Dropout

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Termination of studies refers to the premature termination of a first degree, i.e. before attaining an academic degree , by the student ( dropout ) without resuming studies at a later point in time. As a college dropout former students are referred to her first degree without a college degree have finished (dropout). The termination takes place legally with the de-registration , whereby many matriculated dropouts have already given up their studies. When talking about "old cases" of dropping out of studies, it must be taken into account that the possibility of obtaining a bachelor's degree has not always existed and was not available across the board. In Germany there have only been academics with a bachelor's degree since 2000.

Situation in Germany

According to a study from 2014, around 28% of German students in Germany finish their bachelor's degree without a degree. The drop-out rate at universities is 33%, at universities of applied sciences 23%. These figures only apply to the German universities with a presence in Germany. Distance universities have a higher dropout rate. According to an HIS study from 2002 , an average of 25% of a year drop out. For men, an average of 27% drop out, and for women 23%. Above all in the degree programs in mathematics and natural sciences, physics and computer science and business administration, there is a persistently high drop-out rate at universities. The rate here is in some cases well above 30%. The situation is similar in the mechanical engineering, engineering and electrical engineering courses. The dropout rate is highest in civil engineering. About 51% of the students fail to graduate from this course. On the other hand, there are low drop-out rates in law and education. The psychology course has the lowest dropout rate, only one in ten drops out of their bachelor's degree. Overall, the numbers have increased slightly in recent years, from 28% (2014) to 29% (2016). The drop-out rate for Master’s courses is 10% at universities and 7% at universities of applied sciences. When comparing the quotas, however, it must be taken into account that the entry requirements for admission to studies in the subjects mentioned are not the same. It is therefore plausible that subjects that filter out a high number of university entrance qualifications through a strict numerus clausus before the planned start of studies can show a relatively low number of dropouts.

The lower tendency to drop out at universities of applied sciences is due, among other things, to the study conditions there. The stronger structure of the course ensures better orientation. The more intensive practical relevance and the shorter study periods are likely to stand in the way of dropping out at a university of applied sciences.

Dropout and social background

Social origin according to de-registration group in percent
Social
origin group 		Dropouts University graduates
lower 16 12
middle 22nd 20th
upscale 31 32
height 31 37
(Ulrich Heublein, Heike Spangenberg, Dieter Sommer: Causes of dropping out. Analysis 2002 , p. 46 )

Students with a low social background make up only 12% of university graduates, but 16% of dropouts. Students with high social origins make up 37% of university graduates, but only 31% of dropouts. The authors of the 2002 drop-out study in Heublein / Spangenberg / Sommer note that social origin has an influence on drop-out . You hereby confirm studies by Tino Bargel and the Austrian study dropout study by Franz Kolland .

The motivation for dropping out also seems to depend on social origin. A disproportionately high number of students from the low social group of origin stated that they had dropped out of their studies for financial and health reasons. Heublein / Spangenberg / Sommer attribute the latter reason to the fact that this group is in a particularly stressful and demanding situation due to their educational biography. On the other hand, there is no connection between social origin and dropping out of studies due to insufficient academic performance.

However, a distinction must be made between the subjects. While in the subjects medicine and law , in which the proportion of students with low social origins is already very low, there is a much higher risk factor for dropping out for this group, this is the case in the subjects of education and at the universities of applied sciences , especially in the engineering , not the case.

Causes of dropping out

In a study by the BMBF on the causes of dropouts, the following dropout types were found in the given distribution:

  • Early drop-outs without professional reorientation ( proportion: 13% ): Students who chose the wrong subject and who then often start another course of study.
  • Early drop-outs with professional reorientation ( share: 27% ): Students with wrong study ideas who then reorient themselves professionally.
  • Late dropouts without professional reorientation ( share: 7% ): Students who only encountered a motivation problem while dealing with their studies and who often take what they have learned with them into a subject-related professional activity.
  • Late dropouts with professional reorientation ( share: 24% ): Students who have distanced themselves from the chosen subject as a result of their studies and who switch to an unrelated subject.
  • Dropouts for family reasons ( proportion 9% ): Female students are disproportionately represented in this area.
  • Drop-outs because of failed tests ( content 6% ): This group business requirements or provide exam nerves is an insurmountable hurdle.
  • University dropouts for financial reasons ( share 13% ): In this group, the time required to cover financial obligations is no longer compatible with studying.

Dropping out of your studies does not necessarily lead to a decline in your career; in some cases your studies are terminated due to early career opportunities.

The Bavarian Supreme Court of Auditors found in 2019 that high drop-out rates can be assumed in Bavaria, especially in MINT subjects . However, it was not possible to provide precise details because the term "college dropout" was not clearly defined.

Preventing college dropouts

In order to reduce the drop-out rate, universities in North Rhine-Westphalia will receive a success bonus of 4,000 euros for every successful degree from 2016 onwards. Other federal states want to follow suit in this regard in the future. Saxony's universities have been working on setting up early warning systems since 2016, with which students at risk of dropping out are to be identified at an early stage with the aid of data, in order to receive separate advice.

In the course of the reorganization of the numerus clausus procedure in Germany in the last few decades, the proportion of those who get access to a place in an NC subject simply because of their good grade point average in the Abitur has been reduced to 20%. A further 20% receive automatic access to “their” study place due to their waiting time. The remaining 60% are awarded according to procedures in which the university concerned can apply its own standards. This enables it not to accept applicants whom it does not consider to be sufficiently suitable, unless the applicants can make claims from the first-mentioned procedure.

Dropouts in the German Bundestag

According to calculations by the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (2013), dropouts are distributed among the parliamentary groups in the German Bundestag in descending order :

  • Alliance 90 / The Greens: 8.8%
  • FDP: 7.5%
  • SPD: 6.8%
  • The left: 5.3%
  • CDU / CSU: 3.6%

A total of 5.6% of all members of the German Bundestag dropped out of their studies.

Known college dropouts

  • Volker Beck , politician, Member of the Bundestag (Bündnis90 / Die Grünen), studied art history, history and German in Stuttgart.
  • Henryk M. Broder , journalist and book author, studied various subjects in Cologne.
  • Reinhard Bütikofer , politician, federal chairman of Bündnis90 / Die Grünen, studied history and sinology in Heidelberg.
  • Daniel Cohn-Bendit , politician, MEP (Bündnis90 / Die Grünen), studied sociology in Paris
  • Michael Dell , founder of the Dell computer company, the Texan entrepreneur dropped out of medical school in 1984 against the wishes of his parents.
  • Larry Ellison , founder and president (CEO) of the US software company Oracle, studied mathematics at the University of Illinois in Champaign from 1962, failed all final exams in 1964 and left the university without a degree.
  • Roland Emmerich , director, studied at the Munich University of Television and Film, but went to Hollywood before taking his exams.
  • Ottfried Fischer , actor, began studying law in Munich, which he broke off.
  • Bill Gates dropped out of Harvard University's mathematics studies in 1975 to devote himself exclusively to his company, Microsoft Corporation .
  • Katrin Göring-Eckardt , politician, Member of the Bundestag (Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen), studied Protestant theology in Leipzig.
  • Herbert Grönemeyer , musician and actor, was enrolled as a student of musicology and law for 23 semesters without a degree.
  • Günther Jauch dropped out of both his law studies in Berlin and his studies in politics and modern history in Munich.
  • Steve Jobs , co-founder of the computer company Apple : Dropped out of his studies at Reed College, Oregon, after one semester.
  • Wolfgang Joop , designer, studied advertising psychology in Braunschweig without a degree.
  • Oliver Kalkofe , satirist and moderator, studied English, German and journalism in Münster. After eight semesters he dropped out.
  • Johannes B. Kerner , presenter and talk show host, began studying business administration in Berlin in 1984 and worked in parallel in the sports department of the SFB broadcaster. In 1988 he left his studies without a degree.
  • Heinrich von Kleist , writer, stopped studying mathematics and physics in 1800 after three semesters at the Viadrina in Frankfurt an der Oder.
  • Kevin Kühnert , Federal Chairman of the Jusos (SPD).
  • Friedrich Küppersbusch , television producer, finished his journalism studies without a diploma because working at WDR seemed more attractive to him.
  • Sebastian Kurz , Austrian politician (ÖVP), former Federal Chancellor, dropped out of law.
  • Theo Lieven , computer entrepreneur , canceled math.
  • Hans Meiser , moderator, studied German, history and art history in Stuttgart - without a degree.
  • Oswald Metzger , politician and publicist, studied law in Tübingen
  • Ulrich Meyer , moderator, studied medicine in Cologne after completing high school and military service, but dropped out. In 1979 he started his traineeship at the Kölnische Rundschau .
  • Omid Nouripour , politician, Member of the Bundestag (Alliance 90 / The Greens), canceled various subjects
  • Kai Pflaume , show presenter, dropped out of computer science studies in Magdeburg.
  • Jörg Pilawa , moderator, finished his medical studies in Hamburg after six semesters.
  • Frank Plasberg , presenter, finished his studies in theater studies, politics and education in Cologne after seventeen semesters.
  • Claudia Roth , politician, federal chairwoman of Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen, studied theater studies in Munich.
  • Kathrin Vogler , politician (Die Linke), sociology, history and political science canceled.
  • Steve Wozniak , co-founder of the computer company Apple, gave a speech at Stanford College in 2006 in which he described both his own studies and his studies in general as a waste of money and time.
  • Paul Ziemiak , Secretary General of the CDU, studied law and corporate communications without a degree.
  • Mark Zuckerberg , founder of Facebook, studied psychology and computer science at Harvard and dropped out in 2006.

literature

  • Tino Bargel: Are future university graduates and subject changes different from “normal” first-year students? Working document 71. Constance 1982.
  • Ulrich Heublein, Heike Spangenberg, Dieter Sommer: Causes of dropping out. Analysis 2002 (= university planning. Volume 163). HIS, Hannover 2003, ISBN 3-930447-54-1 .
  • Franz Kolland: Dropout: Between Continuity and Crisis. An empirical study at Austrian universities. Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-7003-1394-2 .
  • Karl Lewin: Dropping out of studies in Germany. In: Manuela Schröder-Gronostay, Hans Dieter Daniel (Hrsg.): Academic success and dropout. Luchterhand, Neuwied / Kriftel / Berlin 1999, ISBN 978-3-472-03735-4 , p. 17ff.
  • Franziska Schulze-Stocker, Christian Schäfer-Hock, Robert Pelz: Less drop-out due to early warning systems - The example of the PASST?! Program at the TU Dresden. In: Journal for Advice and Studies. Volume 12, Issue 1, 2017, ISSN  1860-3068 , pp. 26–32.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Degree: Number of bachelor's and master's degrees at universities in Germany from 2000 to 2015 . Statista. The statistics portal
  2. ↑ The development of drop-out rates at German universities. (PDF; 205 kB) Accessed December 27, 2016 .
  3. ↑ New study: the number of dropouts is increasing. Retrieved June 12, 2019 .
  4. ↑ Drop- out rates in studies are falling. Retrieved December 27, 2016 .
  5. ↑ Bavarian Supreme Court of Auditors: Annual report 2019 part no. 52
  6. ↑ Rewards for universities in North Rhine-Westphalia: 4,000 euros for each graduate Spiegel Online, June 29, 2015, accessed on November 25, 2015.
  7. ↑ Universities want to advise strategies against dropping out of university Welt Online, March 8, 2017, accessed on April 4, 2017.
  8. ↑ Prevent the threat of dropping out ( memento of the original from April 5, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. MDR Online, March 14, 2017, accessed April 4, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mdr.de
  9. ↑ Markus Wehner : A flaw in the résumé. Top German politicians disguise their dropouts . In: FAZ , May 26, 2013.
  10. ^ Steve Wozniak: First Your Create It, Then You Grow It - Stanford Graduate School of Business