Apodolirion
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The plant genus apodolirion belongs to the subfamily Amaryllidoideae within the family of the Amaryllis (Amaryllidaceae). The six or so species are common in southern Africa .
description
Appearance and leaves
The Apodolirion species grow as perennial herbaceous plants that reach heights of only a few centimeters. They have long, fleshy roots . They form onions as survival organs to survive long periods of drought; they do not protrude from the ground. Often the bulbs have a noticeable upper end and there are often one or a few leaf sheaths of older leaves surrounding the leaves at the base of the leaves. In these geophytes , the leaves are dried up during the flowering period in the dry season. Fresh leaves only sprout again after the flowering period.
There are only one to a few basal leaves that are sessile. The simple, bare leaf blades are parallel-veined, slender and sometimes spirally twisted. The leaf margin is smooth.
Inflorescences and flowers
The short inflorescence stem is below the surface of the earth. The flowers stand individually in a greatly reduced inflorescence just above the ground. In the budding state, a spathe envelops the inflorescence, which is formed from two intergrown, membranous bracts and ends in two parts, but is hidden in the "onion neck". The stiff to lax flower stalks are as long or significantly longer than the flower envelope. The flowers are arranged hanging close together or are widely spread in the inflorescence. The flower stalks are only a few millimeters long during the anthesis and elongate until the fruit is ripe.
The flowering time of all Apodolirion species is in the South African summer, during the dry phase. The fragrant, hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and threefold. The flower cover, which can only be kept for a relatively short time, is shaped like a plate or funnel. The six bracts are fused into a long, usually very slender, cylindrical tube, which widens slightly towards the throat. The free areas of the bracts are much shorter than the flower tube, almost identical in shape and often spread out or curved back. The color of the bracts is usually white, rarely slightly pink to dull red. There are two circles with three stamens each; they are much shorter than the perianth and evenly distributed. The short, thread-like stamens of one circle that are completely free from one another are inserted in the flower throat and those of the other are inserted a little deeper into the flower tube. The anthers are more or less the same length as the stamens. The bright yellow to creamy yellow, linear anthers of the inner circle are basifix and those of the outer circle are medifix to dorsifix. The dust bags open by rolling backwards from the top end. Three fruit leaves are a dreikammerigen under constant ovary grown, which is surrounded by the spathe and is in the "onion neck" and is underground. Each ovary chamber contains many ovules . The thin, upright and often curved stylus always ends with a distinctly three-lobed, wide scar . There are no observations on the pollinators .
Fruits and seeds
The club-shaped to ellipsoidal, relatively thin-walled berries tear into irregular pieces when ripe and contain many seeds. The almost spherical seeds with a diameter of 2.5 to 4 mm are dark or have a translucent top layer. The embryo is green. The fruits ripen quickly until the autumn rains. Then the seeds are released and usually germinate in the vicinity of the parent plant during this humid period without resting.
Sets of chromosomes
The basic chromosome number is x = 6.
Systematics, distribution and endangerment of the species
The genus name apodolirion was 1878 John Gilbert Baker in Journal of Botany, British and Foreign , Volume 16, page 74 first published . As Lectotypusart was apodolirion buchananii (Baker) Baker by Edwin Percy Phillips in The Genera of South African Flowering Plants , 2nd edition, p 203 specified.
The genus Apodolirion belongs to the subtribe Gethyllidinae (eponymous genus) from the tribe Haemantheae in the subfamily Amaryllidoideae within the family Amaryllidaceae . It used to be part of the Liliaceae family.
The six or so species are native to southern Africa . Three types are elements of the Capensis . The genus Apodolirion occurs in Swaziland and the South African provinces of Gauteng , Mpumalanga , from the Free State to KwaZulu-Natal and in the Western and Eastern Cape . Apodolirion species occur mainly in semi-arid areas with summer rain .
There are about six species in the genus Apodolirion :
- Apodolirion amyanum D.Müll.-Doblies : This endemic occurs only in a small area in the Grahamstown districtin the Eastern Cape . It thrives on the edges of the "Albany Thicket" along quartzite outcrops. Fewer than five sites are known that are continuously decreasing due to urbanization. In 2005 it was rated "Endangered" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
- Apodolirion bolusii Baker : It is only known from the type specimen from the “Valley of Desolation” in the Graaff-Reinet area and was not found again after that. This species from the Albany Thicket in the Nama-Karoo appears to be very rare. In the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa nothing is known about the degree of endangerment.
- Apodolirion buchananii (Baker) Baker (Syn .: Apodolirion ettae Baker , Apodolirion mackenii Baker , Cyphonema buchananii Baker ): It is distributed in southern Africa in Swaziland and in the South African provinces of Eastern Cape, Free State , KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga . It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
- Apodolirion cedarbergense D.Müll.-Doblies : This endemic occurs only in the northern Cederberg Mountains in the Western Cape. The stock is considered stable because it is protected in the “Cederberg Wilderness Area”. It thrives in fynbos on middle slope areas on sand made from sandstone. In 2004 it was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
- Apodolirion lanceolatum (Thunb.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex BDJacks. (Syn .: Gethyllis lanceolata (Thunb.) L. f. , Papiria lanceolata Thunb. ): It occurs from Barrydale to Mossel Bay in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos between rocks in coastal plains. Overgrazing endangers the population. In the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa nothing is known about this taxonomically difficult species and its degree of endangerment.
- Apodolirion macowanii Baker : It occurs from Fish River to Jeffrey's Bay in the Eastern Cape. It thrives in the Albany thicket in the Renosterveld or "Valley Bushveld" on heavy clay soils. Only six widely isolated sites are known; two of them in Port Elizabeth have been lost to urbanization. Another two sites have lost 80% of their specimens to urbanization. It is believed that another 33% of the stocks will be lost. In 2007 it was rated “Vulnerable” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
use
Apodolirion species are rarely used as ornamental plants due to their short flowering time.
swell
- John C. Manning , Peter Goldblatt , Deirdré A. Snijman : The Color Encyclopedia of Cape Bulbs , 2002, Timber Press, Portland. ISBN 0-88192-547-0 : Apodolirion on pp. 68–70 (section description, occurrence and use)
- Emily Smith, April 27, 2009: Apodolirion - Datasheet at Gateway to African Plants . (Section description)
- AW Meerow, JR Clayton: Generic relationships among the baccate-fruited Amaryllidaceae (tribe Haemantheae) inferred from plastid and nuclear non-coding DNA sequences , In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 244, 2004, pp. 141-155. PDF . (Section systematics)
- Dietrich Müller-Doblies: De Liliifloris notulae 3. Enumeratio specierum generum Gethyllis et Apodolirion (Amaryllidaceae) , In: Willdenowia , Volume 15, 1986, pp. 465-471.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Apodolirion at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 20, 2012.
- ↑ Apodolirion in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ↑ Entry at amaryllidaceae.org . ( Memento of the original from January 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (French, accessed February 20, 2012)
- ↑ a b c d e f g DA Snijman, JE Victor, 2004: Species list for Apodolirion in the Red List of South African Plants
- ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Apodolirion. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved October 20, 2014.
