Bowl game

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rose Bowl 2006, Texas vs. Southern California ; January 4, 2006

In the United States , a bowl game is one of a series of post-season college football games played primarily by teams belonging to the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS). For most of its history, the Division's I Bowl subdivision had avoided using a playoff tournament to determine an annual national champion, which was instead traditionally determined by a vote of sports journalists and non-player individuals. In place of such a playoff, various cities across the United States developed their own regional festivals with post-season college football games. Prior to 2002, bowl game statistics were not included in player career statistics, and the games were mostly viewed as friendlies with payment for participating teams. Despite attempts to establish a permanent system of identifying the FBS's national champion on the field (such as the Bowl Coalition from 1992 to 1994, the Bowl Alliance from 1995 to 1997, the Bowl Championship Series from 1998 to 2013, and the College Football Playoffs from 2014 to today), various bowl games are still played due to the economic interests embedded in them.

The bowl games originally featured the very best teams in college football, and the teams had to meet strict requirements for playing a bowl game in a given year. The number of bowl games grew and reached 20 games by the 1997 season, then to over 30 games by the 2006 season and 40 games in team competition (excluding the College Football Playoff National Championship ) by the 2015 season . The increase in bowl games has required a significant relaxation of the admission rules for NCAA bowl games, which have since been reduced to include teams with unsuccessful 6-6 records (numerous teams since the 2002 season) and even losing 5 6 and 5-7 seasons (10 teams since the 2001 season) can fill some of the many bowl seats available.

The term "bowl" originated from Rose Bowl Stadium , where the first post-season college football games were played. The Rose Bowl Stadium, in turn, took its name and bowl-shaped design from the Yale Bowl , the prototype of many football stadiums in the United States. The term has now become almost synonymous with every major American football event, usually college football with a few major exceptions. Two examples of this are the Egg Bowl, the name of the annual game between the Mississippi State Bulldogs and the Ole Miss Rebels , and the Iron Bowl, a nickname given to the annual game between the Alabama Crimson Tide and the Auburn Tigers. In professional football, the National Football League (NFL) names " Super Bowl " and " Pro Bowl " refer to college football bowl games.

The use of the term has migrated to Canadian professional and college football. A notable example is the annual banjo bowl between the Winnipeg Blue Bombers and the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). U Sports plays two semi-final "bowl games" prior to the Vanier Cup National Championship Game, the Uteck Bowl and the Mitchell Bowl. Games are determined on a conference rotation basis, with the Uteck Bowl played by the easternmost hosting team, while the Mitchell Bowl is played by the westernmost hosting team.

history

Bowl game history began with the 1902 Tournament East-West Football Game, hosted between Michigan and Stanford , a game Michigan won 49-0. The game was part of the Tournament of Roses , a series of New Year celebrations that have been taking place since 1890, the central part of which is a pageant. Starting in 1916, the Tournament of Roses finally sponsored an annual Tournament East-West Football Game. From the Rose Bowl 1923 it was played in the newly built Rose Bowl Stadium, and so the competition itself became known as the Rose Bowl Game . The name "Bowl" to describe the games comes from the Rose Bowl Stadium. Realizing the tourism promotional value that the Tournament of Roses and Rose Bowl brought in, other cities began developing their own regional festivals, which included college football games. The name "Bowl" was added to the name of the festival, even if the games were not always played in bowl-shaped stadiums.

The historic timing of bowl games around the New Year is the result of two factors - the warm climate and the ease of travel. The original bowl games were held in warm climates such as southern California , Louisiana , Florida, and Texas to promote tourism and business in the area. Since there was no or only very limited commercial air travel, the games were scheduled long after the end of the regular season in order to enable the fans to travel to the venue. Although travel is more comfortable these days, with the exception of 5 of the 41 bowl games (as of 2019), all are still in cities below about 36 ° N.

College football bowl games are currently played from mid-December through early January. As the number of bowl games has increased, the number of games a team must win in order to be invited to a bowl game has decreased. With a schedule of 12 games, a number of teams were invited to a bowl game with only 5 wins.

By the end of the 2018 season, the University of Alabama had played the most bowl games with 69 appearances (including the semifinals and final of the College Football Playoffs). Alabama also holds the record for the most bowl wins at 41. Since the 2019 season, the Virginia Tech Hokies hold the official, NCAA-recognized record of consecutive bowl appearances with 26 appearances in a row.

The Florida State held the record of consecutive bowl appearances with 36 Bowl games from 1982 to 2017. However, it is not recognized by the NCAA because the NCAA victory of the FSU in the Emerald Bowl 2006 on the UCLA not recognized due to an academic problem Has.

The Rose Bowl was the only major college bowl game in 1930. There were five major college bowl games by 1940: the Rose Bowl, the Sugar Bowl (1935), the Cotton Bowl Classic (1937), the Orange Bowl (1935), and the Sun Bowl (1935). By 1950 the number had increased to nine games. That number of nine bowl games lasted through 1960 but rose again to 11 games by 1970. The number continued to rise, to 15 games in 1980, 19 games in 1990, 25 games in 2000, 35 games in 2010 and 41 games by 2019 (40 games plus two teams playing a second game to determine the national champion contested). Until around the 1950s, the small number of games was played exclusively on New Year's Day, with the only major exception that the holiday fell on a Sunday. For the 2016/17 bowl season, the 41 games will take a little more than three weeks, starting on December 20th and ending on January 13th. While bowl games were originally only played in warm cities that were intended as winter vacation destinations, the games in indoor stadiums can also be played in colder climates.

The 1973 Rose Bowl attendance of 106,869 set the record for the Rose Bowl Stadium and the record for an NCAA Bowl game. Rose Bowl Stadium continues to be the largest capacity stadium, and the Rose Bowl game has the highest attendance for post-season bowl games.

In the 1990s, many bowl games began changing or abandoning their traditional names in favor of selling naming rights. While some include the traditional name in some form (e.g. the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual ), others have abandoned their traditional name altogether in favor of using only their corporate sponsor's name (e.g. the former Citrus Bowl was named for some time to the Capital One Bowl after the financial services company Capital One bought the naming rights; it reverted to the original name in 2015).

Before 1992, most bowls had strict agreements with certain conferences. For example, the Rose Bowl traditionally invited the champions of the Pac-10 and Big Ten Conferences. The Sugar Bowl invited the SEC champion, and the Orange Bowl welcomed the Big 8 Conference champion. These conference arrangements created situations in which the country's top-ranked teams could not compete against each other in a bowl game. The national championship was decided after the bowls, solely by voters in various media polls trying to decide which team was the best, sometimes on the basis of wins against vastly inferior teams. As a result, there could be multiple championship titles and no single master. This led to the term "Mythical National Championship", which is still used to refer to high school national champions, as there are state championship tournaments in high school sports but no national championships.

Attempts to determine a national master

Due to the economic interests anchored in the various bowl games, the longer regular season compared to the lower leagues of college football and the desire not to let college players play multiple rounds of the playoff games during the final exams and the winter break, For a long time, the Division I Bowl Subdivision avoided the introduction of a playoff tournament to determine an annual national champion. Instead, the national champion in the Football Bowl subdivision has traditionally been determined through a vote of sports journalists and other non-player people.

In 1995 the Bowl Alliance , which was formed by the big bowls and conferences, introduced a system in which the two highest-ranking teams would play against each other, even if they were both connected to a different bowl. However, the Pac-10 and Big Ten as well as the Rose Bowl did not participate. Number 1 versus number 2 encounters became much more likely, but not guaranteed. After the 1997 season, the unbeaten Michigan ranked first in both major polls, but as a Big Ten champion, it played eighth in the Rose Bowl against Pac-10 champion Washington State . The top team of the Bowl Alliance, the second-placed, unbeaten Nebraska , had to compete at the Orange Bowl against the third-placed Tennessee . Michigan won by five points on New Years Day, and the next night Nebraska beat Tennessee (which played with injury-stricken Peyton Manning ) by 25 points. The AP retained Michigan as champions, but the coaches' poll chose Nebraska, which played its final game for retiring coach Tom Osborne , in part because of a more one-sided win against a higher-ranking opponent.

The following season, the Rose Bowl, Pac-10, and Big Ten, along with the other bowls and major conferences, formed the Bowl Championship Series . The BCS attempted to pit the two top-ranked teams in the country against each other, based on calculations from various sources, including statistics and coach surveys, with one of the four bowl games in the consortium (Rose Bowl, Fiesta Bowl , Sugar Bowl, and Orange Bowl ) alternately took over the role of the "national championship" or from 2006 a special BCS championship game changed between the BCS venues. The BCS Championship Game was separate from the four main bowls, but still took place on a rotating basis at the various BCS locations. The coaching survey was contractually bound to recognize the winner of the game as the national champion. However, other polls, like the AP poll, could deviate and pick a different team, especially in years when multiple teams were equally worthy of making the game. For example, in 2003 LSU won the BCS national championship against Oklahoma , but the AP crowned USC champions after their Rose Bowl victory.

For the 2014/15 season, the BCS was replaced by a new project, the College Football Playoffs (CFP). The new system uses a four-team tournament whose participants are selected and seeded by a committee; the semi-finals are rotated annually between the pairings of the six member bowls (Rose Bowl and Sugar Bowl, then Orange Bowl and Cotton Bowl Classic and then Fiesta Bowl and Peach Bowl ). The winners from the two semi-final bowls will move into the College Football Playoff National Championship , which will be played at a neutral location determined by applications. Members of the " New Year's Six " who do not play semi-finals use their traditional encounters. Like its predecessors and unlike the officially approved lower-level NCAA tournaments, the College Football Playoff is not officially recognized as an NCAA championship.

Professional bowl games

The National Football League also used the name "Bowl" for some of their playoff games. While the NFL championship was not initially referred to as the "Bowl", the league introduced the name "Pro Bowl" in 1951 as a designation for its all-star game and introduced the Bert Bell Benefit Bowl (also known as the "Playoff Bowl") as a game of the two second-placed teams in each division from 1960 to 1969.

When the AFL and NFL professional football merged in 1970 , the AFL-NFL World Championship Game became the championship of the NFL and is now known as the Super Bowl, as it has been known since 1968 (the name was coined by Lamar Hunt after he saw his daughter play with a superball ). There was also the American Bowl , a preseason game played overseas, and various one-off games informally known as bowls, such as: B. Bounty Bowl, Ice Bowl , Snow Bowl, Freezer Bowl, Fog Bowl , Mud Bowl, Tuna Bowl, Manning Bowl, Harbaugh Bowl and the planned (but ultimately canceled) China Bowl .

As a result, other professional football leagues have or are using the term bowl for their championships, such as: B. the World Football League ( World Bowl ), NFL Europe (World Bowl), Arena Football League ( ArenaBowl ), Indoor Football League ( United Bowl ), Great Lakes Indoor Football League (Great Lakes Bowl) and American Indoor Football Association (AIFA Championship Bowl). The Canadian Football League names one of their rivalries the Banjo Bowl and another QEW Bowl (also known as the Battle of Ontario); however, like most Canadian sports leagues, the CFL's championship is instead referred to as the Cup (in the case of the CFL, the Gray Cup ).

Bowl Games Today

Postseason bowls

At the top tier of NCAA football, the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (known as Division IA from 1978 to 2005), teams must earn the right to bowl by winning at least six games and at the end of the season have no record of defeats. They may then be invited to a bowl game based on their placement and the reference that the conference has to each bowl game. A rule change in 2010 will allow bowls to bid teams with a 6-6 record in front of teams with more than six wins.

Bowls are popular with the coaching staff because the NCAA college teams that participate in bowl games allow extra weeks of training they would otherwise not have and because the teams are paid to participate in bowl games. Teams that belong to a conference share the money with their conference colleagues. In the 2019 season, 80 of the 120 Division I FBS teams played in a bowl game.

Bowls from small colleges

At a lower level, the teams play in playoff tournaments with a national championship game in a neutral location, so invitation bowl games are less popular than in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS).

The Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) only hosts one bowl game, the Celebration Bowl (formerly the Heritage Bowl). She invites top teams from historically black colleges and universities, one from SWAC and one from MEAC (SWAC traditionally has a longer regular season that extends beyond Thanksgiving weekend, which means that their teams do not participate in the FCS tournament and the FBS reflects better).

There are currently four postseason bowls in Division II for teams that have not qualified for the DII playoffs: the Mineral Water Bowl, the Live United Texarkana Bowl, the Corsicana Bowl, and the CHAMPS Heart of Texas Bowl (the latter is a Name used by two separate bowls, one for Division II and one for Junior Colleges). All four Division II bowls are played on the same day, the first Saturday in December.

At the Division III level, all bowl games currently being played are recent developments (as of 2008 or later). For the 2017 season, 10 bowls are planned to be played by teams that have not qualified for the DIII playoffs: a series of six bowls for ECAC teams, a series of two bowls between the Centennial Conference and MAC, the New York State Bowl (between Liberty League and Empire 8) and the New England Bowl (between ECFC, MSCAC, CCC and NEWMAC). Before 2008, the ECAC also hosted the ECAC Bowl (1989-2003) for Division I-AA and the North Atlantic Bowl (2007), the last of which is now integrated into the Conference's six-bowl series. In addition, the Division III championship game has always been known as the Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl.

Individual evidence

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  26. ↑ Man behind creation of BCS pleased with results - USATODAY.com. Retrieved April 21, 2020 .
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  34. ↑ In 1985, the Packers and Bucs played a 'Snow Bowl' for the ages. In: For The Win. November 20, 2014, accessed April 22, 2020 .
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  41. ↑ Patriots to play in the China Bowl. New England Patriots, August 9, 2017, accessed April 22, 2020 .
  42. ↑ Bowl Eligibility. Retrieved April 22, 2020 .
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  44. ↑ HBCU greats laud the Celebration Bowl. March 31, 2015, accessed April 22, 2020 .
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  46. ↑ ECAC Announces 2019 DIII Football Bowl Games. Retrieved April 22, 2020 (English).
  47. ^ Bleacher Report: What's Right with College Football: A Taste of The Stagg Bowl. Retrieved April 22, 2020 (English).