Worker self-help

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The crab mill, popularly "the ASH", in 2016

The association Help for Self-Help in Frankfurt am Main , known as Workers' Self-Help (ASH) , is considered a pioneer of the alternative economy . It emerged from the spontaneous scene in 1975 and, as the engine of an autonomous left counterculture, influenced the beginnings of the environmental movement and paved the way for both the Ökobank and the nationally known Frankfurt cultural center Batschkapp .

history

The ASH was founded in 1975 from a politically left-wing student residential community in Frankfurt-Heddernheim . The municipality called itself K2 , based on the model of the Berlin municipality 2 . Its residents tried to combine life together with political work. The group felt connected to the Frankfurt spontaneous scene around Joschka Fischer and Daniel Cohn-Bendit . In order to establish contact with the non-student bourgeois population, the residents of the K2 district centers set up such as the restaurant Zum Elfmeter (colloquially Elfer ) in Frankfurt-Eschersheim . However, instead of the good contact that was hoped for, there were mainly conflicts with young rockers . In order to channel these conflicts, the Workers Self-Help Project (ASH) was founded. With its paradigm helping people to help themselves, it was based on the socialist self-help program in Cologne . The aim of the project was to integrate the young people by finding work for them, integrating them into the company organization and thus removing the alienation of work. This approach failed after only half a year. The project artist Lui Tratter is one of the founders of ASH .

At the location of the district center Zum Elfmeter , the alternative youth and culture center Batschkapp was built around Ralf Scheffler in 1976 . It was affiliated with workers' self-help. In Batschkapp , the stairs to the penalty was, pushed from 1977 pretty much everything that is called " 'the other Germany': City Indians, urban guerrillas, simple RAF - sympathizer of torture committee and Red Help , Spontis and women's groups, children of foreign workers from the Environment, unemployed girls and boys, homeless mixed race from American garrison towns ”. Your news exchange was the 911 . Joschka Fischer was one of the regular guests. He was friends with Ralf Scheffler, the owner of the Batschkapp . Elfer and Batschkapp were two music clubs with identical audiences. It was intended to establish an “autonomous and left counterculture”.

In its peak phase, workers' self-help comprised up to 60 people.

Founding of the municipality "No more social work"

The frustration and stress from the unsuccessful youth social work led to an increase in the sense of community in the group, so that the shared apartment ultimately became a real commune , a kind of extended family with joint economic management, whose members blindly trusted each other. All members were dropouts , had dropped out of their studies and were unemployed . They earned their living by clearing apartments . All income went into a community fund and was used according to democratic resolution. In addition to the work, the self-exploration of individual and group dynamic processes was the focus of everyday life, the so-called "politics in first person".

ASH Bonames

After the landlord had forbidden the municipality to do business on their residential property, the group found their new domicile in a demolished former shoe factory in the Bonames district , which they were allowed to use partly without a lease as “residual additional disposal”. Walls were drawn into the empty factory floor and coal stoves were installed. Main business income continued to come from apartment clearing. In addition, a flea market was set up where useful items from the clearing out campaigns were sold. Used furniture soon became the focus of attention. The work involved was done according to a shift system and referred to as community service. There was no boss, everyone did every job. The group saw itself both as an alternative business and as a community with the aim of overcoming society's crisis of meaning. Your way of life should serve as a model for others and thereby contribute to the collapse of capitalism in order to give space for a new, self-determined way of life. In 1978 the group took part in the Berlin meeting in Tunix .

More than 30 people were employed at ASH Bonames. In addition to clearing out apartments, buying and selling used furniture and antiques and a woodworking workshop for refurbishing furniture, there was a printing shop. Most of the young adults working there believed that “the basic contradiction between thinking and feeling, between head and stomach, could only be resolved in an alternative collective . A collective that overrides the bourgeois rules of the game, in which rational action does not run contrary to feelings ”.

Crab mill

After its beginnings in Frankfurt-Heddernheim and -Bonames, the self-help workers moved into their domicile in the Oberurseler Krebsmühle - a former bread factory - in 1978 . A first round of negotiations, during which it had to be strictly ensured that the true identity of the company was not disclosed, opened up several takeover options, none of which could be financed (purchase: 2.2 million D-Marks. Rent: 18,000 D-Marks per month, Hire purchase : 17,000 Deutschmarks per month). A lease agreement with a monthly lease rate of 7,000 D-Marks, a right of first refusal for the hire purchase and an obligation to maintain the property was agreed. The rent could eventually be raised by changing the business model to restoration and sale of antiques. However, this forced a rethink in relation to the anti-capitalist attitude and the transformation to small-business. The crab mill was also defamed as "Gschaftlhuber", "Geldscheffler" and " Stachanow company " by the spontaneous scene .

Meaning and criticism

Alternative forms of culture and business emerged on the ideological basis of the Frankfurt Spontis. The workers 'self-help promoted the establishment of the Ökobank and was significantly involved in the establishment of the Batschkapp cultural center dedicated to left-wing counterculture , which was affiliated with workers' self-help. Together with the 911 , a nucleus of the Greens emerged . The workers' self-help has implemented or initiated numerous self-help projects. In addition to the Ökobank and the Batschkapp, there is also a learning workshop that trained young people with deficits. In addition, the association has been supporting the Basa Foundation for the promotion of youth work and youth research since 2006. One of the initiators of the Krebsmühle says that in the 1980s this project was the largest alternative model in Germany, a focal point. At that time there was a “Against Book Mass”. This initiative has also stood the test of time. At the beginning of the 1980s, workers' self-help was seen by many as an alternative model company. In 1981, a secret meeting between alternatives and the SPD leadership took place in the premises of the workers' self-help in Oberursel . On the part of the collective, the Autonome Bildungszentrum Hamburg (ABC) appeared in addition to the ASH. Education Minister Björn Engholm offered to support “educational-political-relevant projects from the alternative scene with 200,000 marks from his budget - to enable modest smelling, without political ulterior motives or preconditions”. In this way, the SPD pursued the goal of making the new counterculture usable for itself. However, this discussion remained inconclusive. The alternatives refused to accept government funding.

In addition to the in the district of Hausen local bread factory (Frankfurt am Main) , a self-managed project promoters, and co-founded Joschka Fischer Karl-Marx-bookstore ASH one of the few collectives of national importance, working continuously since the 1970s. The ASH is an exemplary example of self-governing commercial enterprises .

New Economy

Workers' self-help follows the philosophy that a company is not just a place to make money, but a home. Ideally, all employees would identify with the company and pull together. This perspective corresponds to the culture that is cultivated in the modern start-up scene. In this respect, the alternative economy companies, such as the ASH, are pilot projects for young entrepreneurs at the beginning of the 21st century. Nonetheless, the actions of the self-managed working world were not always welcome when they wanted to convince the workforce of other companies of their model. The founding paper for workers' self-help says: “What we have overlooked or underestimated is the fact that our dear colleagues did not want to be agitated so easily. After all, they have something to cling to, the family, the new car, the home. We overlooked the fact that you can quickly get rid of the reputation of the left nut. We also overlooked the fact that you are kicked out of the companies at least as quickly as you got in. ”On the other hand, the ideas of the alternative economy became the core political demands of the ecological movement : decentralized economic units that can be controlled from the grassroots and holistic economic cycles between people and nature. In the mid-1970s, when the first oil price crisis was over and mass unemployment began, the ASH wanted to develop a model that was to be opposed to normal capitalist operations as a real alternative. In the mid-1990s, however, the Frankfurt sociologist Frank Heider found that around half of the self-governing collectives in Hessen had failed. In the field of tension between idealism and realism , in many cases the faction of the bosses triumphed over that of the collectivists. Although the counter-model to the capitalist economy was missed, something has been achieved, namely to combine life and work, as is done in the New Economy .

Eco bank

The crab mill in Oberursel, supported by the workers' self-help, was the nucleus of the Ökobank. On March 17, 1984, 16 of its members founded the Association of Friends and Patrons of Ökobank e. V. This worker self-help project was supported by around 30 initiatives nationwide. The supporters came from the political environment of the Greens, the SPD, the churches and trade unions. Their idea found 12,000 followers who raised initial capital of 8 million DM . For the political movement of alternatives, this was - along with the daily newspaper taz - a lighthouse project in Germany. The Ökobank's goal was to only use the money of its savers to finance projects that they wanted politically. It was about renewable energies , whole food , social projects, equality between men and women and the protection of migrants. Within a few years, the Ökobank was the largest alternative bank in Europe. After financial difficulties caused by management errors, the Ökobank was wound up in 2001. The GLS community bank took over your banking business . The Ökobank cooperative was retained and became the Oekogeno.

Environmental movement

In 1983 the project fair took place at the worker's self-help location in Oberursel . 200 members of collectives met for the first show of ecological economy. 95 self-governing companies from the Federal Republic and West Berlin took part in this fair .

Newspaper projects

A few years after it was founded, the workers' self-help started its own newspaper project entitled We want it differently - newspaper for self-administration . This newspaper cooperative of self-helpers for Austria and Germany was published in Vienna and Frankfurt am Main. In the first issues, the efforts to network self-help groups were discussed. This rather apolitical initiative followed an unsuccessful attempt by the Frankfurt spontaneous scene to establish its own paper called We want everything .

At the turn of 1980, the newspaper was discontinued and a new project was implemented, namely basis - magazine for self-administration . In addition to the ASH, the editors were the Association for Integral Social Research (IGEF) , Vienna, and the Shepherd's Cooperative in Wurzach / Arnach . Two volumes have appeared, 1980 and 1981, with five issues and one special edition. The print run was 2,800 to 3,000 copies, the last number still had a print run of 2,000. The newspaper title stood for the motto “Companies from now on in self-administration”. In contrast to the previous newspaper, political goals were also formulated and put up for discussion. “The libertarian approach can be tied in particular to the representatives of the POVO movement, who deliberately leaned on anarchist traditions and, in the absence of an organ of their own, worked intensively on the magazine. The magazine was made on a rotating basis by different groups. From number 4, the magazine should be produced by an editorial team made up of representatives from all groups. With the departure of the Vienna group IGEF in 1981, however, the original context fell apart, so that the magazine with the number 5 was discontinued and continued in a different form under the title Wandelsblatt . "

The change sheet again bore the subtitle newspaper for self-government . The editors were Harald Deeberg and the workers' self-help. One year was published, 1984/1985, with four numbers. The edition was 5,000 copies. The Wandelsblatt based not only on its title, but also in its layout on the daily newspaper Handelsblatt . As a result, legal problems arose, so that the newspaper had to be renamed. In February 1985 the next number appeared under the title Contraste .

Contraste - Positions on the Change in Society, newspaper for self-administration has been published since February 1985 on around 16 pages a month. Founding editors were, in addition to the workers' self-help, Peter Haß and the association for the promotion of self-administration and ecology. Contraste was originally conceived as a national newspaper for self-government. The term “self-management” was later replaced by “self-organization” in the subtitle. The publisher's information on the magazine's tenth anniversary said: "Contrary to the prevailing zeitgeist, which is spreading in all areas of life, the land of the lived utopia is regularly reported here: about working without a boss for a self-determined life, alternative media, women's projects, municipalities, Culture from below and other self-governing contexts. Our scene is mixed up, and fortunately the many approaches to a better life cannot be summed up in a single ideology. CONTRASTE is a reflection of this diversity and sees itself as a forum for the alternative movement. ”The Friends and Patrons Association of Ökobank used Contraste to discuss and collect the funds required to set up the bank.

Dieter Poschen wrote in his little chronicle of the Contraste : “ Gang of four , basis , company newspaper in the taz were the communication organs of the self-administration scene until 1984. In 1984 the movement was at its peak and self-confidently initiated further larger projects at a trade fair on the grounds of the then self-administered ASH-Krebsmühle in Oberursel near Frankfurt. It was not by chance that the location for the trade fair was in Hesse, the first red-green state government was in the starting blocks. The Association of Self- Managed Enterprises in Hesse , founded in 1983, had prepared a funding program for the Hessian self-government scene , the Hessentopf , which was the focus of discussion events at the project fair in addition to the discussion about the movement's own bank. But a newspaper project was also founded, which from then on was to appear as a discussion forum for self-managed companies and self-organized projects: the Wandelsblatt , the first edition of which appeared in October 1984. Already after the second edition, the editors had to give in, because Germany's big business newspaper , the Handelsblatt , sued the logo of the small Wandelsblatt , which was renamed CONTRASTE from February 1985 , by means of an injunction with a high amount in dispute . "

In 2010 Contraste celebrated its 25th anniversary. On this occasion, Elisabeth Voss wrote: “Thematically, it is about the diversity of what people do with each other on their own. Here you can find the alternative economy with self-managed companies and cooperatives, new cooperations between the self-employed and media professionals, as well as self-help initiatives and culture from 'below'. Ecology and social issues play a role as well as the relationship to people in other parts of the world. Organized as a non-profit association, around 25 editors take care of the monthly publication. You are either responsible for a region or for a subject area. They don't get money for it, and neither do the authors. Those who work for CONTRASTE do this out of commitment and interest in the topic. ”In 2016, Contraste had around 20 volunteer editors and numerous editorial offices in Germany and Austria. The publisher is Contraste, the association for the promotion of self-administration and ecology in Kassel.

Daily newspaper Taz

Following the meeting in Tunix organized by the Sponti scene in January 1978 , in which the workers' self-help took part, the left-alternative periodical Die Tageszeitung was founded in 1978/1979 . At that time, with her self-managed newspaper business, she saw herself as the scene newspaper of the West German alternative movement, such as the magazine Wir woll′s anders - newspaper for self-administration , published by the workers' self-help , which was discontinued in 1979 and led to the establishment of the more politically oriented monthly magazine Basis . What they all had in common was the goal of an autonomous left counterculture. In the early Taz there was no editor-in-chief, no formal hierarchy and no clear separation between opinion and report. All employees received a standard wage.

Between idealism and realism

In the early years of workers' self-help, the focus was on the development of a counter-society beyond capitalism as a model for a meaningful life. This endeavor was expressed in guiding principles:

  • Profit - I Gitt !: Added value, income and returns are "enemy territory".
  • Cost recovery instead of profit: Only the income necessary for survival is generated, without donations, grants and subsidies.
  • Not an employee, but a group member: No personnel is sought. Members find each other and are accepted and integrated.
  • Not wages, but community funds: all costs of the residents are borne by a community fund. Only the group members living outside the ASH receive what is known as a “need wage”.
  • Self-expropriation: The added value of the site resulting from the work carried out becomes the property of a non-profit association.

“We live differently! We work more than ever before, we manage up to 12 or 14 hours a day, and the work doesn't break us as much as the 'only' eight hours beforehand in the company. This is clearly due to the fact that we understand the purpose of our work, that it is far less alienated. "

- Workers' self-help Frankfurt, 1976

In the early years, the ASH collective was run like a big family. It should cover all needs, without conflicts between work ethos and collective or between structure and ideology of equality. The separation between work and leisure should be removed. But in reality there were definitely points of friction. In 1984 a former member of the workers' self-help reported: “We have done like stupid people, and everyone knew: It is for the collective. In the beginning it was a great feeling; but then there were more and more conflicts. You had to give reasons for every individual trip - whether you wanted to go to Italy or wanted a new stereo system. And above everything was a small clique of people who basically structured everything. "

Over the decades, the idealistic attitude has given way to a realistic attitude, according to which it is necessary for workers' self-help to make a profit for the economic survival of workers. Nevertheless, the social projects carried out by the ASH have had an impact, so that even Deutsche Bank employees come in their free time to paint fences and help with cleaning, for example.

Sponsorship

In 1979, the communards converted their self-help group into the non-profit organization helping people to help themselves as the owner or carrier of the crab mill. This should ensure the sustainable self-administration of the companies located on the site of the Krebsmühle. Instead of accumulating wealth, there is the safeguarding of the self-administration principle and the old-age provision of the employees. More than a dozen small businesses are located on the site of the Krebsmühle: workshops, a furniture store , a restaurant, a magazine editorial office, an environmental laboratory, a dealer for bicycles for the disabled, a yoga studio and practices for alternative healing methods and rehabilitation. The workers' self-help rents out free space for conferences and events.

Publications of the workers' self-help

  • Workers ' self-help (ed.): Live differently, work differently: Workers' self-help Frankfurt . 1st edition. tape 1 . Povo, Oberursel 1980, DNB  820059803 (415 pages).
  • POVO. Political, offensive sales organization. Communication, self-administration, information, sales. Frankfurt: POVO-Verlag, undated, 47 pp.
  • ... and it works! Two self-managed companies introduce themselves. Frankfurt / Main, Leutkirch-Winterstetten, undated, 58 p. (WWA special issue)
  • ... the company without a boss. Economy, political perspectives, common. Oberursel: Selbstverlag, 1980, 14 pp.
  • One year ASH. October 1975 - January 1977. Frankfurt: Selbstverlag, 1977, 42 pp.
  • Documentation by the ASH Krebsmühle: Two floods in the summer of 1981. Oberursel: Selbstverlag, 1981, 31 pp.
  • 8 years of self-administered companies - workers' self-help Krebsmühle . ASH, Oberursel 1984, DNB 900005580 , p. 65. PDFhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.krebsmuehle.de%2FVerein%2Fpdf%2Fbroschuere8Jahre.pdf~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelseiten% 3D ~ LT% 3DPDF ~ PUR% 3D
  • Opportunities for self-managed companies in the fight against unemployment. Conference on 11.-12. March 1983 on behalf of the EC and OECD. Oberursel: Selbstverlag, 1983, 36 pp.
  • Self-managed companies and projects in the "turning point" era. Material and contributions to the discussion for the project fair from August 19 to 28 in the ASH Krebsmühle , Oberursel: Selbstverlag, 1983, 70 pp.
  • Alternative work organization - also work differently and how? Contribution to working group 5 of the Berlin conference from May 25-27, 84 on strategies of alternative production. (Manuscript), 7 pp.
  • Self-governing work, culture and life (leaflet approx. 1985)

literature

  • Günther Dey: Alternative Production - Possibilities and Limits in a Crisis . In: Wolfgang H. Staehle, Horst Albach (Hrsg.): Business administration and economic crisis. Controversial contributions to business crisis management . Gabler, Wiesbaden 1984, ISBN 3-409-13037-3 , p. 125 f . (412 pp.).
  • Peter Kuenstler: Local Employment Initiatives in Western Europe . In: International Labor Review . tape 123 , no. 2 , 1984, p. 221 f .
  • Achim von Loesch: The workers' self-help companies . In: Journal for Public and Nonprofit Companies: ZögU / Journal for Public and Nonprofit Services . tape 9 , no. 2 . Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1986, p. 221-226 , JSTOR : 20763072 .
  • Fritz Vilmar, Brigitte Runge: On the way to becoming a self-help society? 40,000 self-help groups: general overview, political theory and suggestions for action. 1st edition. Klartext, Essen 1986, ISBN 3-88474-415-1 (350 pages).
  • Gerhard Kiersch: Live differently with new values . In: The young Germans: heirs of Goethe and Auschwitz . Leske and Budrich, Opladen 1986, ISBN 3-8100-0583-5 , p. 139 f . (240 p.).
  • Wieland Jäger, Dietmar Rieger: Alternative forms of work and their reality . In: Appreciation of Work? : Alternative forms of work and changes in industrial work . Leske and Budrich, Opladen 1987, ISBN 3-8100-0613-0 , p. 102 f ., doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-322-92594-7 (205 pp.).
  • Michael Lezius, Heinrich Beyer: Self-management and entrepreneurship - Krebsmühle GmbH . In: People make business: company partnership as a success factor . Gabler, Wiesbaden 1989, ISBN 3-409-19654-4 , pp. 269 f . (359 pp.).
  • Waldemar Schindowski: Archive New Cooperatives, Alternative Economy, Employment Initiatives . Ed .: Association for the Promotion of the Genossenschaftsgedankens eV AG-SPAK-Bücher, Neu-Ulm, ISBN 3-930830-08-6 ( leibi.de [accessed on March 23, 2016] media combination ).
  • Matthias Horx: Smart capitalism: the end of exploitation . Eichborn, Frankfurt am Main 2001, ISBN 3-8218-1664-3 (202 pages, paperback).
  • Arndt Neumann: Great small companies . Alternative projects between revolt and management. 1st edition. Ed. Nautilus, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-89401-583-1 (93 pages, paperback).
  • Tanja Dückers, Anton Landgraf: Artist entrepreneurs: From the culture industry to the creative economy . In: Ludger Heidbrink; Peter Seele (ed.): Entrepreneurship: the benefits and disadvantages of a risky way of life . Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2010, ISBN 978-3-593-39213-4 , p. 97 f . (248 p., Paperback).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Reimar Oltmanns : Not a normal figure in the hut . In: Der Spiegel . No. 21 , 1980 ( online - May 19, 1980 ).
  2. ↑ a b Klaus Walter : Where Joschka also went in and out . In: Taz on the weekend . No.  8250 , April 14, 2007, p. 1004 f . ( taz.de [accessed on August 10, 2020]).
  3. ↑ Batschkapp and Elfer: Two music bars in one house, in harmonious cooperation. Outback - Das Kulturmagazin, accessed on March 22, 2016 .
  4. ↑ The start as unemployed self-help . In: krebsmuehle.de. Retrieved August 26, 2019 .
  5. ↑ "No more social work". In: krebsmuehle.de. Retrieved February 5, 2020 .
  6. ↑ Bonames: From alternative to self-managed operation. Help for Self-Help eV, archived from the original on March 25, 2016 ; accessed on March 22, 2016 .
  7. ↑ The crab mill: First find! Obtain? Really want? Help for Self-Help eV, archived from the original on March 25, 2016 ; accessed on March 22, 2016 .
  8. ↑ On the history of the Basa Foundation. Basa Foundation, accessed March 23, 2016 .
  9. ^ A b Jochen Remmert, Cornelia Sick: Project Krebsmühle: Profit is no longer a taboo. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, August 23, 2015, accessed on March 23, 2016 .
  10. ↑ Olaf Velte: Counter model under the brick tower. Frankfurter Rundschau, December 16, 2015, accessed on March 23, 2016 .
  11. ↑ Events for the Book Fair 2008. (PDF) Gegen Buch Masse, accessed on March 23, 2016 .
  12. ↑ Sorrow with the modeling clay. Zeit Online, December 11, 1981, accessed March 23, 2016 .
  13. ↑ fist in pocket . In: Der Spiegel . No. 9 , 1981 ( online - Feb. 23, 1981 ).
  14. ↑ Fritz Vilmar, Brigitte Runge: On the way to a self-help society? (PDF) Archived from the original on March 25, 2016 ; Retrieved on March 22, 2016 (table of contents, paragraph 2.2).
  15. ^ Rainer Kreuzer: Elective relatives. brand eins business magazine, October 2000, accessed on March 22, 2016 .
  16. ↑ Sylvain Coiplet: Ökobank wanted to become a billion- dollar bank too quickly. Institute for Threefolding, July 2, 2001, accessed March 23, 2016 .
  17. ↑ Sylvain Coiplet: GLS Community Bank takes over the Ökobank. November 23, 2001, accessed March 23, 2016 .
  18. ↑ Caspar Dohmen: Bank with a clear conscience. Deutschlandradio Kultur, May 2, 2013, accessed on March 23, 2016 .
  19. ↑ Ulrich Stock: Funny instead of frustrating - alternative trade fair without profit thinking. Zeit Online, August 26, 1983, accessed March 23, 2016 .
  20. ↑ We want it different. International Institute of Social History, accessed March 23, 2016 .
  21. ↑ base. Database of German-speaking anarchism, accessed on March 24, 2016 .
  22. ↑ Convertible sheet. Database of German-speaking anarchism, accessed on March 24, 2016 .
  23. ↑ Contrasts. Database of German-speaking anarchism, accessed on March 24, 2016 .
  24. ^ Elisabeth Voss: CONTRASTE - Monthly newspaper for self-organization. 25 years of dedicated newspaper work . In: Bernd Hüttner, Christoph Nitz (eds.): Left communication - communication with left? VSA, Hamburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-89965-359-5 ( full text on elis-voss.de; PDF - 147 pages).
  25. ↑ Brigitte Kohn: January 27, 1978: The Tunix Congress begins. In: br.de. January 27, 2014, accessed September 11, 2019 .
  26. ↑ Karl-Heinz Ruch. taz.de, accessed on March 24, 2016 .
  27. ^ Karl Christian Führer: J. Magenau: The taz. H-Soz-Kult communication and specialist information for the historical sciences, accessed on March 24, 2016 (review).
  28. ↑ ASH - The Philosophy. Hilfe zur Selbsthilfe eV, archived from the original on March 12, 2016 ; accessed on March 22, 2016 .
  29. ↑ Ludger Heidbrink, Peter Seele (Ed.): Entrepreneurship: From the benefits and disadvantages of a risky way of life . Campus-Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-593-39213-4 , pp. 107 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed August 23, 2019]).
  30. ↑ Matthias Horx: A chance for bosses. Zeit Online, May 4, 1984, accessed March 23, 2016 .
  31. ↑ Help for Self-Help eV Archived from the original on March 25, 2016 ; accessed on March 22, 2016 .