Red cinchona tree

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Red cinchona tree
Red cinchona tree (Cinchona pubescens)

Red cinchona tree ( Cinchona pubescens )

Systematics
Order : Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family : Red family (Rubiaceae)
Subfamily : Cinchonoideae
Tribe : Cinchoneae
Genre : Cinchona ( Cinchona )
Type : Red cinchona tree
Scientific name
Cinchona pubescens
Vahl

The red cinchona tree ( Cinchona pubescens ) is a species of the genus cinchona trees ( Cinchona ) within the reddish family (Rubiaceae). It is widespread in Central and South America. It is used as a medicinal plant.

description

Illustration from Koehler's medicinal plants
Green and red, stalked, simple foliage leaf
Inflorescence with pink flowers
Five-fold bloom in detail
Inflorescence with whitish flowers
Immature capsule fruits, crowned by the long-lasting calyx
Winged seeds

The red cinchona tree is morphologically variable in culture and also in the wild.

Appearance, bark and leaf

The red cinchona tree grows as a tree or shrub and reaches heights of 5 to 8, sometimes up to 12 meters.

The clearly bitter bark is grayish-brown, sometimes with white and / or longitudinal cracks. The somewhat flattened to almost stem-round or angular twigs have a dense, fine or short-bristled to downy hairy or balding bark . Dried bark is the gray or reddish-gray.

In the flattened buds, the stipules are upright and pressed together. The constantly against arranged on the branches leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The 1.5 to 4 or up to 8 centimeters long petiole is dense, short downy to short-bristled hairy, bald or glabrous. The simple leaf blade is with a length of rarely 5 to, 10 to 24.5, sometimes up to 30 centimeters and a width of rarely 2, 5.5 to 17, sometimes up to 20 centimeters ovate, ovoid-elliptical, almost circular or elliptical-elongated with a wedge-shaped, blunt to rounded or truncated blade base and blunt to rounded or broadly triangular upper end. The upper side of the leaf is hairy finely to fine and downy and the underside is hairy finely to short-bristled. The leaf blade becomes parchment-like and red as it dries. The leaves are often reddish in color, at least initially. There is pinnate nerve and there are 6 to 11, rarely up to 13 arch-shaped lateral nerves on each side of the relatively thin middle nerve, which is raised on both leaf sides. The lowest lateral nerves often arise from the median nerve at a right angle. There are well-developed, hairy domatias on the leaves; they can also be reduced or absent. The interpetiolaren or short fused to the branch side leaves are relatively large at a length of 12-26 cm, obovate to tongue-shaped, entire, end nearly pointed, blunt wide-rounded up most and are finely hairy or rarely glabrous; they fall off.

Inflorescence and flower

The inflorescences are located at the end and often in the leaf axils of the uppermost leaves above an inflorescence stem. The composite, paniculate , zymous inflorescences are have a length and a diameter of 5 to 25, sometimes up to 35 centimeters and contain many bracts and flowers. The inflorescence axes are hairy short downy to short-bristled and the branches are opposite, with the lowest up to 15 centimeters long. The bracts are triangular with a length of 0.5 to 3 millimeters. The flower stalk is 1 to 3 millimeters long.

The fragrant, hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry , five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are about 1/3 of their length with one another and fused with part of the ovary; this finely hairy structure (sometimes referred to as hypanthium ) is ellipsoidal or obverse-conical to obverse-conical-oblong with a length of 2 to 3 millimeters and a width of 2 to 2.5 millimeters. The free area of ​​the sepals is 1.5 to 3 millimeters long, triangular with a pointed upper end and short, downy to short-bristled hairy. The five calyx teeth are relatively short and triangular with a length of 0.5 to 1 millimeter with a pointed to pointed upper end. The cup has a diameter of about 3 millimeters at the top. The five white or pink to purple-colored petals are fused together in the shape of a salver. With a length of 8.5 to 14 millimeters, the corolla tube is cylindrical and has short to fluffy hairy to balding on the outside and bare inside. The crown throat is hairy inside or mostly densely downy. The five corolla lobes are ovate-lanceolate with a length of 4 to 6 millimeters and a width of 1.5 to 2 millimeters with a pointed, blunt or rounded upper end, tomentose on the outside, bald on the inside and have densely ciliated to shaggy hairy edges. There is a circle with five fertile stamens ; they are inserted in the corolla tube and do not protrude above the corolla tube or at most slightly. The discus is slightly hairy, downy to bristly. With a length of about 2 millimeters, the short to well-developed stamens are bare. The anthers are 2.5 to 3.9 millimeters long. Two carpels have become an under-earth, two-chambered ovary grown. In each ovary chamber there are many ovules in central angled placentation. The bald, 6 to 13 millimeter long stylus ends in two branches with 1.5 to 4 millimeter long scars.

Fruit and seeds

The fruit stalk is relatively short. The finely (golden) hairy to balding capsule fruits are with a length of 1 to 1.8, up to 4.1 centimeters and a width of 5 to 7 millimeters almost cylindrical to narrow-ellipsoid with fine longitudinal ribs. The septicidal capsule fruit opens with two valves from its base when ripe; sometimes not fully ripe fruits open from the top. The stiff paper-like to woody capsule fruits often have lenticels and contain many seeds. The durable 1 to 2 millimeter calyx, which is wider than the top of the fruit, sits on the capsule fruit.

The seeds, which are 7 to 12 millimeters long and 2 to 3 millimeters wide (including wings), are medium-sized , irregularly ellipsoidal, oblong to spindle-shaped and somewhat flattened. The seeds have a membranous wing on the edge that can be bitten out irregularly. The seeds contain a fleshy endosperm and the two cotyledons ( cotyledons ) are egg-shaped.

Phenology

In China, the flowering and fruiting period extends from June to February. In the Galápagos, Cinchona pubescens flowers and fruit most of the year with a main flowering period from August to October and most fruits ripening from December to March.

ecology

Cinchona pubescens forms arbuscular mycorrhiza as a symbiosis . Vegetative propagation up to a few meters from the original specimen with underground root runners.

The annual production of relatively small seeds is high. The spread of Cinchona pubescens is carried by the wind with the winged seeds ( Anemochorie ). The seeds survive in the soil for less than a year.

Natural range
Cinchona pubescens as an invasive plant species on the Hawaiian island of Maui

Occurrence

The neotropical natural distribution area of Cinchona pubescens extends from the Central American states of Costa Rica and Panama (Chiriqui) to the mainly western South American states of Venezuela , Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador and Peru . It thrives at altitudes of 600 to 3300 meters and is mainly found in the Andes in South America . Natural occurrences of Cinchona pubescens are mostly found in mountain forests. Cinchona pubescens thrives on rich acidic soil on volcanic rock with high content of organic matter, but also on rocky sites.

Cinchona pubescens is a neophyte in Tanzania, Cape Verde, St. Helena, Hawaii, Tahiti, Micronesia, the Caribbean and the Galapagos Islands, for example . The Cinchona pubescens , which was originally widespread, is one of the globally problematic invasive plant species . Cinchona pubescens inhabits agricultural areas, forest stands, natural forests, grasslands, shrub vegetation, coastal areas and wasteland. Cinchona pubescens is most commonly found on disturbed surfaces, especially after a fire.

As an invasive plant, Cinchona pubescens is problematic because it grows quickly and forms a wide, dense canopy. When shrub and tree layer settled Cinchona pubescens previously treeless areas. It displaces and shadows the natural vegetation. There is a dramatic loss of biodiversity. The spread of Cinchona pubescens is carried by the wind with the winged seeds and up to a few meters from the original specimen removed by vegetative propagation with underground root foothills.

The control of Cinchona pubescens is difficult because cutting down alone is not enough, because tree stumps and roots sprout again. Also herbicides are used to control.

Systematics

Cinchona pubescens was first published in 1790 by Martin Vahl in Skrifter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet , 1, p. 19. A homonym is Cinchona pubescens Endl. (published in Botanische Zeitung (Berlin) , 1, 1843, p. 459). Synonyms for Cinchona pubescens Vahl are: Cinchona pubescens var. Cordata DC. , Cinchona pubescens var. Ovata (Ruiz & Pav.) DC. , Cinchona pubescens var. Pelletieriana (Wedd.) Wedd. , Cinchona pubescens var. Purpurea (Ruiz & Pav.) Wedd. , Cinchona caloptera Miq. Wedd , Cinchona chomeliana . , Cinchona colorata Laubert ex BDJacks. , Cinchona cordifolia Mutis , cinchona coronulata Miq. , Cinchona decurrentifolia Pav. , Cinchona elliptica Wedd. , Cinchona govana Miq. , Cinchona howardiana Kuntze , Cinchona lechleriana Schltdl. , Cinchona lutea Pav. , Cinchona morado Ruiz , Cinchona obovata Pav. Ex Howard , Cinchona ovata Ruiz & Pav. , Cinchona palescens Vell. , Cinchona pallescens Ruiz ex Vitman nom. illeg., Cinchona pelalba Pav. ex DC. , Cinchona pelletieriana Wedd ., Cinchona platyphylla Wedd. nom. illeg., Cinchona purpurascens Wedd. , Cinchona purpurea Ruiz & Pav. , Cinchona purpurea Vell. nom. illeg., Cinchona rosulenta Howard ex Wedd. , Cinchona rotundifolia Pav. Ex Lamb. , Cinchona rubicunda Tafalla ex Wedd. nom. nud., Cinchona rufinervis Wedd. , Cinchona rugosa Pav. Ex DC. , Cinchona subsessilis Miq. , Cinchona succirubra Pav. Ex Klotzsch , Cinchona tucujensis H.Karst. , Cinchona goudotiana Klotzsch ex Triana . No described sub- taxon is accepted.

Cinchona pubescens forms hybrids with other species in the overlapping areas, which makes it difficult to distinguish the related Cinchona species.

Herbarium evidence

Common names

Trivial names in other languages ​​are (selection):

  • English : Jesuits' bark, Quinine, Quinine tree, Red cinchona, Red Peruvian bark
  • French : Quinquina rouge
  • Portuguese : Quina-do-Amazonas, Quineira (in Brazil)
  • Spanish : Cascarilla, Cascarilla gallingo, cinchona, Corteza de quina, Quina roja, roja quinina, Varona, Cascarilla amarga (in Bolivia), Cascarilla gallinzo (in Bolivia)
  • Catalan : Quina roja
  • Italian : China pubescente, China rossa, Corteccia di china
  • Chinese: 鸡 纳 树 Jī nà shù, ji na shu
  • Japanese: ア カ キ ナ ノ キ Aka kina no ki, キ ナ オ フ ィ Kinaofi, キ ナ モ ウ ソ ウ チ ク Kinamousouchiku
  • Korean: 기나 나무 Gina namu, 킨키나 나무 Kinkina namu
  • Vietnamese: Canhkina đỏ
  • Bengali: কুইনিন গাছ Ku'inina gācha, সিনকোনা পিউবেসেনস Sinakōnā pi'ubēsēnasa
  • Tamil: Kalumakitam, Koyna, Kunavanacceti, Shurap-pattai
  • Hindi: सुगंध मूल Suganadh mul
  • Sanskrit: Kunayana, सुगंधमूल Sugandhamūla
  • Greek: Κιγχόνη η χνοώδης Kinchónē ē chnoṓdēs, Κιγχόνη η ερυθρόχυμος Kinchónē ē erythróchymos
  • Arabic : أحمر الكينا النباح, لِحاءُ اليَسُوْعِيِّين, لحاء الكينا
  • Russian : Цинхона пушистая Tsinkhona pushistaya, Цинхона опушенная Tsinkhona opushennaya, Цинхона сококрасная Tsinkhona sokokrasnaya
The drug cinchonae cortex
Cinchona bark alkaloids

use

Cinchona pubescens is grown in plantations in some tropical countries and is the most commonly cultivated species of the genus Cinchona . Cinchona pubescens is the most common crossing partner in Cinchona - hybrids . Most hybrids are planted in the plantations.

The bark of the Red cinchona tree, known as cinchona bark (name of the formerly short China mentioned drug , from the Quechua -word "kina-kina" or "quina-quina", "bark of barks" to refer to the used as a remedy ( " Peruvian “) bark of the red cinchona tree), also called Cortex peruvianus, Cinchonae Rubrae Cortex, English Peruvian bark, quinine, red cinchona, red Peruvian-bark and redbark, has, like Cinchona officinalis , a high quinine and quinidine content . It was used medically in a variety of ways. The drug is particularly used against malaria . Other important medical fields of application are as a bitter digestive agent to stimulate gastric juices, against nightly leg cramps, against intestinal parasites and protozoa and cardiac arrhythmias and other heart problems. In folk medicine, the analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal , antiseptic , astringent, digestive-stimulating, antipyretic, nerve-calming, balancing and insecticidal effects are mainly used .

In 1820 Pelletier and Caventou isolated an alkaloid derivative, which was named quinine, in the cinchona bark, which had the highest antimalarial effect. A method has been developed to extract this ingredient from natural bark in order to sell an antimalarial drug. The bark of Cinchona pubescens contains 4.5 to 8.5% alkaloids, or 1 to 3% quinine. For example, tablets, medicinal capsules and tinctures are produced.

Important ingredients are alkaloids , quinine, cinchonidine, cinchonine, quinidine, hydro-quinidine, quinine amine, hydro-quinine amine, quinic acid , bitter amorphous glucosides, starch and calcium oxalates .

The quinine extracted from the bark is used in foods as a bitter substance in tonic water , some liqueurs , some carbonated drinks, baked goods and sweets. The quinine alkaloids that are extracted from the bark are used in the production of hair oil and shampoo, tanning oil, insecticides , as a vulcanizing additive in the rubber industry and for the treatment of certain metals.

In the Galápagos, timber is made from larger trees .

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Tao Chen, Charlotte M. Taylor: Cinchona. : Cinchona pubescens , p. 89 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 19: Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, February 28, 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Cinchona pubescens at Tropicos.org. In: Rubiaceae . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Cinchona pubescens at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Panama (WFO) . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i JA Steyermark: Rubiaceae. In: Flora de Venezuela , Tomo 9, 1, 1974, page 49, Table 3 (description of the flowering of Cinchona pubescens online from Cinchona pubescens in Tropicos.org in. Flora of Panama (WFO) . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis)
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k data sheet at the Global Invasive Species Database of the IUCN.
  6. ↑ Cinchona pubescens at Tropicos.org. In: Bolivia Checklist . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  7. ↑ Cinchona pubescens at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  8. ↑ Cinchona pubescens at Tropicos.org. In: Peru Checklist . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  9. ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cinchona pubescens. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  10. ↑ a b Cinchona pubescens in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  11. ↑ Cinchona pubescens at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  12. ↑ a b Forest Starr, Kim Starr, Lloyd Loope, 2003: PDF at Hear.Org .
  13. ↑ Heinke Jäger, Alan Tye, Ingo Kowarik: Tree invasion in naturally treeless environments: Impacts of quinine (Cinchona pubescens) trees on native vegetation in Galápagos . In: Biological Conservation . tape 140 , no. 3-4 , December 2007, pp. 297-307 , doi : 10.1016 / j.biocon.2007.08.014 ( PDF ).
  14. ↑ a b Cinchona pubescens at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed on May 8, 2015.
  15. ↑ Michel H. Porcher: data sheet at Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database = MMPND.
  16. ↑ a b List of data sheets on Cinchona pubescens at Henriette's Herbal Homepage .
  17. ↑ Cinchona pubescens at Mansfeld database for agricultural and horticultural crops = Mansfeld's World Database of Agriculture and Horticultural Crops .
  18. ↑ Ullrich Rainer Otte: Jakob Calmann Linderer (1771-1840). A pioneer in scientific dentistry. Medical dissertation, Würzburg 2002 (with text edition of the teaching of the entire dental operations. 1834), here: p. 89.
  19. ^ Brockhaus encyclopedia. 24 volumes. 19th edition. Mannheim 1987, Volume 4, p. 486.
  20. ↑ a b Leslie Taylor: data sheet at Raintree's Tropical Plant Database .
  21. ↑ Maud Grieve: A Modern Herbal , 1931: online.
  22. ↑ Ken Fern: Datasheet at Useful Tropical Plants Database .

Web links

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