Bruno Bušić

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Ante Bruno Bušić (born October 6, 1939 in Donji Vinjani , zu Imotski , Kingdom of Yugoslavia , † October 16, 1978 in Paris , France ) was a Yugoslav publicist , political prisoner , terrorist helper and functionary of the Croatian exile organization Croatian National Council (HNV). He stood up for an independent Croatia and was one of the most prominent opponents of Yugoslavia .

Life

There are almost no independent sources on Bušić's life; the biographical information is largely based on Bušić's own information.

Childhood and youth

Ante Bruno Bušić was born on October 6, 1939 in the hamlet of Bušića Draga, Donji Vinjani. His father Josip Bušić (called Jozo) was a Croat from Dalmatia , his mother Ana, née Petrić, a Croat from Herzegovina . His mother died at the age of three and a half (1943), so that he then spent a few years with his grandmother in Herzegovina. From the father's second marriage, Bušić's half-brother Miro and his half-sister Maja emerged. His father died in 1964.

He spent the first four years of school in the school of Donji Vinjani, then he switched to the secondary school in Imotski.

Journalistic and political activity

Bušić wrote his first literary work at the age of 14, while he was in high school. The works were published in various magazines, especially in the Polet . He signed all of these stories with Ante Bušić, Imotski . At high school he began to organize himself politically with classmates from Imotski and Široki Brijeg and to read literature that was forbidden in socialist Yugoslavia. Because of this, he was arrested for the first time in 1955.

In 1957 he was expelled from high school and was banned from school in all of Yugoslavia: According to his own statements, because of his Croatian-national views and work, according to Erich Schmidt-Eenboom , because he had been in contact with illegal Ustasha organizations in Imotski . This ban was lifted after two years, so that Bruno Bušić was able to complete the grammar school in Split in 1960 .

After graduating from high school, he enrolled at the University of Zagreb in 1960 and completed an economics degree there in 1964. From 1965 Bušić worked in the Institute for the History of the Labor Movement in Croatia founded by Franjo Tuđman . In mid-1965 Bušić was arrested again and in 1966 sentenced to ten months in prison for reading publications by Croatian emigrants and “hostile propaganda”, after which he fled to Austria. In 1968 he returned to Croatia.

Since an article in the Republic of 1967, he published his writings under the name of Bruno Bušić . During the Croatian Spring , Bušić began working for the Hrvatski književni list (Croatian Literary Journal) in 1968 , which was banned by the Yugoslav authorities in 1969. In 1969 he published the article Victims of War ( Žrtve rata ) in this newspaper , in which he denounced alleged manipulation of the number of victims of the Second World War on the territory of Croatia. Until then, Bušić u. a. Article published in Telegram , Vidnik , Hrvatski tjednik and Kritika magazines. As the author of the Hrvatski tjednik (Croatian weekly paper), he published articles on what he saw as the ugly reality in Yugoslavia and the situation of the Croats under the communist-dictatorial regime.

After the prohibition of the Hrvatski književni list , he left Yugoslavia legally in 1969 and continued to study political economy and sociology in Paris with the help of a French scholarship . With other Croatian pilgrims he took part in the canonization of the Croat Nikola Tavelić in Rome in 1970 . He returned to Zagreb in April 1971 and has been under constant police control ever since. Ivan Krajačić , the former Minister of the Interior of SR Croatia , who sympathized with the idea of ​​Croatia's independence and maintained contacts with both the Federal Intelligence Service and the Soviet secret service KGB , is said to have "arranged" his return to Zagreb . At this time, Bušić is said to have started working for the KGB.

In the wake of the student unrest and the state reaction to the Croatian Spring , Bušić was arrested in 1971 for his articles and sentenced to two years in the notorious Stara Gradiška prison. One threw him u. a. alleged to have written against the "brotherhood and unity of the peoples of Yugoslavia" in his articles in student newspapers . In 1972 Der Spiegel reported that Bušić had been arrested in Yugoslavia, died in his cell and then handed over to his relatives in a locked coffin. In 1973 he was released from prison. In 1974 he was attacked by several strangers in Dubrovnik , who hit him in the neck, threw him on the ground and kicked him in the head. He thought the attack was a work of the UDBa , since his companion, the Israeli student Joseph Levy, was not molested and two Yugoslav police officers had observed the attack but did nothing to prevent it. He then left Yugoslavia illegally in 1975 and went to London , where he was granted political asylum .

In London he continued his work as a writer and member of the editorial board of the newspaper Nova Hrvatska (New Croatia) for the independence of Croatia and the secession of Yugoslavia. He denounced it u. a. the oppression of the Croatian population by police and secret service methods and the situation of political prisoners in Yugoslavia.

On September 10, 1976, five terrorists hijacked a US domestic TWA passenger aircraft to France, killing an American police officer by a bomb. As the head of the terrorist group, Zvonko Bušić , a cousin of Bruno Bušić, was sentenced to life imprisonment in the USA. In order to save the lives of the 92 aircraft occupants, the US authorities complied with the hijackers' request to print a propaganda leaflet written by Bruno Bušić in newspapers. Bruno Bušić had been privy to the kidnapping plans.

As Erich Schmidt-Eenboom reports, the Federal Intelligence Service had "close ties" to Bruno Bušić since the mid-1970s, through the former diplomat and secret service agent of the Independent State of Croatia Ernest Bauer (1910-1995) and the BND agent Klaus Dörner. Dörner and the then BND boss Klaus Kinkel had assessed Bušić "as one of the coming men in Croatia".

In the election for the second Sabor (German: Parliament ) of the exile organization Hrvatsko narodno vijeće (Croatian National Council) in 1977, Bušić was elected by a large majority and took over the propaganda , making him editor of the Croatian National Council newspaper. In 1978 he and friends founded the newspaper Hrvatski List (Croatian newspaper).

Assassination and death

On the late evening of October 16, 1978, Bruno Bušić was murdered in Paris with two of five shots fired. The Yugoslav secret service UDBa was held responsible for this by his colleagues. Der Spiegel, on the other hand, saw his death in connection with the dispute over funds that might have been embezzled by other Croatians, which had actually been collected to finance armed terror.

On October 23, 1978, Bušić was buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris , attended by around 1200 people, mostly Croatians from Europe and overseas . In 1984 the defected high-ranking UDBa agent Josip Majerski told the German authorities that he had been commissioned by the Yugoslav secret service to murder Bruno Bušić, which he refused. The former high-ranking UDBa agent Božidar Spasić, however, denied in an interview in 1994 that the UDBa was involved in Bušić's murder; it was assumed in the UDBa that rivalries between Croatian nationalists led to his murder. Erich Schmidt-Eenboom commented on this with the words: "With Busic's death, the way for Franjo Tudjman to lead the Croatian cause was paved."

Aftermath

A Croatian terrorist organization active in the 1980s, which among other things is said to have committed an attack on a publishing house in Germany, called itself Croatian Revolutionary Cell, Department Bruno Bušić .

After Croatia's independence in 1991, streets and facilities were named after Bušić in several Croatian cities, including Dubrovnik , Split and Zagreb . Bušić's birthplace received a large bronze sculpture with his likeness , designed by the Croatian sculptor Vene Jerković .

Since 1992, a football tournament has been held every year under his name in his native Donji Vinjani in Bušić's honor. B. also clubs from Split and Široki Brijeg arrive.

Sleeve badge of the 1st Guard Brigade "Ante Bruno Bušić" of the HVO with Bušić's portrait.

During the Bosnian War , the first unit of the Hrvatsko vijeće obrane , the Croatian army in Bosnia-Herzegovina , was named after him in 1992 (from 1993: 1. gardijska brigada Ante Bruno Bušić ).

A commission of the Croatian parliament set up in 1992 published a final report in 1999 and came to the conclusion that the Yugoslav secret service UDBa was responsible for the attack on Bruno Bušić and that the act was initiated by high officials of the Yugoslav state and party apparatus. The commission also published the names of those involved in its final report. The former UDBa agent Viktor Sindičić was charged as the alleged perpetrator, who was acquitted by a Zagreb court because the crime could not be proven. According to the parliamentary commission, Bušić was murdered by two gunshots on October 16, 1978 between 11 p.m. and 11:15 p.m. at 57 Rue de Belleville in Paris. Accordingly, his death had all the signs of contract murder : one bullet hit him in the right temple , the second hit him in the heart and tore the aorta . Both bullets were 7.65 caliber . The French police are said to have determined at the time that the UDBa agent Josip Petričević was allegedly a candidate for organizing the murder.

Bruno Bušić's grave in the Mirogoj Cemetery in Zagreb

Bušić's remains were exhumed on October 8, 1999 and, before being transferred to Croatia, said goodbye to over a thousand people in a solemn mass in Paris. After being transferred to Croatia, his remains were laid out in public in a state funeral and reburied in a grave of honor in the Mirogoj cemetery in the Croatian capital Zagreb on October 16, 1999, the 21st anniversary of his murder . The reburial near the graves of the fallen of the Croatia war ( Aleji branitelja ) took place under military honors and great sympathy of the population, as well as state and church dignitaries. The famous Croatian sculptor Marija Ujević-Galetović designed his tomb .

His collected works were published posthumously in 1983 in the book Jedino Hrvatska (Only Croatia).

Awards (selection)

Fonts

Bušić wrote a total of 156 works. 146 of these works were published between 1954 and 1979 in 15 publications and translated into 4 languages. 10 works remained unpublished as manuscripts .

selection

  • A report on the prison situation in Croatia [ A report on the prison situation in Croatia ]. Croatian Information Service, Arcadia (ca.) 1975.
  • UDBA archipelago: prison terror in Croatia [The UDBa archipelago: prison terror in Croatia ]. Croatian Information Service, Arcadia (Ca.) 1976.
  • Ivan Bušić-Roša: hajdučki hamambaša [Ivan Bušić-Roša: the heathen leader ]. Liber Croaticus Verlag, Mainz 1977.
  • Hrvatski ustaše i komunisti [Croatian Ustas and communists ]. Washington, DC 1979.
  • Pjesma Bruni Bušiću [Bruno Bušić's poems]. Liber, Mainz 1979. ISBN 3-88308-013-6 .
  • Jedino Hrvatska !: Sabrani spisi [Only Croatia! Collected Writings]. Ziral, Toronto / Zurich / Rome / Chicago 1983.
    Reprint of the first edition with foreword and life picture by Anđelko Mijatović. 3 volumes. Fram-Ziral, Mostar / Zagreb 2005. ISBN 978-9958-37-039-7 .
  • Svjedok pomirbe [witness of reconciliation]. Udruga hrvatskih branitelja dragovoljaca domovinskog rata, Zagreb 1995.

In German translation

  • Demographic losses in Croatia and Yugoslavia from 1941–1945 . In: Croatian reports . No. 2/1977, pp. 11-16 and 3/1977, pp. 14-19.
  • The Yugoslav judiciary as an instrument of totalitarian political violence . In: Croatian reports . No. 4-5 / 1977, pp. 15-20.
  • Terror against Croats in the FRG . In: Letak . n.d., pp. 1-4.
  • Poems . Liber, Mainz 1979.

See also

literature

  • Erich Schmidt-Eenboom : The shadow warrior. Klaus Kinkel and the BND . 1995, ISBN 3-430-18014-7 , pp. 253 f.
  • Rudolf Arapović: Bruno Bušić: Meteorski bljesak na hrvatskomu obrazu . HB Press, Washington DC 2003. ISBN 0-9669561-2-5 . (Croatian)
  • Anđelko Mijatović: Bruno Bušić: prilog istraživanju života i djelovanja (1939-1978.) . Školska Knjiga, Zagreb 2010. ISBN 978-953-0-61298-3 . (Croatian)

Web links

Wikiquote: Bruno Bušić  - Quotes (Croatian)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Yugoslavia: Prisoners of Conscience . Amnesty International Publications, London 1985, ISBN 0-86210-084-4 , pp. 8 .
  2. ↑ Bruno Bušić: Sam o sebi [About yourself] (1955). In: Jedino Hrvatska !: Sabrani spisi [United Croatia! Collected Writings]. Ziral, Toronto / Zurich / Rome / Chicago 1983, p. 16.
  3. ^ Vinko D. Lasić: Životopis Brune Bušića . In: Jedino Hrvatska !: Sabrani spisi [United Croatia! Collected Writings]. Ziral, Toronto / Zurich / Rome / Chicago 1983, SV
  4. ↑ Interview with Bruno Bušić: Među vladajućim Strukturama vlada panika i bezulavlje . In: Hrvatska borba . No. 1. Washington, DC 1979, p. 25.
  5. ↑ a b c d Bušić, Bruno. In: Hrvatska enciklopedija. Retrieved December 23, 2017 .
  6. ↑ Interview with Bruno Bušić: Svijet ne smije znati za Staru Gradišku . In: Nova Hrvatska . No. 20. London 1975, p. 11.
  7. ↑ Schmidt-Eenboom: The shadow warrior . Pp. 242 and 254
  8. ↑ Locked coffin: Tito fights an internal opposition with arrests, dismissals and party punishments: the press . In: Der Spiegel . No. 5 , 1972 ( online ).
  9. ↑ Bruno Bušić: Zasto sam iz otišao domovine . In: Nova Hrvatska . No. 19. London 1975, p. 9.
  10. ↑ Željko Toth, Bruno Bušić - život za Hrvatsku (Bruno Bušić - A Life for Croatia), on the homepage of the Hrvatski informativni centar (Croatian); Interview with Julienne Bušić ( memento of the original from April 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , the wife of Zvonko Bušić (she was also one of the hijackers and was sentenced to 13 years in prison in the USA) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.avsec.com
  11. ^ Vinko D. Lasić: Životopis Brune Bušića . In: Jedino Hrvatska !: Sabrani spisi [United Croatia! Collected Writings]. Ziral, Toronto / Zurich / Rome / Chicago 1983, p. VIII.
  12. ↑ Password: Jesi li te Ante? In: Der Spiegel . No. 27 , 1981 ( online ).
  13. ↑ Mastermind in the consulate . In: Die Zeit , No. 30/1984.
  14. ↑ The Shadow Warrior , p. 254
  15. ↑ Edward F. Mickolus et al. a .: International terrorism in the 1980s: A chronology of events . Volume 2. 1989, ISBN 0-8138-0172-9 , p. 186.
  16. ^ Charles R. Shrader: The Muslim-Croat civil war in Central Bosnia: a military history, 1992-1994 . 2003, p. 45. ISBN 1-58544-261-5 .
  17. ↑ REPUBLIKA HRVATSKA - Komisija za utvrđivanje ratnih i poratnih žrtava - Vijeće za utvrđivanje poratnih žrtava komunističkog sustava ubijenih u inozemstvu: 1999. Urbrojna1. 06 / 99-01 / 107. Zagreb, September 30, 1999, pp. 21-23.
  18. ↑ a b c REPUBLIKA HRVATSKA - Komisija za utvrđivanje ratnih i poratnih žrtava - Vijeće za utvrđivanje poratnih žrtava komunističkog sustava ubijenih u inozemstvu: 1992. 59th. 1999. Ur : 140-06 / 99-01 / 107. Zagreb, September 30, 1999, p. 22.
  19. ↑ U Parizu ekshumirani posmrtni ostaci Brune Bušić . ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. HRT; Retrieved October 12, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hrt.hr
  20. ↑ U Parizu svečano ispraćeni posmrtni ostaci Brune Bušić . ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. HRT; Retrieved October 12, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hrt.hr
  21. ↑ Pokopan Ante Bruno Bušić . ( Memento of the original from January 10, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. HRT; Retrieved October 12, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hrt.hr
  22. ↑ Catalog raisonné in: Jedino Hrvatska !: Sabrani spisi . Ziral, Toronto / Zurich / Rome / Chicago 1983, pp. 661–668.
personal data
SURNAME Bušić, Bruno
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Bušić, Ante Bruno (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Croatian publicist, political prisoner, terrorist worker and functionary of a Croatian exile organization
DATE OF BIRTH October 6, 1939
PLACE OF BIRTH Donji Vinjani , in Imotski , Kingdom of Yugoslavia
DATE OF DEATH October 16, 1978
Place of death Paris , France