Canons of the Holy Sepulcher

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Canon of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem
Red double cross of the canons

The Canons of the Holy grave ( Sepulchri Fratres Cruciferorum Ordinis Canonicorum Regul. Custodum SS. Hierosolymitani cum duplici Rubea Cruce ), including Chapter of the Order of Regular Canons and canonesses of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem , Sepulcrine and Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulcher (especially in Silesia), was a Canon Regular Order of the Roman Catholic Church, which emerged from the cathedral chapter of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem founded in 1099 under Godfried von Bouillon . It was founded in Jerusalem in 1114 according to the statutes of the Order of the Canons of the Holy Sepulcher (1099) and existed in Central Europe from 1162 to 1819.

The activities of the order concentrated in the secular area on nursing the sick, in the spiritual area on the veneration of the Holy Cross and the tomb of the Lord . The pen sprays were referred to as "master", after 1547 as "general" or "chief master".

history

View of the Kreuzkirche Neisse (1900/1910)
Document seal of the Master of the Knights of the Cross in Neisse, Johannes VII Unbelief from 1496

After the First Crusade , which took place under the leadership of Godfrey of Bouillon , the Patriarch Arnold ( Arnulf ) of Jerusalem (1099 and again 1112–1118), in 1114 organized the spiritual brothers "Fratres Cruciferi Dominici Sepulchri Hierosolymitani" ( Canons of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem ) to an order. He gave him the rules of St. Augustine . The order ran a hospice in Jerusalem, looked after and cared for pilgrims on their way to the Holy Sepulcher and also provided knightly assistance. From Jerusalem there was a rapid expansion of the order in the Holy Land and Syria (until 1291), at the same time in southern Italy, southern France and Spain. Since 1291 the main house of the order was in Perugia (San Luca). From there, the canons of the Holy Sepulcher spread across Europe. The Duke of Malopolska , Heinrich von Sandomir, and the knight Jaxa von Köpenick took part in a crusade to Jerusalem in 1154. After his return in 1163, Jaxa von Köpenick introduced the Order of the Knights of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem in Lesser Poland by founding a monastery in Miechów , which belonged to the Krakow diocese and was subordinate to the Canons of the Holy Sepulcher.

In one of the first documents relating to the Lords of the Cross dated January 11, 1226, Bishop Laurentius of Breslau confirmed the donation from Walther, his Bailiff of Neisse, to the Lords of the Cross for the purpose of building a new hospital, Bishop Laurentius of Breslau and his Bailiff Walther are considered to be the founders Beatae Mariae Virginis Hospital , which since its completion in 1231 has been under the supervision of Provost Heinrich von Miechów. It was not until 1239 that the Wroclaw Bishop Thomas I introduced the Canons of the Holy Sepulcher in an appointment document with the establishment of a branch in his residence city of Neisse in Silesia . Bishop Thomas I is thus to be regarded as the founder of the Neisser Kreuzherrenpropstei, in which he appointed the regulated canons (Kreuzherren) in 1239 from Miechów to the newly built Marienhospital in Neisse. Here the canons also built the church of St. Mariae in rosis and the monastery of St. Peter and Paul (Neisse) . At the instigation of Duke Bolko I von Schweidnitz , the Kreuzherren received the hospital in Reichenbach in 1296 , which, with the consent of Bishop Heinrich von Würben , was placed under the Neiss provost's office. Around 1302 a Kreuzherren Hospital was founded in Racibórz . In 1319 hereditary bailiff knight Johannes Secklin founded a provost office with a hospital in Frankenstein , which was only confirmed during the reign of Duke Nikolaus von Münsterberg . Another hospital existed in Glogau .

In 1335 or later, the Miechów Masters' Convention submitted to the Zderaz Monastery in Prague . The same goes for the Silesian provosts of Frankenstein, Reichenbach, Ratibor and Glogau, whose dukes had already given their duchies to the Crown of Bohemia as a fief , which was confirmed in the Treaty of Trenčín in 1335 . The affiliation of these provosts, which belonged to the diocese of Breslau, was confirmed in 1357 by Bishop Preczlaw von Pogarell . In 1435, Pope Innocent VIII transferred the Zderaz monastery, which had been destroyed by the Hussites in 1420 , to the Order of St. John . In 1500 it was subordinated to the provost of the Cross of Neisse, provost Johannes VII. Unbelief . The church and monastery of the Knights of the Cross in Neisse were also cremated by the Hussites in 1428.

The new monastery complex in Neisse was rebuilt in 1434 within the town walls on the Salzring under its provost Johann Gruß ( Greutz ) and the church was again consecrated to St. Mariae in rosis . Provost Johannes Unglaube , master at the Kreuzstift from 1485 to 1500, who was able to prevent a planned takeover by the Order of Knights of Malta , made great contributions to independence . For this purpose, Pope Innocent VIII (1484–1492), at the instigation of the Order of Malta, issued a bull on March 28, 1489 , with which the Order of the Cross was to be dissolved and transferred to the Order of Malta. The independence of the Knights of the Cross was retained at the request of Emperor Maximilian and Duke Eberhard von Württemberg and in 1499 with a bull from Pope Alexander VI. approved. The introduction of the Reformation in England and other countries in Northern Europe brought the Canons of the Holy Sepulcher great losses to members of the order and monasteries. The order continued in Spain, the Netherlands, Silesia, Bohemia and Poland. The Provostei zu Neisse of the Silesian Order of the Cross with the double red cross was the seat of the General and Headquarters ( caput ordinis ) of the Order of the Regulated Canons and Guardians of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem from the 1500 century until its abolition in 1810 the double red cross for Silesia, Bohemia and Moravia. In 1547 Pope Leo X appointed the Neiss provost Vicar General of the Order of Canons of the Holy Sepulcher in Bohemia , Moravia and Silesia. As a result, the Zderaz monastery was again subject to the Order of the Holy Sepulcher.

The Canons of the Holy Sepulcher flourished again on a modest scale after the Thirty Years' War in the Baroque period . After the transition of Silesia to Prussia after the First Silesian War in 1742, the order was initially able to continue its task in Silesia. The secularization brought the downfall of the order. Due to the consequences of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars , the order disappeared in Spain, the Netherlands and western Germany. The Neiss monastery was dissolved in 1810, the main Miechów monastery in 1819. The male branch of the Order of the Holy Sepulcher was thus extinguished, later restoration attempts were unsuccessful. The female branch of the Order, the Choir Women of the Holy Sepulcher , still exists today.

Branches in the diocese of Wroclaw

  • Neisse : Around 1239 the monastery of St. Peter and Paul was founded with the hospital of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
  • Frankenstein : St. George's Hospital with a chapel, built in 1319 as a foundation of the hereditary bailiff knight Johannes Secklin. After secularization, it became a municipal hospital.
  • Glogau : In 1318 a hospital with a church in the southeast in front of the city is occupied; It burned down in 1488.
  • Ratibor : Hospital founded around 1302
  • Reichenbach : Propstei with hospital and the Church of St. Barbara built in 1296. In the 1570s the provost became Protestant. In 1660 the provost's office was re-established.

See also

literature

  • Kaspar Elm : Canons of the Holy Sepulcher . In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages (LexMA). Volume 2, Artemis & Winkler, Munich / Zurich 1983, ISBN 3-7608-8902-6 , Sp. 18878-1888.
  • Nikolas Jaspert : "The Order of Knights and the Order of the Holy Sepulcher on the Iberian Peninsula". Pont. Univ. del Laterano.
  • Karl Suso Frank : Canons of the Holy Sepulcher . In: Walter Kasper (Ed.): Lexicon for Theology and Church (LThK) . 3. Edition. Volume 4. Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1995, Sp. 1324. ISBN 3-451-22002-4 .
  • Wilhelm Herrmann : On the history of the Neisser Kreuzherren from the order of the regulated canons and guardians of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem with the double red cross . Breslau, Breslauer Genossensch.-Buchdr., 1938
  • Tiede, Thomas F .: Order of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem with the double red cross . In: The Most Memorable Anniversaries in Silesia . First volume, Glatz, printed with Popejus Schriften, 1802. Pages 391 to 397.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ August Kastner: grammar school program for the year 1852; Diplomata Nissensia antiquiora, primum edidit. S 5, certificate V.
  2. ^ Wilhelm Herrmann: To the history of the Neisser Kreuzherren (partial print). Breslau, 1938 p. 44 u. 45.
  3. ↑ J. Hermens, The Order of Salvation. Grave , II edition. Printed by: L. Schwannsche Verlagshandlung, Cologne and Neuss, 1870. Bulle Innocenz´ VIII of March 28, 1489, pages 97 to 101.
  4. ↑ a b Herrmann, Wilhelm: On the history of the Neisser Kreuzherren from the order of the regulated canons and guardians of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem with the double red cross. 1938, Retrieved May 17, 2017 .