Arieh Sharon

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Arieh Sharon

Arieh Sharon ( Hebrew אריה שרון; born on May 28, 1900 as Ludwig Kurzmann in Jaroslau , Galicia , Austria-Hungary ; died July 24, 1984 in Paris , France ) was an Israeli architect . He was a critical pioneer of the early architecture of Israel and was responsible for the first National Outline Plan of the young state under the then Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion . Sharon studied at the Bauhaus in Dessau with Walter Gropius and Hannes Meyer . After his return to Israel in 1931 (at that time still British Mandate Palestine ) he worked on various buildings in the International and Bauhaus style in Tel-Aviv (now called the White City ). He built private houses, cinemas, and in 1937 his first hospital. He later specialized in this field and designed so many of the largest medical centers in the country. Arieh Sharon is known as the father of Israeli architecture .

Life

Sharon studied in 1919 at the German Technical University in Brno . In 1920 he emigrated to Palestine together with a group of young pioneers who belonged to the Hashomer Hatzair and worked there as a farmer in Zichron Ya'akow . In 1921 he joined the settlers in Gan Shmuel, which later became a kibbutz ; There he worked as a beekeeper and learned to admire the art of building bees, their efficient design and organized construction, and how they combined function and form in a highly economical way. Later he took over the planning and construction of small buildings, cow stalls and houses. In 1926 he was given leave of absence from the kibbutz for a year in order to expand his knowledge of construction and architecture in Germany.

Just one month after arriving in Berlin, he decided to apply to the newly created Bauhaus in Dessau. Starting in the winter semester of 1926, he took part in one of the famous Bauhaus preparatory courses with Josef Albers , Wassily Kandinsky and Joost Schmidt , and learned from László Moholy-Nagy and Paul Klee . Sharon's study models - the transformation of two-dimensional paper and metal sheets into three-dimensional shapes - were presented at an exhibition of the Bauhaus preliminary course. In April 1927 he became one of the first students in the newly established construction department led by Hannes Meyer . His master's pragmatic and functional approach to architecture made a great impression on him.

In 1928 he attended the Wchutemas State Art School in Moscow with the young master weaver Gunta Stölzl and the Bauhaus student Peer Bücking . The following year, 1929, he married Gunta Stölzl, their daughter Yael was born on October 8th, and he received his Bauhaus diploma on November 27th.

In 1931 Sharon returned to Palestine and opened his architectural office in Tel Aviv; Gunta Stölzl emigrated to Switzerland with their daughter Yael. The marriage ended in divorce in 1936 because Sharon wanted to marry again, Chaja 'Chajale' Sankowsky (1909-1998), an actress at the Ohel Theater , with whom he already had two sons, Eldar and Uri.

During the Israeli War of Independence (1948–1949) Sharon was appointed head of the state planning authority, whose main task was the settlement of the Jews arriving in the waves of immigration in Israel. In 1954 he returned to his private architectural practice and began a partnership with the architect Benjamin Idelson (1911–1972, also a winner of the Israel Prize (1968)).

In the 1960s he increasingly applied for contracts outside of Israel, for example building for the University of Ife (now Obafemi Awolowo University ) in Ile-Ife , Nigeria . In 1965 his son, Eldar Sharon (1933–1994), joined the architectural firm.

Arieh Sharon died on a trip to Paris, he was buried in the Nahalat Yitzchak cemetery in Giv'atajim (near Tel Aviv). The architecture office he founded still exists today and is managed by his grandson Arad Sharon.

Services

From April 1, 1929 to October 15, 1930, Sharon was employed as an architect in Hannes Meyer's construction office in Berlin. His main task was the local construction management of the federal school of the General German Trade Union Federation in Bernau near Berlin until it was put into operation on May 1, 1930.

Sharon's first contract in Tel Aviv was the construction of four pavilions for the Histadrut (umbrella organization of the Israeli trade unions) for the Levante Fair in 1932, after winning first prize in the architectural competition for the design. These pavilions consisted of modular wooden elements that were arranged gradually rising and spreading and were covered with jute. A series of buildings in Tel Aviv in the so-called International Style followed , which contributed to Tel Aviv's distinctive architecture as a White City . In 1936 he built his first hospital.

Workers' housing estate “Meonot Ovdim”, 1936

Sharon's workers' housing estates are arranged around a large, public, green inner courtyard, with apartments on the upper floors and shops as well as communal facilities - kindergarten, laundry room, synagogue - on the ground floor.

For kibbutzim, Sharon designed simple buildings, community facilities and schools that could be built from locally available materials: sand, brick, limestone. The center of a kibbutz was often the common dining room (the Chadar Ochel ), which was also used as the center of communal life, both for dining and for parties and gatherings, and for film and theater performances. The schools were mostly built for 200-300 children from several kibbutzim and were themselves laid out like a micro-kibbutz. Sharon designed designs for existing settlements and their extensions, as well as general structures for new agricultural settlements and community schools.

Sharon also gave lectures at the Technion in Haifa , Israel's Technical University, on topics including:

  • The early forms of settlement in the countryside
  • The Moshav Cooperative
  • The kvutza, from which the kibbutzim later developed
  • The spatial structure of the different types of settlement
  • Social and economic structures in the kibbutzim
  • Work organization, education and cultural activities in the kibbutzim
Arieh Sharon with the model of the hospital on the Rambam Health Care Campus , Haifa , 1966

When the State of Israel was founded in 1948, the majority of the population lived in the narrow coastal strip along the Mediterranean. One of the main tasks of the newly established state planning agency, of which Arieh Sharon became chairman and which came directly under the office of Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion , was to find solutions for the many immigrants who poured into Israel after the declaration of independence. This group consisted of 180 city and regional planners, architects, engineers and economists. This group developed the first National outline plan (English: National Outline plan ) for Israel - the so-called Sharon plan , in which the country in planning regions - was divided - by economic opportunities, geographical features, communication factors and the historical past dependent. The regional structure was completed by building a medium-sized city into a regional, urban center. This plan included the construction of 20 new cities across the country and guidelines for industrial areas near these new cities. Sharon's plan thus led to the establishment of developing cities such as Beit She'an , Kirjat Gat , and Nazareth Illit . Agricultural regions were defined that reached as far as the southern Negev desert . A national water plan provided for the supply of the dry south of the country with water from the water-rich north. Furthermore, the development of national parks was planned in order to preserve sites with special landscape features, historical significance and nature reserves.

In late 1953, Sharon was invited by the United Nations to serve as a planning expert at seminars on housing and community development in New Delhi , Burma and Japan .

Works

Buildings (selection)

  • New Beilinson General Hospital (500 bed hospital), Petach Tikwa 1950–1956
  • Ministry of Defense Buildings 21 and 22, Hakyria, Tel Aviv 1952–1954
  • Ichilov Municipal Hospital (300 bed hospital), Tel Aviv 1954–1958
  • Forum des Technion (including secretariat, library and Churchill auditorium), Tel Aviv 1954–1958
  • Terrace house for immigrants, Nazareth 1954–1955
  • The Michael and Anna Wix Auditorium at the Weizmann Institute for Science (together with Benjamin Idelson), Rehovot , 1955
  • Regional Hospital, Beer Sheva 1955–1962
  • Headquarters of the World Zionist Organization (office building), Tel Aviv 1957
  • Wingate Institute for Physical Culture , Netanya 1958-1960
  • Israel pavilion at the EXPO world exhibition (together with Arieh Elhanani ), Brussels 1958
  • Hall of Remembrance in the Yad Vashem Memorial (together with Arieh Elhanani and Benjamin Idelson), Jerusalem 1961
  • Headquarters of Workers' Bank, Tel Aviv 1959–1960
  • Yakin pectin factory, Petach Tikwa 1959–1961
  • Headquarters of the Jewish Agency for Israel , Tel Aviv 1961–1965
  • Central building of the health insurance of the trade union federation, Tel Aviv 1963–1965
  • Ife University (building for the humanities, together with AMY Ltd.), Ile-Ife, Nigeria 1963–1965
  • Ife University (dormitory, together with AMY Ltd.), Ile-Ife, Nigeria 1964
  • Kinarot (rest home), Tiberias 1965–1971
  • Rambam Hospital (600 bed hospital), Haifa 1965–1972
  • Headquarters of the Agricultural Cooperatives, Tel Aviv 1965–1968
  • Wolfson General Hospital , Holon, Tel Aviv 1966–1976
  • Tel Aviv Medical Center (Ichilov Municipal Hospital extension), Tel Aviv 1966
  • Memorial Museum , Kibbutz Jad Mordechai , 1966–1968
  • Geha Mental Hospital (hospital with 170 beds), Petach Tikwa , 1966–1970
  • Israel Pavilion at the World EXPO Exhibition (built by Ze'ev Vered), Montreal , 1967
  • Ife University (library, together with AMY Ltd.), Ile-Ife, Nigeria 1967–1970
  • Housing complexes, Be'er Scheva and Nazareth , 1967–1969
  • Medical Institute of Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 1967–1972
  • Ife University (Institute for Education and Secretariat, with AMY Ltd.), Ile-Ife, Nigeria 1968–1972
  • Master plan for the old city of Jerusalem and the surrounding area (with the architect David A. Brutzkus), 1968–1970
  • Ben Gurion Research Center , Midreshet Sede Boker, 1968
  • Central Bank of Israel , Jerusalem, 1969–1974
  • Amerikahaus (with the architect M. Tintner), Tel Aviv 1970–1973
  • Oduduwa Hall , Ife University (with AMY Ltd.), Ile-Ife, Nigeria 1972–1976
  • Soroka Medical Center (expansion of the hospital to 1,200 beds), Be'er Scheva , 1972–1976
  • Tel Aviv Medical Center (expansion of the hospital to 1000 beds), Tel Aviv 1972–1982
  • Gilo (residential area), Jerusalem, 1973–1976
  • Assaf Harofe Hospital (hospital complex ), Tel Aviv 1975–1985
  • Gil HaZahav (retirement home), Tel Aviv 1980

Publications (books)

  • Kibbutz + Bauhaus: an architect's way in a new land . Karl Krämer Verlag, Stuttgart and Massada, Israel 1976.
  • Physical Planning in Israel . Tel Aviv 1954.
  • Hospitals in Israel and the Developing Countries . Tel Aviv 1968.
  • Planning Jerusalem: The Old City and its Environs . Weidenfeld and Nicolson, Jerusalem 1973.
  • University of Ife Master Plan . Egboramy Co. & Arieh Sharon, Eldar Sharon, 1981.

Publications (Articles)

  • design for the house of the workers' council in jerusalem . In: bauhaus . No. 1 , January 1929, p. 22-23 .
  • Planning in Israel . In: Israel and Middle East . Tel Aviv March 1952.
  • Planning in Israel . In: Town Planning Review . Liverpool April 1952.
  • Collective Settlements in Israel . In: Town Planning Review . Liverpool January 1955.
  • Hospitals in Israel . In: World Hospitals . tape 1 . London 1964.
  • Medical Centers and Hospitals in Developing Countries . In: Dialogue in Development - Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress of Engineers and Architects in Israel . Tel Aviv 1970.
  • Planning Jerusalem . In: Ekistics . Athens November 1974.

Exhibitions

  • Architecture in Eretz Israel. Habima Theater, Tel Aviv, September 1944.
  • National Exhibition. Tel Aviv Museum of Art, February 1950.
  • Conquest of the Desert (Kibbush Hashemama). International Convention Center (Jerusalem), September 1953.
  • 50 years of Bauhaus. Stuttgart 1967.
  • Tel Aviv - New Buildings 1930–1939. Stuttgart, 1993
  • White City: International Style Architecture in Israel: A Portrait of an Era. Tel Aviv Museum of Art, 1984; Jewish Museum (New York), 1984
  • The Israeli Project. Tel Aviv Museum of Art, 2001
  • Solo exhibition Kibbutz + Bauhaus: an architect's way in a new land. Bauhaus Archive Berlin, 1976; Essen, Zurich, 1977; Munich, Stuttgart, Hamburg, Mexico City, 1978; Washington, New York, Philadelphia, 1979; Chicago, 1980.
  • Arieh Sharon - Bauhaus student and architect. Erfurt, 2009.

Honors and memberships

  • Member of the City Planning Committee, Tel Aviv, 1934
  • Executive member of the Engineers and Architects Association, 1936
  • Gold Medal from the Mexican Institute of Architecture, 1936
  • Chairman of the Israel Institute of Architects (IIA), 1955
  • Rokach Prize for Architecture, Tel Aviv City Council, 1960
  • Honorary member of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), London, 1962
  • Winner of the Israel Prize for Architecture, Jerusalem, 1962
  • Honorary member of the Academy of Arts , Berlin, 1963
  • Chairman of the National Council for National Parks and Nature Reserves, Israel, 1964
  • President of the Association of Engineers, Architects and Graduates in Technological Sciences in Israel (AEAI), Tel Aviv, 1965–1971
  • Honorary Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (AIA), Washington, DC, 1970
  • Member of the Executive Committee of the International Union of Architects (UIA), Paris, 1963–1969
  • Member of the Board of Trustees of the Bauhaus Archive , Berlin, 1975

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Elizabeth Zach: The Influence of Bauhaus on Architecture in Early Palestine and Israel . In: The New York Times . March 16, 2012 (English, nytimes.com ).
  2. ↑ Nitza Metzger-Szmuk: Des maisons sur le sable: Tel-Aviv, mouvement moderne et esprit Bauhaus . Éditions de l'Éclat, Paris 2004, ISBN 2-84162-077-8 , pp. 318 (French).
  3. ↑ Magdalena Droste: bauhaus 1919-1933 . Taschen , 2019, ISBN 978-3-8365-6551-6 .
  4. ↑ K. Michael Hays: Modernism and the posthumanist subject: the architecture of Hannes Meyer and Ludwig Hilberseimer . MIT Press, 1995, ISBN 0-262-58141-8 , pp. 310 (English).
  5. ↑ Israel 2020 - A New Vision - May-95 . In: Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (ed.): Israel Environment Bulletin . tape 18 , no. 2 Spring 1995-5755, May 1, 1995 (English, mfa.gov.il [accessed October 6, 2017]).
  6. ↑ Ilan Troen: The transformation of Zionist planning policy: from rural settlements to an urban network . In: Planning Perspectives . No. 3 . E. & FN Spon, 1988, pp. 3–23 (English, excerpt [PDF; 6.5 MB ; accessed on October 6, 2017]).
  7. ↑ Yoav Sagi: Escape from Megalopolis . In: Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (ed.): Israel Environment Bulletin . tape 20 , no. 1 Winter 1997-5757 (English, israelforeignaffairs.com [accessed October 6, 2017]).
  8. ^ The Michael and Anna Wix Auditorium. Weizmann Wonder Wander, December 7, 2010, accessed October 9, 2017 .
personal data
SURNAME Sharon, Arieh
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Kurzmann, Ludwig (maiden name); Sharon, Aryeh; Sharon, aria
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Israeli architect (Bauhaus)
DATE OF BIRTH May 28, 1900
PLACE OF BIRTH Jaroslau , Galicia , Austria-Hungary
DATE OF DEATH July 24, 1984
Place of death Paris , France