Kawaimina

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kawaimina

Spoken in

East Timor
speaker 56,337
Linguistic
classification
  • Kawaimina
Official status
Other official status in East TimorEast Timor East Timor ( national language )
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

-

ISO 639 -2

map

ISO 639-3

krd , nxa , wmh

Kawaimina ( Portuguese : Cauaimina ) is a common abbreviation for four similar dialects in East Timor . This abbreviation is used by linguists for the languages, not the speakers themselves. The dialects are Kairui ( Cairui ), Waimaha , Midiki ( Mideki ), and Naueti . A total of 56,337 East Timorese are native speakers of one of these dialects (2015).

overview

The largest language groups in the sucos of East Timors. [2] and number of speakers of the various languages ​​in the individual municipalities (as of 2015). The largest language groups in the sucos of East Timors. [2] and number of speakers of the various languages ​​in the individual municipalities (as of 2015).
The largest language groups in the sucos of East Timors. and number of speakers of the various languages ​​in the individual communities (as of 2015).

The Kawaimina languages ​​belong to the Timor branch of the Central Malayo-Polynesian languages . Geoffrey Hull suspects that the ancestors of the Kawaimina speakers immigrated to Timor from Tukang Besi near Sulawesi via Wetar in the 11th century . Here they met speakers of Papuan languages who had reached Timor before the birth of Christ and had an influence on the Kawaimina languages. Naueti differs more strongly from the other languages, also because it borrows from the neighboring Papuan language Makasae. The Kawaimina languages ​​fall through both anarchic and unusual linguistic innovations, such as vowel harmony , aspiration, and post-glottalization of consonants in their sound system. The grammar is (with partial exception in Naueti) very simple in its structure. Kawaimina is one of the 15 national languages ​​of East Timor recognized in the constitution .

When counting the native speakers of the individual languages, it is difficult to distinguish between them, since Kairui and Midiki speakers sometimes refer to themselves as Waimaha speakers.

The numbers in the various dialects of the Kawaimina dialects
number Kairui Waimaha Midiki Naueti
1 se se se se
2 kirua kairuo kairuo kairua
3 kitele kaitelu kaitelu kaitelu
4th kihoo kaihaa kaihaa kaihaa
5 kiliim kailime kailime kailima
6th kinee kainena kainee kailima-resin
7th kihiti kaihitu kaihitu kailima-resi-kairua
8th kikoho kaikaha kaikaha kailima-resi-kaitelu
9 kisia kaisiwe kaisiwe kailima-resi-kaihaa
10 angry base base welisé

Kairui and Midiki

  • Proportion of native speakers in the sucos of East Timors

  • Kairui

  • Midiki

Kairui ( Karui ) is mainly spoken in the border area between the municipalities of Baucau and Viqueque (in the Sucos Builale and Liaruca ). The speakers are distributed among the municipalities of Baucau (502 speakers), Dili (291), Manatuto (263) and Viqueque (2,848). In 2015, 3,946 East Timorese people named Kairui as their mother tongue.

Midiki is spoken in the administrative offices of Lacluta and Venilale and in Suco Liaruca . Some Midiki speakers near Ossu in the municipality of Viqueque call their language Osomoko ( Oso Moko ). In some areas, Midiki and Kairui are spoken alternately. Midiki give 14,616 people as their mother tongue (8,554 from Baucau, 383 from Dili, 1,044 from Manatuto and 4,527 from Viqueque).

Ethnologue assigns Osomoko as a dialect to Naueti and combines Midiki and Kairui as one language.

Waimaha

language

Proportion of Waimaha native speakers in the sucos of East Timors.
Waimaha
Bilabial Coronal Velar Glottal
voiceless , without aspiration ​p​ ​t​ ​k​ ​ʔ​
voiceless aspiration pʰ tʰ kʰ
voiceless ejectives pʼ tʼ k '
voiced flat ​b​ ​d​ ​ɡ​

Waimaha ( Waima'a in their own language, Waimoa for other Timorese, other forms of writing: Uai Ma'a, Waimoa, Uaimo'a, Uaimua ) is the mother tongue of 21,227 people along the north coast of Timor between Vemasse and Bucoli and outside the city of Baucaus spoken (2015 census; 20,516 in the Baucau municipality, 578 in Dili, 61 in Manatuto). The name Waima'a is derived from the words wai for "water" and ma'a for "empty". The language area is one of the driest regions in Timor .

Waimaha can be divided into two dialects: Coast Waimaha and Mountain Waimaha. The coastal dialect is spoken in the sucos Bahu , Bucoli , Caibada , Triloca and Tirilolo , mountain Waimaha in the sucos Loilubo , Ostico , Ossouala , Uaigae and Uato-Lari . Especially in the Sucos Bahu, Bucoli and Tirilolo, some of which belong to the city of Baucau or are close to it, more and more young people are adopting the official language Tetum as their first language. During the Indonesian occupation (1975 to 1999), some speakers of the Mountain Waimaha were forcibly relocated to Manatuto , where they lived with speakers of the national language Galoli . Although some of the displaced people returned to their old homes, their use of the waimaha has declined. Christianized Waimaha took on Christian-Portuguese names, while followers of the traditional belief continued to use the old names. But they only form a very small minority and are mostly those who only speak Waimaha. Christian and Waimaha with increasing education mostly speak several languages, such as Tetum, Galoli and Portuguese. Also Makasae Language that dominates the city Baucau is more frequently spoken in the traditional Waimaha areas.

Waimaha is next Yapese , a austronesian of two languages, the ejective plosives have.

Culture

The Waimaha speakers traditionally married within their patrilineal clans ( endogamy ), each associated with a specific totem house ( umo-baha ). The totem houses can be recognized by the buffalo horns on them. The marriage of cousins ​​is almost no longer practiced due to the influence of the Catholic Church, to which most of the inhabitants of East Timor now belong. Most people now marry partners from outside the clan. Animistic traditions have nevertheless persisted in everyday life. So there is still a high bride price ( weli ) to be paid. This can mean paying the groom's family several times the average annual salary.

Naueti

Proportion of Naueti native speakers in the sucos of East Timors.

Naueti ( Nauhete, Nauete, Naóti, Nauote, Nauoti ) is spoken by the 13,898 members of the ethnic group of the same name on the south coast of the municipality of Viqueque around the places Uato-Lari and Uatucarbau . A small group of 1,489 Naueti live in the Baucau community in Baguia and 1,019 Naueti speakers live in Dili. The area is surrounded by Makasae speakers, which is why Naueti has taken many loan words from the Makasae. In total, Naueti is the mother tongue of 16,507 East Timorese.

Web links

supporting documents

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Direcção-Geral de Estatística : Results of the 2015 census , accessed on November 23, 2016.
  2. ↑ Statistical Office of East Timor, results of the 2010 census of the individual sucos ( Memento of January 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  3. ↑ David Hicks: The Naueti relationship terminology: A new instance of asymmetric prescription from East Timor , Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, Volume 163, Issue 2–3, pp. 239–262, 2007, doi: 10.1163 / 22134379-90003685 .
  4. ^ A b c d John Bowden and Tatiana Romanovsky
  5. ↑ UHM Department of Linguistics: Makasae Osoroa ( Memento from December 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  6. ↑ Ethnologue Kairui-Midiki
  7. ^ A b Australian National University, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Waimaha language of East Timor ( Memento of June 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  8. ^ Ethnologue Waimaha
  9. ↑ Ethnologue Nauete