China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite Program

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The China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite Program ( CBERS ) ( Chinese  中巴 地球 資源 衛星  /  中巴 地球 资源 卫星 , Pinyin Zhōng-Bā Dìqiú Zīyuán Wèixīng , Portuguese Satélite Sino-Brasileiro de Recursos Terrestres ) is a joint project between Brazil and the People's Republic China , where a number of earth observation satellites are developed and operated. The satellite buses developed for CBERS are also used by China for its own earth observation and reconnaissance satellites .

history

On March 25, 1982, during the time of the military dictatorship and the targeted promotion of industry in Brazil, China and Brazil concluded an "Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation", the Acordo de Cooperação Científica e Tecnológica or 《一 九八 二年 三月 二十 五日 科技 合作 协定》. Today - with a generous interpretation of the geographical conditions - this is seen as the beginning of an exemplary South-South cooperation. The 1982 agreement was followed by an additional agreement on May 29, 1984 on cooperation in communications and long-range reconnaissance satellites, image processing, launchers and sounding rockets . On the occasion of the state visit of President José Sarney to Beijing and a meeting with Deng Xiaoping , both countries signed a "Protocol on the Approval of the Development and Construction of Mineral Exploration Satellites between the Government of the Federal Republic of Brazil and the Government of the People's Republic of China" on July 6, 1988, the Protocolo sobre Aprovação de Pesquisa e Produção dos Satélites de Recursos Terrestres entre o Governo da República Federativa do Brasil eo Governo da República Popular da China or 《中华人民共和国 政府 和 巴西 联邦 共和国 政府 关于 核准 研制 地球 资源 卫星 的 协议书》 .

On August 22, 1988, the foreign ministers of the two countries, Abreu Sodré and Qian Qichen , signed the "Agreement on the joint development and construction of Sino-Brazilian raw material exploration satellites by CAST and INPE " or 《ＣＡＳＴ 和 ＩＮＰＥ 关于 联合 研制 中巴 in Beijing地球 资源 卫星 的 协议书》. Initially, two satellites were to be developed and built as part of the program. 30% of the total cost of US $ 300 million should be borne by Brazil, 70% by China, and development tasks should be similarly distributed. In light of the success of the CBERS-1 and CBERS-2 satellites, another agreement was signed in November 2002 that allowed the Earth observation program to continue. That agreement stipulated that two more satellites should be built, CBERS-3 and CBERS-4, with new payloads and an equal distribution of development tasks and costs - both countries should now bear 50% of the project. The start of CBERS-3 was originally scheduled for 2008 and then continued to be delayed. Since CBERS-2 would reach the end of its planned operating time before this date, the two countries decided in 2004 to build a third satellite, CBERS-2B, which was identical to CBERS-2 except for an improved camera and was launched in 2007.

CBERS satellites

CBERS-1, CBERS-2, CBERS-2B

The first satellite in the series, CBERS-1, was successfully launched on October 14, 1999, with May 1997 being planned as the launch date at the beginning of the project. It is sometimes referenced with the Chinese name Ziyuan-1 01 (资源 一号 01 星) and remained functional until August 2003, significantly exceeding its planned lifespan of two years. The second satellite, CBERS-2 or Ziyuan-1 02 (资源 一号 02 星), was launched on October 21, 2003 and the third, CBERS-2B or Ziyuan-1 02B (资源 一号 02B 星), on October 19, 2003 Launched September 2007. All satellites, including those of the next generation, were brought by Chinese Changzheng-4B rockets from the Taiyuan Cosmodrome into a sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of about 778 km and an orbit inclination of 98.5 ° (for CBERS-4A 629 km and 97.9 ° ). The advantage of such an orbit is that the satellite always flies over a given point on the earth's surface at the same time of day. Since the reflection behavior of surfaces does not change with the same angle of incidence of the sun's rays, the observations on different days can be better compared and, for example, changes in the vegetation can be more easily detected. The orbit inclination of approximately 90 ° (i.e. an almost polar orbit ) ensures that the satellite's observation area covers the entire surface of the earth.

CBERS-1 and -2 were identical satellites. They had three multispectral cameras and data transmission systems on board for remote sensing of the earth :

Wide angle camera (WFI from Brazil)
This camera takes pictures in two spectral bands : 0.63-0.69 µm (red) and 0.77-0.89 µm (infrared), with 260 m spatial resolution and 890 km swath width . More than five days are necessary to map the entire surface of the earth.
High resolution camera (CCD from China)
This camera takes pictures in five spectral bands: 0.51 - 0.73 µm ( panchromatic ); 0.45-0.52 µm (blue); 0.52-0.59 µm (green); 0.63-0.69 µm (red); 0.77-0.89 µm ( near infrared ). It has a spatial resolution of 20 m and a swath width of 120 km. It is possible with this camera to take pictures outside the vertical. This function enables the system to reduce the temporal resolution from 26 days ( nadir operating mode) to three days (off-nadir operating mode).
Infrared and multispectral scanners (IRMSS from China)
This camera allows recordings in four spectral bands: 0.50 - 1.10 µm (panchromatic); 1.55 - 1.75 µm ( infrared ), 2.08 - 2.35 µm (infrared) and 10.4 - 12.50 µm (thermal infrared), with 80 m spatial resolution in the three infrared bands and 120 m in thermal infrared. The swath width is 120 km for all bands and it takes 26 days to fully cover the earth.
Data collection system (DCS from Brazil)
Data sender (DTS from China)
Space Weather Observation System (SEM from China)

CBERS-2B had a similar structure to the first two satellites, but instead of the IRMSS it had a new High Resolution Panchromatic Camera (HRC). A GPS and a star sensor for position control were also installed. The new camera took panchromatic images in the spectral range 0.50-0.80 µm, which covers part of the visible and near infrared of the electromagnetic spectrum . The camera had a swath width of 27 km and a spatial resolution of 2.7 m. It took 130 days for this camera to completely cover the earth's surface.

Ziyuan-1

The Chinese Academy for Space Technology developed its own bus for the satellites of the cooperation project , known abroad as the “Phoenix Eye” in China as “Fengyan Pingtai” (凤眼 平台). Depending on the payload, this bus can be built at different heights (in the range from 2.2 m to 4.6 m) and enables a satellite weight of 1500 kg to 3000 kg. The first three CBERS satellites weigh 1,450 kilograms and are 1.8 × 2.0 × 2.2 meters in size. The span of the individual solar cells extended arm that provides 1100W of electric power and two NiCd - accumulators is supported with 30 Ah, is 6.3 meters, width 2.6 m whose. The planned lifespan is about two years, with the hope of 4 or 5 years. The attitude control of the three-axis stabilized satellites takes place via 16 smaller engines with one Newton thrust and two larger engines with 20 Newtons thrust each, which all work with hydrazine as fuel. The transmission of control signals takes place in the UHF and S-band , the image data in the X-band (2 * 53 Mbit / s with CBERS-1/2 and 2 * 150 Mbit / s with CBERS 3/4).

CBERS-3, CBERS-4, CBERS-4A

The satellites CBERS-3 (ZY 1-03) and CBERS-4 (ZY 1-04) have improved cameras and transmission systems:

Panchromatic multispectral camera (PAN from China)
This camera takes pictures in four spectral bands: 0.51 - 0.58 µm (blue), 0.52 - 0.59 µm (green), 0.63 - 0.69 µm (red) and 0.77 - 0, 89 µm (infrared). The swath width is 60 km, the spatial resolution 5 m in the blue band and 10 m in the three other spectral bands.
Regular multispectral camera (MUX from Brazil)
This camera takes pictures in four spectral bands: 0.45 - 0.52 µm (blue), 0.52 - 0.59 µm (green), 0.63 - 0.69 µm (red) and 0.77 - 0, 89 µm (infrared). The swath width is 120 km, the spatial resolution 20 m.
Infrared and multispectral scanners (IRS from China)
This is a mechanical scanner with a spatial resolution of 40 m in the panchromatic spectrum and in the short-wave part of the near infrared range and 80 m in the range of thermal radiation.
Wide angle camera (WFI from Brazil)
This camera takes pictures in four spectral bands: 0.45 - 0.52 µm (blue), 0.52 - 0.59 µm (green), 0.63 - 0.69 µm (red) and 0.77 - 0, 89 µm (infrared), with 64 m spatial resolution and 866 km swath width.
Data transmitter for the cameras PAN and IRS (PIT from China)
Data transmitter for the cameras MUX and WFI (MWT from Brazil)
Digital data recorder (GDR from Brazil)
Data collection system (DCS from Brazil)
Space Weather Observation System (SEM from China)

The 50:50 division of tasks agreed in the November 2002 agreement is taken very seriously, not only in the development and construction of the payloads, but also in the case of the satellite bus . The housing and the fold-out solar cell boom are being built in Brazil, while the cabling is being installed by the Chinese Academy for Space Technology. Brazil is responsible for telemetry and remote control, China for temperature control and the control nozzles for position control and maintaining the desired orbit. China is actually responsible for the central control unit on board the satellite, but in order to ensure that both countries really act on an equal footing, the development and construction of two subsystems has been handed over to Brazil.

CBERS-3 was launched on December 9, 2013 at 3:27 a.m. ( UTC ), but the satellite was lost on launch. CBERS-4 started on December 7, 2014 at 03:26 UTC, CBERS-4A (ZY 1-04A) started on December 20, 2019 at 03:22 UTC and is expected to replace CBERS-4 one day. However, the old satellite will initially remain active (as of December 2019). CBERS-4A, which cost 110 million US dollars to develop, build (including improvements to the TT&C system and ground segment) and launch, 55 million of which was carried by Brazil, has three optical payloads on board, plus data transmission systems:

Panchromatic multispectral camera for large swath widths (WPM from China)
The swath width of the camera developed by the Research Institute 508 of the Chinese Academy of Space Technology is 90 km, the spatial resolution 2 m.
Multispectral camera (MUX from Brazil)
The swath width is 90 km, the spatial resolution 17 m.
Wide angle camera (WFI from Brazil)
The swath width is 685 km, the spatial resolution 60 m.
Data collection system (DCS from Brazil)
Data sender (DTS from China)
Space Weather Observation System (SEM from China)

Here is a comparison of the satellite generations:

CBERS-1/2 / 2B CBERS-3/4 CBERS-4A
Total mass 1450 kg 2080 kg 1730 kg
Power supply 1.1 kW 2.3 kW 2.1 kW
Data transfer rate 100 Mbit / s 300 Mbit / s 900 Mbit / s
lifespan 2 years 3 years 5 years
Track height 778 km 778 km 629 km
Orbit inclination 98.5 ° 98.5 ° 97.9 °
Orbital time 100 minutes 100 minutes 97 minutes
Orbit cycle 26 days 26 days 31 days

CBERS-5 and CBERS-6 are being planned.

Start list

Brazilian name Chinese names Start date annotation
CBERS-1 Ziyuan-1 01 ZY 1-01 资源 一号 01 星 October 14, 1999
03:15 UTC		 Deactivated September 2003
CBERS-2 Ziyuan-1 02 ZY 1-02 资源 一号 02 星 October 21, 2003
03:16 UTC		 Deactivated at the end of 2007
CBERS-2B Ziyuan-1 02B ZY 1-02B 资源 一号 02B 星 September 19, 2007
03:26 UTC		 Power failure on April 16, 2010
CBERS-3 Ziyuan-1 03 ZY 1-03 资源 一号 03 星 December 9, 2013
03:26 UTC		 Launch vehicle malfunction, unable to reach orbit
CBERS-4 Ziyuan-1 04 ZY 1-04 资源 一号 04 星 December 7, 2014
03:26 UTC		 active (December 2019)
CBERS-4A Ziyuan-1 04A ZY 1-04A 资源 一号 04A 星 December 20, 2019
03:22 UTC		 active

All launches were from the Taiyuan Cosmodrome with Changzheng 4B launch vehicles .

Telemetry, tracking and control

Cuiabá ground station

Similar to the construction of the satellites, China and Brazil also share telemetry, orbit tracking and control, or TT&C for short . For this purpose, the People's Republic of China relies on the space control network of the People's Liberation Army (中国 航天 测控 网, Pinyin Zhōnggúo Hángtiān Cèkòngwǎng ) coordinated by the satellite control center Xi'an . The corresponding service in Brazil is the “Center for orbit tracking and control of satellites” or Centro de Rastreio e Controle de Satélites ( CRC ) , which is subordinate to the National Institute for Space Research (INPE ). This consists of the satellite control center or Centro de Controle de Satélites ( CCS ) in São José dos Campos near São Paulo and ground stations in Cuiabá and Alcântara . The programming of the cameras on the satellites is carried out in the mission centers in Beijing and Cachoeira Paulista in the state of São Paulo , where the Brazilian decimeter array is also located, depending on user requirements . The transmission of the corresponding signals, including the control signals for the orbit regulation of the satellites, takes place alternately from Xi'an and São José dos Campos according to protocols drawn up in Xi'an according to a fixed duty roster. Here is an overview of the participating institutions:

China Brazil
Mission Center Beijing Cachoeira Paulista
control center Xi'an São José dos Campos
Ground stations Changchun
Nanning
Kashgar 		Cuiabá
Alcântara

Ground segment

On October 5, 1991, the "Chinese Center for the Use of Earth Observation Satellites" (中国 资源 卫星 应用 中心, Pinyin Zhōngguó Zīyuán Wèixīng Yìngyòng Zhōngxīn ) was founded in the Beijing district of Haidian , for international purposes the China Center for Resources Satellite Data and Application or CRESDA called. It now reports to the State Development and Reform Commission and is operated by China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation , the parent company of the China Academy of Space Technology . Through this center, which not only looks after the CBERS satellites, but also the Chinese Ziyuan-3 satellites, the Gaofen satellites and the Huanjing satellites, both China and Brazil, and since December 9, 2010, South Africa , Angola too , Botswana , Lesotho , Mozambique , Swaziland , Namibia , Zambia and Zimbabwe free access to the images received from their ground stations (i.e. in principle images of their national territory). These provide monitoring data in key areas such as deforestation and fire in the Amazon region , water resource consumption, urban growth, land use, education and other applications. In China, the Miyun data receiving station of the Institute for Remote Sensing and Digital Geosciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院 遥感 数字 数字 地球 研究所) is used to receive the data , as well as ground stations in Nanning and Ürümqi .

Imaging Department in Cachoeira Paulista

The parallel institution in Brazil is the "Department for Imaging" or Divisão de Geração de Imagens ( DGI ) in Cachoeira Paulista, which is subordinate to the " Main Coordination Center for Earth Observation" or Coordenação Geral de Observação da Terra ( OBT ) of the National Institute for Space Research. There, data and images from the CBERS satellites, as well as those from the Indian ResourceSat earth observation satellites , the German RapidEye Constellation , the Terra and Aqua satellites from NASA and the Landsat satellites (also NASA) are processed, stored and distributed to end users .

The department for image generation is subordinate to the "data receiving and recording station" or Estação de Recepção e de Gravação de Dados ( ERG ) on the Morro da Conceição near Cuiabá. There are three parabolic antennas: one with a diameter of 10 m for the S and X bands , one with a diameter of 11.3 m for the X band and one with a diameter of 11.3 m and double polarization . The image files received are first stored at the ground station and then sent at regular intervals to the image generation department in Cachoeira Paulista, where they are further processed and distributed to the users. Similar to the ground stations in Africa assigned to the Beijing data processing center, the Brazilian Institute for Space Research has been making the images received from the Cuiabá ground station available free of charge to neighboring South American countries, whose territory is overflown (in principle, all countries south of Panama ). Here is an overview of the components of the floor system:

China Brazil Africa other
Data processing center Beijing Cachoeira Paulista
Ground stations Miyun
Nanning
Urumqi		 Cuiabá Hartebeesthoek
Malindi 		Canary Islands
Matera

In 2015, around 77,000 users from more than 60 countries were registered with CBERS (6,000 of them institutional users), to whom more than a million images had been distributed by that time. By December 2019, the number of institutional users had grown to 20,000, and CBERS had now issued a total of 2.4 million images. According to statistics from 2011, 23% of the images go to government agencies, 26% to universities and 51% to companies and other private users.

Related satellite types

The following three satellites, the Ziyuan-2 series (中国 资源 二号) , which were developed by Ye Peijian on the basis of an extended Phoenix Eye platform with two solar modules (Phoenix Eye 2), are of a similar type. which with launchers of the type all Changzheng 4B from Kosmodrom Taiyuan started from:

  • Ziyuan-2 (中国 资源 二号 01 星), also Ziyuan-2A, Ziyuan-2 01, ZY-2 01, Jianbing-3, Jianbing-3 1, JB-3 or JB-3 A, launched on September 1st 2000, re-entry on March 11, 2016
  • Ziyuan-2B (中国 资源 二号 02 星), also Ziyuan-2 02, ZY-2 02, Jianbing-3 2, JB-3 2 or JB-3 B, launched on October 27, 2002, re-entry on January 22 2015
  • Ziyuan-2C (中国 资源 二号 03 星), also Ziyuan-2 03, ZY-2 03, Jianbing-3 3, JB-3 3 or JB-3 C, launched on November 6, 2004

Ziyuan-2 had similar technology to CBERS-1, but flew on a lower orbit at 489 × 500 km and had a higher camera resolution. Ziyuan-2B flew in an orbit at 470 × 483 km, also with an inclination of 97.4 °. In 2019, Ziyuan-2C was in a 526 × 591 km high orbit with 97.4 ° inclination. Unlike the Earth observation satellites of the Ziyuan-1 series, which work individually, one after the other, replacing one another, the Ziyuan-2 satellites operated together, complementing one another. Their main purpose was the tracing of mineral resources on Chinese territory, environmental protection, town planning, harvest assessment and disaster control, in addition to space science experiments.

There are also the Chinese satellites Ziyuan-1 02C and Ziyuan-1 02D, which also launched with LM-4 from Taiyuan. Ziyuan-1 02C is similar to CBERS-2B (ZY-1 02B) with a mass of 2100 kg, but is equipped with different instruments. The satellite was launched on December 22, 2011 in a circular orbit at an altitude of 773 km. Ziyuan-1 02D took off on September 12, 2019.

The purely Chinese Ziyuan-3 satellites , China's first high-resolution, stereoscopic satellite for civil cartography, are also based on the Phoenix-Eye-2 bus with two solar modules . The two satellites so far are identical, weigh 2630 kg and each carry three panchromatic cameras, one of which is directed vertically downwards, the other two - in relation to the direction of flight of the satellite - 22 ° forwards and backwards. This stereo arrangement has a resolution of 2.1 m for the nadir camera and 2.6 m for the inclined cameras, the swath width is 51 km. In addition, the Ziyuan 3 satellites have a multispectral imaging system consisting of a three-mirror telescope and a cooled four-band detector for the colors blue, green, red and the near infrared range , with a spatial resolution of 5.8 Color images can be made to monitor environmental damage and vegetation. Like all other Ziyuan satellites were those with launchers of the type Changzheng 4B from Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center started from:

  • Ziyuan 3-01 (资源 三号 01 星), also ZY-3 01, launched on January 9, 2012
  • Ziyuan 3-02 (资源 三号 02 星), also ZY-3 02, launched on May 30, 2016

The Ziyuan-3 satellites have a regular service life of 5 years. Since they have also proven themselves from an economic point of view - the images from the French SPOT satellites cost 15 yuan per square kilometer with similar quality, those from Ziyuan 3 only 1 yuan - the follow-up satellites Ziyuan 3-03 and Ziyuan 3-04 are already being planned . Similar to the Ziyuan-2 satellites, these are to operate as a pair, initially until 2025.

Web links

Individual evidence

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