences to the fixed threshold of 4 mmol / l. The iANS is defined as the point on the lactate performance curve where the critical slope begins.

The performance level at which the organism reaches or exceeds the anaerobic threshold depends on various - trainable - factors. These include the density and location of the mitochondria in the cell, the degree of capillarization of the muscle, the filling level of the glycogen stores, the diffusion capacity for oxygen through the cell membrane , the activity of the enzymes in the respiratory chain and the oxygen binding and oxygen transport capacity . Longer endurance exertion (usually more than 5 min) must not lead to the iANS being exceeded if optimal performance is to be achieved, because after exceeding the iANS a considerable loss of performance can be expected after a short time. Thus, people who reach their individual anaerobic threshold at a higher level of performance have a more favorable starting position for endurance exercise.

Threshold models

In German-speaking sports medicine , the term threshold value models refers to mathematical algorithms that are used to determine corresponding anchor points on the lactate performance curve (individual anaerobic threshold, for short: iANS or IAS). Various threshold value models have been discussed and tested since the early 1970s. However, all individual models were based on different exercise protocols and test subject material , so that the requirements for using the models are different. In particular, approaches that specify a lactate curve gradient in degrees are to be regarded as obsolete and not reproducible (Keul, Simon, Geiger-Hille), since the gradient of the curve naturally depends more on the dimensions of the axes drawn than on the course of the lactate concentration (the wider the graph the flatter the curve and vice versa).

Some of the most important threshold models are (after):

model description
Angle model ( Keul ) 51 ° tangent to the lactate curve
Freiburg model (Simon) 45 ° tangent to the lactate curve
1.5 mmol / l method / net lactate increase (Coyle) Performance at z. B. 1.5 mmol / l above the minimum lactate equivalent / the LT An
Stegmann model Tangent to the lactate curve from the point at which the recovery curve has the same lactate value as at the end of the step test.
Model according to Geiger-Hille Point of maximum curvature of the lactate curve (35 ° tangent for the power unit km / h)
D max (Cheng) Maximum distance between the lactate curve and the connecting line between the endpoints
D mod (Bishop) Maximum distance between the lactate curve and the line between the point of the first increase in lactate (LT An ) and the end value when the step test was canceled.
Sink test (Tegtbur / Griess) Performance at minimum lactate concentration after high-intensity pre-exercise and 8 min break followed by a normal step test.
Model after Berg The point of contact between the tangent of the minimum lactate equivalent and the linear function of the last 90 seconds of the step test.
Model after Bunc Point of contact between the exponential regression of the lactate curve and the sector of the tangents from the upper and lower parts of the lactate curve.
Model after Baldari and Guidetti The second increase in lactate by at least 0.5 mmol / l from the previous value
Lactate turnpoint The last running speed before a sudden and permanent increase in lactate between the minimum lactate equivalent and the VO 2 max

Criticism of the physiological justification

There has been a debate about the terminology and physiological background of the lactate threshold concepts since the mid-1980s . Early assumptions about lactate production and distribution in the organism are questioned ( lactate shuttle theory ). Its contribution to muscular fatigue has been questioned. Lactate is now also seen as a pseudo- hormone ( lactormone ) that has a controlling and regulating function.

The division of the load areas into aerobic, aerobic-anaerobic and anaerobic is useful from a training method point of view, but does not correspond to the physiological conditions. The energy supply is partly anaerobic, even at rest, and aerobic metabolic processes are still active even under high stress. It is also criticized that the lactate increases without a clearly visible threshold and that the aerobic or anaerobic energy supplies run in parallel and do not switch suddenly. The term threshold is therefore misleading.

In 2008, Heck and Beneke summed up “that lactate thresholds as special points on the lactate performance curve are no more important for performance diagnostics and training control than other points on the curve. However, the fact that more than 30 years of focus on different threshold concepts may not really use the diagnostic potential of the lactate performance curve is not an argument to give up lactate-based performance diagnostics and training control. Rather, it indicates a considerable need for research. "

In addition, it is noted that the (rightly discussed) physiological derivation of lactate diagnostics is hardly relevant for practical use and as a diagnostic criterion anyway. Rather, the quality criteria of the measurement method are based on the validity of the content (" How exactly is endurance performance determined?" ), The reliability (" How reliable is the procedure?" ), The objectivity (" What influence does an examiner have on the measurement result? " ) and practicality. The anchor point of stress diagnostics that is then favored should be selected according to these criteria (also from the existing threshold models) and would then by no means have to be called "anaerobic threshold".

See also

Portal: Sports Science  - Overview of Wikipedia content on Sports Science

literature

  • Fritz Zintl: Endurance training . blv, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-8354-0555-4 .
  • Hans-Hermann Dickhuth, Kai Röcker, Albert Gollhofer, Daniel König, Frank Mayer, Ommo Grupe, Michael Krüger: Introduction to sports and performance medicine . Hofmann, Schorndorf 2011, ISBN 978-3-7780-8462-5 .
  • Hans-Hermann Dickhuth, Frank Mayer, Kai Röcker, Aloys Berg: Sports medicine for doctors . German Doctors-Verlag, Cologne 2010, ISBN 978-3-7691-0611-4 .
  • Horst der Marées: Sports Physiology . Sportverlag Strauss, Cologne 2006, ISBN 978-3-939390-00-8 .
  • Wildor Hollmann, Heiko K. Strüder: Sports medicine . Schattauer, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-7945-2546-1 .
  • Jürgen Weineck: Optimal training . Spitta, Balingen 2010, ISBN 978-3-938509-96-8 .
  • Gernot Badtke, Frank Bittmann, Dieter Böhmer: Textbook of sports medicine . Barth, Heidelberg 1999, ISBN 3-8252-8098-5 .
  • Georg Neumann, Kuno Hottenrott: The big book of running . Meyer and Meyer, Aachen 2005, ISBN 3-89899-121-0 .
  • Rolf F. Kroidl, Stefan Schwarz, Burghart Lehnigk: Course book on spiroergometry . Thieme, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-13-143442-5 .
  • Karl-Heinz Rühle, Frank Feldmeyer: Practical Guide to Spiroergometry . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-17-018053-6 .
  • Günter Schnabel, Hans-Dietrich Harre, Jürgen Krug: Training theory - training science . Meyer & Meyer, Aachen 2011, ISBN 978-3-89899-631-0 .
  • Josef Tomasits: Performance Physiology . Springer, Vienna 2011, ISBN 978-3-7091-0436-1 .

Web links

Individual evidence

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  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h Oliver Faude, Wilfried Kindermann, Tim Meyer: Lactate Threshold Concepts . In: Sports Medicine . tape 39 , no. 6 , 2009, ISSN  0112-1642 , p. 469-490 , doi : 10.2165 / 00007256-200939060-00003 , PMID 19453206 .
  3. ↑ Jürgen Weineck: Optimal training . Spitta, Balingen 2010, ISBN 978-3-938509-96-8 , p. 321 .
  4. ↑ Kai Roecker: Sports medicine lactate diagnostics: technical framework conditions and areas of application . In: German magazine for sports medicine . tape 2013 , no. 12 , doi : 10.5960 / dzsm.2013.110 .
  5. ^ A b c d Hans-Hermann Dickhuth: Introduction to sports and performance medicine . Hofmann, Schorndorf 2000, ISBN 3-7780-8461-5 , p. 204 .
  6. ↑ a b P. Wahl, W. Bloch, J. Mester: Modern ways of looking at lactate: lactate an overestimated and at the same time underestimated molecule. In: Swiss journal for sports medicine and sports traumatology. 57 (3) / 2009, pp. 104-105, online full-text access (accessed November 13, 2010; PDF; 206 kB)
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  9. ↑ Horst de Marées: Sports Physiology . Sportverlag Strauss, Cologne 2006, ISBN 978-3-939390-00-8 .
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  28. ↑ H. Heck, R. Beneke: 30 years of lactate thresholds - what remains to be done? In: German magazine for sports medicine (special issue on lactate problems) . No. 12 , 2008, p. 297–302 (6 pp., Zeitschrift-sportmedizin.de [PDF; 1.6 MB ; accessed on December 25, 2015]).
  29. ↑ Arnd Krüger : Periodization of sports training in the 21st century. Evidence-based or business as usual? In: competitive sport. 06/2015, 4, pp. 5-10
  30. ↑ Kai Roecker: Dispute about the emperor's beard: Which lactate threshold is the best? In: German magazine for sports medicine (special issue on lactate problems) . tape 59 , no. 12 , December 12, 2008, p. 302–303 ( zeitschrift-sportmedizin.de [PDF]).
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on October 24, 2012 .