Hrvatsko vijeće obrane

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Flag of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia.svg Croatian Defense Council
Hrvatsko vijeće obrane (HVO)
National emblem of the HVO
guide
Commander in Chief
de jure :		 President of the Croatian Republic of Herceg-Bosna
Mate Boban (1991–93)
Krešimir Zubak (1993–94)
Commander in chief de facto : President of the Republic of Croatia
Franjo Tuđman (1990-99)
Defense Minister: Bruno Stojić (1992–93)
Vladimir Šoljić (1993–95)
Military Commander: Colonel Milivoj Petković
(from April 1992);
Major General Slobodan Praljak
(from July 24, 1993);
Lieutenant General Ante Roso
(from Nov. 12, 1993);
Major General Milivoj Petković
(from April 26, 1994);
Major General Tihomir Blaškić
(from Aug. 5, 1995)
Headquarters: Mostar
Military strength
Active soldiers:
Conscription: Yes
Eligibility for military service:
history
Founding: April 8, 1992
Resolution: October 1995
Highest manpower: 50,000

The Hrvatsko vijeće obrane ( Croatian for Croatian Defense Council ), HVO for short , was the army of the Croats in Bosnia-Herzegovina during the Bosnian War (1992-1995). He operated mainly in the field of self-proclaimed, internationally recognized never Croatian Republic of Herceg-Bosna .

The HVO emerged from paramilitary units that were set up through self-organization immediately before the start of the Bosnian war. As a result, at the beginning of the war, the HVO largely consisted of locally organized, militia-like infantry brigades , whose task was to protect the Croatian population and to enforce the policy of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian branch of the HDZ . The support of the allied Croatian army with training, equipment and personnel made the HVO the most effective armed force in the Bosnian war with a total strength of up to 50,000 soldiers . Members of the HVO committed war crimes and ethnic cleansing of the Bosniak and Serbian civilian populations.

In Sarajevo , Tuzla and Bihać , HVO brigades fought in the Association of the Bosnian Army (ARBiH) .

history

Bosnian War

Shortly before the beginning of the war, the Croatian community organized itself in western Herzegovina in the summer of 1991, when the first Croatian units were set up in preparation for an expected Serbian attack. The founding of the HVO on April 8, 1992 was justified by the “passivity” of the Bosniaks , who would not offer enough resistance to the Serbs . Historians assume, however, that it was an element of the “Greater Croatian” policy of the then Croatian President Franjo Tuđman and an instrument for connecting the predominantly Croatian-populated areas to Croatia. The support of the Croatian army enabled the HVO to equip its soldiers relatively well and to use large amounts of heavy weapons. For a long time the HVO operated together with the Croatian Army, the similarity between the name HVO and the name for the Croatian Army: Hrvatska vojska (HV) is unmistakable.

Areas under the control of the HVO and the Croatian Army (yellow) at the end of the Bosnian War on October 20, 1995.

The HVO initially fought with the allied Bosnian government army (ARBiH) against the army of the Bosnian Serbs (VRS) . In April 1993 a conflict between the allies in the Croatian-Bosniak war escalated . With the support of Zagreb, the HVO demanded the withdrawal of the Bosnian government troops from the areas that were to be controlled by the Croats according to the Vance-Owen Plan . When Izetbegović refused, the HVO began to occupy the areas and carried out ethnic cleansing.

post war period

Soldier of the 1st Infantry Regiment of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian Armed Forces (traditional HVO regiment ) with his partner in the US Army during a maneuver at the "Eugen Kvaternik" training area (2012).
Sleeve badge of the existing 1st Infantry Regiment OSBiH

With the end of the Bosnian War and the formation of the Bosniak-Croatian Federation , which also included the parts of the country predominantly populated by Croats , the HVO was officially dissolved. However, five and a half years after the end of the war, around 50 sub-accounts of the Defense Council, which had been a shareholder of the same bank until 1997, were discovered during a raid on Hercegovačka banka . The whereabouts of the funds was even after the arrest of the embezzlement accused HDZ / BiH- politician Ante Jelavić only partially cleared in January of 2004.

In 2006, the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (OSBiH) were formed from the Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (VFBiH) and the Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS) . The 1st Infantry Regiment of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian Armed Forces was set up as a traditional Croatian regiment of the HVO. April 8th of each year is celebrated with military honors as the founding day of the HVO ( Dan utemeljenja HVO-a ). The 20th anniversary of the foundation in 2012 was celebrated with celebrations lasting several days, which were also attended by official representatives of the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

War crimes and their legal processing

Bosniaks were expelled throughout the Lašva Valley. Initially, the Croatian troops were on the advance and carried out, among other things, the Ahmići massacre on April 16 , in which HVO troops murdered around 120 Bosniak civilians and set Bosniak houses on fire. Units of the HVO went from house to house, murdered the village population and destroyed a large part of the village. The Vitez massacre was committed on the same day . HVO troops besieged the village of Vitez and bombed Bosniak areas. Most of the Bosniak houses were set on fire, 172 Bosniak civilians were murdered, 5,000 displaced and 1,200 detained in internment camps.
From May 1993 to January 1994, the HVO attacked Mostar and carried out ethnic cleansing. Thousands of Bosniaks were displaced and their homes looted. The men were interned in the Dretelj camp.

The HVO also operated several internment camps for Bosniaks, whose inmates were tortured and beaten. Bosniak women were also mistreated and raped.

On July 29, 2004, HVO General Tihomir Blaškić was sentenced to nine years imprisonment in the appellate instance of the International Criminal Court for the former Yugoslavia , after the first instance sentence had been reduced from 45 years, and on August 2, 2004 from the largely served sentence Released from prison.

On November 29, 2017, the HVO officials Slobodan Praljak (military chief) and Berislav Pušić (head of the prisoner exchange office) were sentenced by the International Criminal Court to 20 and 10 years in prison, respectively. Praljak committed after the verdict, in which the first-instance sentences were confirmed in both cases, in The Hague suicide .

structure

The military structure of the HVO was basically based on the structure of the Croatian Army. All commanders in chief were seconded officers of the Croatian Army, with the exception of Tihomir Blaškić .

Land Forces (May 1992 to December 1993)

The land forces of the HVO were divided into a general headquarters in Mostar and five operational zones. Each operation zone comprised 8 to 14 infantry - brigades ( brigada ), a military police - battalion and easy military police Storm battalion. The total of 38 infantry brigades were formed from reservists, conscripts and volunteers. Each of these brigades had 3 to 4 battalions with support services.

The HVO also had that of professional soldiers existing elite regiment " Ante Bruno Bušić ," two independent infantry battalions, a light reconnaissance battalion and special and artillery units.

The HVO units, which together with the 5th Corps of the Bosnian government army defended the enclave of Bihać , were subordinate to their own general headquarters.

General Headquarters Mostar
Commander in Chief: Colonel Milivoj Petković (from April 1992); Major General Slobodan Praljak (from July 24, 1993); Lieutenant General Ante Roso (from November 12, 1993)
Special unit "Kažnjenička bojna" (Široki Brijeg)
Regiment "Ante Bruno Bušić" ( Čapljina )
Special unit " Ludvig Pavlović " (Čapljina)
1st Military Police Battalion (Mostar)
1. Operation Zone Southeast Herzegovina ( Široki Brijeg )
Commanders: Lieutenant Colonel Miljenko Lasić , Colonel Filip Filipović
1st Herzegovina Brigade " Knez Domagoj " (Čapljina)
2nd Herzegovina Brigade, 1st Light Military Police Assault Battalion " Jure and Boban " and 3rd (later 5th) Military Police Battalion (Mostar)
3rd Herzegovina Brigade (Mostar-Kruševo)
4th Herzegovina Brigade " Stjepan Radić " ( Ljubuški , Grude , Čitluk )
6th Brigade " Vitez Ranko Boban " (Grude)
7th Brigade " Mario Hrkać Ćikota " and Brigade " Ivica Jelčić Čarls " / Regiment "Ante Bruno Bušić" (Široki Brijeg)
Brigade " Knez Branimir " (Čitluk)
Brigade " Herceg Stjepan " ( Konjic )
2. Operation Zone Northwest Herzegovina ( Tomislavgrad )
Commanders: Lieutenant Colonel Željko Šiljeg , Colonel Ivan Perić , Colonel Josip Černi
Brigade "Kralj Tomislav " (Tomislavgrad)
Brigade " Petar Krešimir IV. ", Battalion " Ferdo Sušić " / Regiment "Ante Bruno Bušić", 2nd Light Military Police Assault Battalion and (later 6th) Military Police Battalion ( Livno )
Brigade " Rama " ( Prozor )
Brigade "Dr. Ante Starčević "and Battalion" Zvonko Krajina "/ Regiment" Ante Bruno Bušić "( Uskoplje )
Brigade " Eugen Kvaternik " ( Bugojno )
Brigade " Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić " (Jajce, stationed in Tomislavgrad)
5th Brigade and Battalion "Vitez Damir Martić " / Regiment "Ante Bruno Bušić" (Posušje)
3. Central Bosnia Operation Zone ( Vitez )
Commander: Mihovil Strujić , Lieutenant Colonel / Colonel Tihomir Blaškić
4th (later 7th) Military Police Battalion, 3rd Light Military Police Assault Battalion (Vitez)
4th Light Reconnaissance Battalion ( Novi Travnik )
Artillery unit
Reconnaissance unit
1. Operation planning group:
Brigades "Travnik" and " Frankopan " ( Travnik )
Brigade " Stjepan Tomašević " (Novi Travnik)
Brigade "Vitez" (Vitez)
Brigade " Jure Francetić " ( Zenica )
2. Operation planning group:
Brigade " Ban Jelačić " ( Kiseljak-Kreševo )
Brigade " Nikola Šubić Zrinski " ( Busovača )
Brigade " Kotromanić " ( Kakanj )
Brigade "Bobovac" ( Vareš )
3. Operation planning group:
110th Brigade " Usora " ( Tešanj , Žabljak )
111th Brigade " xp " and Battalion " Andrija Tadić " ( Žepče )
Independent battalion " Komušina " (Komušina)
Independent: Brigade " Kralj Trvtko " ( Sarajevo ) and 115th Brigade " Zrinski " ( Tuzla , Drijenča )
4. Bosnian Posavina Operation Zone ( Orašje )
101st Brigade ( Bosanski Brod )
102nd Brigade ( Odžak )
103rd Brigade ( Derventa )
104th Brigade ( Bosanski Šamac )
105th Brigade ( Modriča )
106th Brigade, 4th Light Military Police Assault Battalion and 5th (later 8th) Military Police Battalion (Orašje)
107th Brigade ( Gradačac )
108th Brigade ( Brčko )
109th Brigade ( Doboj )
General Headquarters in the Bihać region
101st Battalion (Bihać)

Land Forces (December 1993 to October 1995)

In November 1993 the Croatian Army General Ante Roso took over the military command and undertook a reorganization based on the revised model of the Croatian Army. The five operational zones were reorganized into four corps areas, each with a motorized guard brigade consisting of professional soldiers. 29 infantry brigades were converted into so-called Heimwehr regiments ( Domobranska pukovnija ), usually with the same name and location. Each of these Heimwehr regiments had three infantry battalions. Four brigades were disbanded and the military police reduced to a light military police storm battalion.

General Headquarters Mostar
Commander in Chief: Lieutenant General Ante Roso; Major General Milivoj Petković (from April 26, 1994); Major General Tihomir Blaškić (from August 5, 1995)
10th Artillery Missile Regiment (Široki Brijeg)
15th Independent Air Defense Artillery Missile Battalion
1st Military Police Battalion (Ljubuški)
60th Guard Airborne Battalion " Ludvig Pavlović " and training camp (Čapljina)
22. Sabotage Unit (Široki Brijeg)
Special unit "Gavran 2" (Čitluk)
33rd Communication Company (Posušje)
88th Electronic Warfare Center (Posušje)
11. Mixed flight squadron (Posušje)
Light Military Police Assault Battalion and 1st Military Police Battalion (Mostar)
Engineer Battalion
71. Telecommunication Company
154. Logistics unit
Mostar corps area
12th Air Defense Artillery Battalion (Mostar)
3rd Military Police Battalion ( Čapljina )
72nd Communication Company (Mostar)
150th logistics base (Čitluk)
2nd Guard Brigade (Mostar)
50th Home Guard Regiment "Knez Domagoj" (Čapljina)
51st Home Guard Regiment "Stjepan Radić" (Ljubuški)
56th Home Guard Regiment "Herceg Stjepan" (Konjic, stationed in Čapljina)
81st Home Guard Regiment (Mostar)
82nd Home Guard Regiment (Mostar-Kreševo)
83rd Home Guard Regiment "Mario Hrkać Ćikota" (Široki Brijeg)
40th Independent Home Guard Regiment "Vitez Ranko Boban" (Grude)
41st Independent Home Guard Regiment "Knez Branimir" (Čitluk)
Corps area Tomislavgrad
1st Guard Brigade "Ante Bruno Bušić" (Tomislavgrad)
1st Home Guard Regiment (Posušje)
55th Home Guard Regiment ( Kupres )
79th Home Guard Regiment "Kralj Tomislav" (Tomislavgrad)
80th Home Guard Regiment "Petar Krešimir IV." (Livno)
97th Home Guard Regiment "Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić" (Jajce, stationed in Tomislavgrad)
42nd Home Guard Regiment "Rama" (Prozor)
43rd Home Guard Battalion “Dr. Ante Starčević "(Uskoplje)
Corps area Vitez
3rd Guard Brigade "Jastrebovi" (The Falcons) (Vitez)
90th Home Guard Regiment (Novi Travnik)
91st Home Guard Regiment (Travnik)
92nd Home Guard Regiment "Vitezka" (Vitez)
93rd Home Guard Regiment "Nikola Šubić Zrinski" (Busovača)
94th Home Guard Regiment (Kiseljak)
95th Home Guard Regiment " Marinko Bošnjak " (Kreševo)
96th Home Guard Regiment "Bobovac" (Vareš)
110th Home Guard Regiment " Usora " (Tešanj-Žabljak)
111th Home Guard Regiment "xp" (Žepče)
44th Home Guard Battalion "Jure Francetić" (Zenica)
45th Home Guard Battalion "Komušina" (Komušina)
Orašje corps area
4th Motorized Guard Brigade "Sinovi Posavine" (Sons of Posavina ), 106th, 201st and 202nd Home Guard Regiment and 162nd Logistics Base (Orašje)

  • 4th Guard Brig.
    "Sinovi Posavine"

General Headquarters Bihać region (from summer 1995 Bihać corps area)
6th Independent Military Police Company (Bihać)
101st Home Guard Regiment " Ante Knežević Krle " (Bihać)

Air Force

At the beginning it was impossible for the newly formed Croatian Air Force to support the HVO in setting up its own air force. At the initiative of the headquarters in Mostar, the HVO put two civil aircraft with 12 men into service. Later the HVO Luftwaffe and the anti-aircraft artillery were formed.

Air force and anti-aircraft artillery
11th Combined Squadron (helicopters and transport aircraft) and 121st Reconnaissance Battalion (Ljubuški)
14. Anti-aircraft missile unit

anthem

The text of the hymn of the HVO ( Himna HVO ) comes from Ranko Boban . The music in the style of a marching song by Mirko Krstičević . Singing: Vlatko Grizelj .

Croatian text German translation
Hrvatsko vijeće obrane
Croatian Defense Council
Mi smo vjerni Domovini,
svom narodu, dragom Bogu,
sluge djeci, pravdi vjerni,
domobrani sve to mogu.
We stand true to our homeland
His people, the dear God.
Servant of children, of justice, of faith,
Home defenders can do it all.
S krunicom i strojnicom,
cvijet mladosti spremno gazi,
sviću dani, nove zore,
za naše gore, rijeke i more.
With a rosary and a machine gun ,
Is the prime of youth ready to march
A daybreak, a new dawn
For our mountains, rivers and the sea.
(Refrain 2 x :)
Hrvatsko vijeće obrane,
samo za sinove odane,
Herceg-Bosni i slobodi,
HVO, HVO, HVO nas vodi.
(Refrain 2 x :)
Croatian Defense Council,
Only for the faithful sons!
Herceg-Bosna and freedom,
The HVO, HVO, HVO guides us.

Ranks of the land and air forces

The ranks of the HVO were:

Ranks for generals

Army-HRV-OF-07.svg
Naramenica službene odore generala bojnika HRZ i PZO.svg 		Army-HRV-OF-08.svg
Naramenica službene odore generala pukovnika HRZ i PZO.svg 		Army-HRV-OF-09.svg
Naramenica službene odore generala zbora HRZ i PZO.svg
General-bojnik
( Brigadier General ) 		General-pukovnik
( major general ) 		General-zbora
( general )

Ranks for officers

Army-HRV-OF-01b.svg
Naramenica službene odore poručnika HRZ i PZO.svg 		Army-HRV-OF-01a.svg
Naramenica službene odore natporučnika HRZ i PZO.svg 		Army-HRV-OF-02.svg
Naramenica službene odore satnika HRZ i PZO.svg 		Army-HRV-OF-03.svg
Naramenica službene odore bojnika HRZ i PZO.svg 		Army-HRV-OF-04.svg
Naramenica službene odore pukovnika HRZ i PZO.svg 		Army-HRV-OF-05.svg
Naramenica službene odore brigadira HRZ i PZO.svg
Zastavnik
( Sergeant Lieutenant ) 		Poručnik
( Lieutenant ) 		Nadporučnik
( First Lieutenant ) 		Satnik
( captain ) 		Bojnik
( Major ) 		Pukovnik
( Lieutenant Colonel ) 		Brigadir
( Colonel )

Ranks for NCOs

Army-HRV-OR-04.svg
Naramenica odore skupnika HRZ i PZO.svg 		Army-HRV-OR-05.svg
Naramenica odore desetnika HRZ i PZO.svg 		Army-HRV-OR-06.svg
Naramenica odore narednika HRZ i PZO.svg 		Army-HRV-OR-07.svg
Naramenica odore nadnarednika HRZ i PZO.svg 		Army-HRV-OR-08.svg
Naramenica odore stožernog narednika HRZ i PZO.svg 		Army-HRV-OR-09.svg
Naramenica odore časničkog namjesnika HRZ i PZO.svg
Desetnik
( NCO ) 		Vodnik
( staff sergeant ) 		Stožerni vodnik
( Sergeant ) 		Narednik
( Oberfeldwebel ) 		Stožerni narednik
( Sergeant ) 		Časnički namjesnik
( Staff Sergeant )

Ranks for teams

Army-HRV-OR-02.svg
Naramenica odore pozornika HRZ i PZO.svg 		Army-HRV-OR-03.svg
Naramenica odore razvodnika HRZ i PZO.svg
Pozornik
( Corporal ) 		Razvodnik
( corporal )

Flag and national emblem

  • flag

  • National emblem

  • National emblem
    ( Central Bosnia version )

  • National emblem
    (version Sarajevo )

  • National emblem of the Heimwehr regiments (from 1993)

gallery

  • Members of the 4th Guard Brigade HVO in a mobile 122 mm self-propelled howitzer (Russian 2S1 "Gvozdika") captured by Serbs

  • Two T-55 tanks of the 2nd Guard Brigade HVO in action ( Glamoč )

  • Members of the 2nd Guards Brigade HVO firing the 12.7 mm MG of a T-55 tank (Glamoč)

  • Machine gun fire and target control from a T-55 tank; the badge of the 2nd Guard Brigade HVO (Glamoč) on the tank turret

  • Killing of a 122 mm howitzer (D-30J) by a member of the HVO (maneuver).

  • Parade of HVO units on May 11, 2001
    ( Mostar - Rodoč ).

  • License plate of the HVO, with the coat of arms of the Croatian Republic of Herceg-Bosna

Awards

On August 4, 2020 gave President of the Republic of Croatia Zoran Milanović 25th  anniversary of Operation Storm the Order of Nikola Šubić Zrinski to the 1st Guards Brigade of the HVO "Ante Bruno Bušić" from Livno, the 2nd Guards Brigade HVO from Mostar, the 3rd Guard Brigade of the HVO "Jastrebovi" from Vitez, the 4th Guard Brigade of the HVO "Sinovi Posavine" and the special police of the Republic of Herceg-Bosna . Milanović said:

“The war is over, but after the war there have been attempts to portray this war as a kind of joint criminal enterprise before the Hague Tribunal. I will not go into the motives. We were fortunate that none of our generals, who carried out the orders of the political leadership at the time, were convicted of this so-called joint criminal enterprise. This joint criminal enterprise I'm talking about is one of the dumbest and ugliest inventions ever attempted to impose on Croatia. I am delighted to be able to present you with these honors - you and the brigades from Bosnia and Herzegovina who fought for the liberation of Croatia and the rescue of Bihać! "

See also

literature

  • Dr. Nigel Thomas, Krunoslav Mikulan: The Yugoslav Wars . tape 2 : Bosnia, Kosovo and Macedonia (1992-2001). Osprey Publishing Ltd., Oxford 2006, ISBN 978-1-84176-964-6 , pp. 16-21 .
  • Central Intelligence Agency [CIA] - Office of Russian and European Analysis (ed.): Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict . Volumes I – II (2002, 2003). Washington DC.
  • Karlo Rotim: Obrana Herceg-Bosne [The Defense of Herceg-Bosna] . tape 2 . Široki Brijeg 1998.

Web links

Commons : Hrvatsko vijeće obrane  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Dr. Nigel Thomas / Krunoslav Mikulan: The Yugoslav Wars (2): Bosnia, Kosovo and Macedonia (1992-2001) . Osprey Publishing Ltd., Oxford 2006, ISBN 9781841769646 , p. 18.
  2. ↑ a b Ozren Žunec, Tarik Kulenović: The Yugoslav People's Army and its heirs . In: Dunja Melčić (Ed.): The Yugoslavia War: Handbook on Prehistory, Course and Consequences . 2nd updated and expanded edition. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2007, ISBN 978-3-531-33219-2 , 23.2.4. The Croatian Defense Council (HVO), p. 394 : "The HVO was formed primarily as a territorially bound army without strategic units, whereby its tasks consisted of protecting the Croatian population and enforcing the policy of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian branch of the HDZ."
  3. ^ Central Intelligence Agency [CIA] - Office of Russian and European Analysis (ed.): Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict . tape 2 . Washington DC 2003, Military Strategy, pp. 294 : "In early 1992 Zagreb stepped up its shipments of weapons and equipment and continued the organization of what become the Croatian Defense Council (HVO) - the Bosnian Croat army."
  4. ↑ Dr. Nigel Thomas, Krunoslav Mikulan: The Yugoslav Wars (2): Bosnia, Kosovo and Macedonia (1992-2001) . Osprey Publishing Ltd., Oxford 2006, ISBN 978-1-84176-964-6 , pp. 21 .
  5. ^ Paul Mojzes: Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Plymouth 2011, pp. 168 .
  6. ↑ Erich Rathfelder: The war on its scenes . In: Dunja Melčić (Ed.): The Yugoslavia War: Handbook on Prehistory, Course and Consequences . 2nd updated edition. VS-Verlag, Wiesbaden 2007, ISBN 978-3-531-33219-2 , p. 352 .
  7. ^ A b c d e Norman M. Naimark: Flaming hatred: ethnic cleansing in the 20th century . CH Beck, Munich 2004. , p. 214 ff.
  8. ↑ Peter Imbusch : Peace and Conflict Research: An Introduction . Ed .: Peter Imbusch, Ralf Zoll. 5th edition. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2010. , p. 237.
  9. ^ Marie-Janine Calic: War and Peace in Bosnia-Hercegovina . Suhrkamp, ​​1995. page 65
  10. ^ Sabrina P. Ramet: Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989 . Cambridge University Press, 2010. Pages 263 f.
  11. ^ A b Philipp Ther: The dark side of the nation states: "Ethnic cleansing" in modern Europe . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2011. , p. 248
  12. ^ East European Constitutional Review ( Memento October 29, 2005 in the Internet Archive ), New York University , Spring 2001
  13. ↑ Anes Alic: Influential Bosnian Trio Arrested ( Memento of the original from August 24, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , January 26, 2004 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tol.cz
  14. ↑ Article about Ahmići on the website of the European Stability Initiative
  15. ^ ICTY: Kordić and Čerkez judgment. (PDF; 3.3 MB) Retrieved November 23, 2012 .
  16. ↑ UN Tribunal: Convicted war criminal dies after ingesting poison. The press of November 29, 2017
  17. ↑ Dr. Nigel Thomas, Krunoslav Mikulan: The Yugoslav Wars (2): Bosnia, Kosovo and Macedonia (1992-2001) . Osprey Publishing, Oxford 2006, ISBN 978-1-84176-964-6 , pp. 17th ff .
  18. ↑ Dr. Nigel Thomas / Krunoslav Mikulan: The Yugoslav Wars (2): Bosnia, Kosovo and Macedonia (1992–2001) . Osprey Publishing Ltd., Oxford 2006, ISBN 9781841769646 , p. 19.
  19. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Russian and European Analysis: Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990-1995 . Vol. 1. Washington, DC 2002, pp. 481-484 .
  20. ↑ Darko Juka: Pjesme Hrvatskog vijeća obrane . In: Guard: Glasilo 1. pješačke (gardijske) pukovnije . No. 1 . Mostar April 2008, p. 45 .
  21. ↑ Odluku o činovima, dodjeli činova, promaknućima u viši čin, te prevođenju i odorama pripadnika oružani snaga HZ HB, Mostar, July 3, 1992
  22. ↑ Predsjednik Milanović priređuje prijem za ratne zapovjednike na tvrđavi u Kninu. HRT - Vijesti, August 3, 2020, accessed August 4, 2020 .
  23. ↑ Margareta Jozinović: Milanović odlikovao generale HV-a i gardijske brigade HVO-a. HRT - Vijesti, August 4, 2020, accessed August 4, 2020 .
  24. ↑ Natali Tabak Gregorić: President Milanović awards "Nikola Šubić Zrinski" medals. HRT - The Voice of Croatia, August 4, 2020, accessed August 4, 2020 .