Bunak (language)
Bunak | ||
---|---|---|
Spoken in |
East Timor , Indonesia | |
speaker | 100,000 | |
Linguistic classification |
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Official status | ||
Other official status in | East Timor ( national language ) | |
Language codes | ||
ISO 639 -1 |
- |
|
ISO 639 -2 |
paa |
|
ISO 639-3 |
Bunak ( Bunaq , in the northeast of the settlement area Gaiq or Gaeq ) is a Papuan language in southern central Timor . About 100,000 members of the Bunak ethnolinguistic group use the language as their mother tongue.
Basics
The Bunak are one of the Timorese ethnic groups who speak a non- Austronesian language and are likely to belong to the Papuan speaking ethnic group . You are surrounded by Malayo-Polynesian speaking peoples such as the Atoin Meto , Kemak , Mambai and the Tetum . Because of this isolation, Bunak is very different from the other Timorese Papuan languages Makasae and Fataluku , which are spoken in the far east of the island. In addition, Bunak is subject to a stronger influence from the Austronesian languages.
Bunak can be divided into five main dialects: Southwest , Lamaknen , Northeast , Ainaro and Manufahi . There are numerous other variations within these main groups. Sometimes there are differences from village to village. If necessary, you can also define the dialect around Lolotoe as the main group.
The Bunak language is one of the 15 national languages of East Timor recognized in the constitution .
Language area
The centers of the Bunak language in East Timor are the places Bobonaro and Lolotoe in the municipality of Bobonaro , Tilomar and Zumalai in the municipality of Cova Lima , Cassa in the municipality of Ainaro and Betano and Same in the municipality of Manufahi . A total of 64,686 East Timorese call Bunak their mother tongue.
In West Timor, Bunak is mainly spoken in the ( Kecamatan ) Lamaknen district . Along with other languages also in the districts of Raihat , Rai Manuk , Kobalima and Kobalima Timur .
Number of speakers of the different languages in the individual municipalities (as of 2015).
vocabulary
The strong influence of Austronesian languages is evident in the vocabulary. Over 30% comes from the neighboring languages Kemak , Tokodede , Uab Meto and Mambai . So kaqa (older brother), nana (older sister) and tata (ancestor) are derived from the Kemak words kapa-q, nana-r and tata-r . Ama (father) can be found in Tetum , Mambai and Kemak. Baba (maternal uncle) is derived from the Uab meto -word baba . Noticeably, most of the words used to describe women, such as eme (mother) or pana (woman), are not of Austronesian origin. There is therefore suspicion that the Austronesian words were brought by married men of the neighboring ethnic groups.
The words in bunak are often badly eroded, and many only consist of one syllable. The word for dog is “iparu” in Fataluku and “defa” in Makasae, but only “zap” in Bunak. The vocabulary also contains words that appear to come from the pre-Papuan period in Timor, as well as words from Portuguese and Malay .
In the northeast, the Bunak even use the words Gaiq or Gaeq as a self-name for themselves and their language , which is derived from Mgai , the foreign name used by the Kemak. According to the oral tradition of the local Bunak, they formerly belonged to the kingdom of Likusaen ( Likosaen ), which with today's Liquiçá had its center in the area of the Tokodede and Kemak. This realm is said to be responsible for the strong linguistic influence of the Kemak on the language of the Bunak. Numerous loanwords can therefore be found in Bunak from the Austronesian Kemak, less from Mambai. In Lamknen, the Bunak adopted many phrases from the Tetum for ritual acts. The reason was the influence of the Tetum empire of Wehale , of which Lamaknen formed an autonomous region.
The numbers on Bunak in different regions | |||
number | Bobonaro | Zumalai | Marae |
1 | uen | whom | uwen |
2 | hiro-on | hili-on | hile-on |
3 | goni-on | goni-on | koni-on |
4th | goni-il | goni-il | koni-il |
5 | goni-ciet | goinseet | koni-tiet |
6th | thomor | temol | tomol |
7th | hicu | hitu | hitu |
8th | walu | alu | walu |
9 | siwe | she | siwe |
10 | so | sego | so |
Words in different dialects | |||||
German | southwest | Llama cans | Northeast | Ainaro | Manufahi |
big | boʔal | masak | tina | gemel | arrived |
wife | -ip | pana | pana | pana | pana |
husband | -enen | mone | mone | mone | mone |
sleep | animal | ʧier | malate | malate | animal |
stand | duʔat | duʔat | net | net | net |
play | bukuʔ | bukuʔ | kisaʔ | buku | nine |
do not want | tiaʔ | ʧiaʔ | piaʔ | boi | boi |
I | neto | neto | neto | ouch | neto |
does not exist | planer | planer | planer | hazi | muel |
exist | hati | hati | aʧi | hati | hono |
literature
- Schapper, Antoinette: Bunaq, a Papuan language of central Timor , PhD thesis, 2010, Australian National University.
supporting documents
- Antoinette Schapper: Crossing the border: Historical and linguistic divides among the Bunaq in central Timor
- Antoinette Schapper: Finding Bunaq: The homeland and expansion of the Bunaq in central Timor , pp. 163-186, in: Andrew McWilliam, Elizabeth G. Traube: Land and Life in Timor-Leste: Ethnographic Essays , 2011
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Schapper: Finding Bunaq , p. 169.
- ↑ Schapper: Finding Bunaq , p. 166.
- ↑ a b Schapper: Finding Bunaq , p. 170.
- ↑ Direcção-Geral de Estatística : Results of the 2015 census , accessed on November 23, 2016.
- ↑ Schapper: Finding Bunaq , p. 165.
- ↑ Statistical Office of East Timor, results of the 2010 census of the individual sucos ( Memento of January 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Schapper: Crossing the border, p. 13.
- ↑ Geoffrey Hull : The Languages of East Timor: Some Basic Facts ( Memento January 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), Instituto Nacional de Linguística, Universidade Nacional Timor Lorosa'e
- ↑ Schapper: Finding Bunaq , p. 168.
- ↑ Schapper: Finding Bunaq , p. 173.
- ↑ Schapper: Finding Bunaq , p. 167.