German immigration to Brazil
The German immigration in Brazil culminated in the 19th and 20th centuries. For many Germans , the social problems in Europe and the prospect of wealth were reasons for immigrating to Brazil . Today around 10 percent of Brazilians have German ancestors.
Reasons for immigration
Various motives contributed to the fact that many Germans left their homeland and emigrated to Brazil. Since it was a real wave of immigration, it can be assumed that there were reasons that were common to all emigrants . Primarily this is the wish to escape the economic and political problems and to find new possibilities in the new home to create better living conditions.
Important economic developments took place at the beginning of the 19th century. In the cities, industrialization progressed more rapidly and required specialized labor. This drove many craftsmen and workers from small businesses to ruin. Due to the personal situation, the freed workers had to be satisfied with every available position and were therefore available as cheap labor for the emerging industry.
The situation of workers also changed in the agricultural sector. The use of new machines increased productivity , but at the same time reduced the need for labor, which meant unemployment for many farmers. They also moved to the cities in search of work and increased the number of proletarians . The ongoing population growth also exacerbated the situation.
However, one should be aware that, in addition to political, economic and social factors, personal motives were ultimately decisive for many emigrants.
history
The first German in Brazil was the astronomer Johannes Varnhagen called Meister Johann , navigator of Pedro Álvares Cabral's fleet .
Hans Staden (1525–1576) from Homberg served as a soldier for the Portuguese crown in Brazil and wrote the first book in German about Brazil.
Ulrich Schmidel explored the area between Buenos Aires and São Vicente in what is now the Brazilian state of São Paulo in 1534 under the leadership of the Spanish conquistador Pedro de Mendoza .
When the Austrian Archduchess Leopoldina married the Brazilian heir to the throne in 1817 , German artists, craftsmen and scientists moved to the country with her. In the following year, numerous farm workers arrived in the agricultural colonies of Leopoldina and São Jorge dos Ilhéus ( Bahia ).
In 1818 Georg Anton Schäffer organized a trip across the Atlantic to Brazil for a group of 20 Germans who wanted to leave their homeland. This Schäffer Group was granted land in Bahia . The Frankenthal settlement was founded there, the first German settlement in Brazil.
In 1820 the city of Nova Friburgo was founded in the state of Rio de Janeiro . Dom João VI tried specifically to attract new German immigrants. In September 1822, the Brazilian government sent Georg Anton Schäffer to Germany to recruit colonists and mercenaries . He came in 1823 as authorized representative of the Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and visited the Hanseatic cities as well as Frankfurt am Main and numerous German courts. This mission started the first major wave of German emigration to Brazil . Above all people from the Hunsrück , the northern and western parts of today's Saarland and the western Palatinate let themselves be recruited by Schäffer's agents.
German settlements
The German immigrants founded colonies and settled there together. The colonies were divided into different pieces of land, which the immigrants were often given as gifts by the government in order to promote colonization. In other cases the respective lands were sold by individuals or the colonial societies.
At the beginning of the migration movements, new emigrant settlements emerged in the vicinity of the first German colony of São Leopoldo . After a while, new settlements were established further inland. Because the areas off the coast were poorly integrated into the existing infrastructure, the emigrants looked for strategically favorable locations to establish new colonies, for example near larger rivers . The water was used to cultivate the fields and the goods produced could then be shipped cheaply.
In his dissertation, Lothar Wieser showed that the First World War was a deep turning point for the Germans in southern Brazil. Until then, if they spoke German in the German (gymnastics) clubs and churches, Germany was now viewed in a more differentiated manner and more and more Portuguese was spoken in church and club.
| country | founding | Origin of the colonists |
|---|---|---|
| Nova Friburgo (RJ) | 1823 | Rhineland , Saxony , Bohemia , Switzerland |
| Sao Leopoldo (RS) | 1824 | Hunsrück , Saxony, Wuerttemberg, Saxony-Coburg |
| Petrópolis (RJ) | 1843 | Kastellaun , Moselle , Bingen , Nassau, Ingelheim , Wörrstadt , Darmstadt , Rhineland |
| Santa Isabel (ES) | 1847 | Hunsrück, Pomerania, Rhineland, Prussia, Saxony |
| Santa Cruz (RS) | 1849 | Rhineland, Hundheim (Hunsrück) , Grand Duchy of Baden , Pomerania , Silesia |
| Blumenau (SC) | 1850 | Pomerania, Holstein, Hanover , Braunschweig , Saxony |
| Joinville (SC) | 1851 | Pomerania, Prussia, Oldenburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Hanover, Switzerland |
| Curitiba (PR) | 1851 | Germans from Eastern Europe, especially Volga Germans |
| Santo Ângelo (RS) | 1857 | Rhineland, Saxony, Pomerania |
| Sao Lourenço do Sul (RS) | 1857 | Pomerania, Rhineland |
| Santa Leopoldina (ES) | 1857 | Pomerania, Rhineland, Prussia, Saxony |
| Nova Petrópolis (RS) | 1859 | Pomerania, Saxony, Bohemia |
| Brusque (SC) | 1860 | Baden, Oldenburg, Rhineland, Pomerania, Schleswig-Holstein, Braunschweig |
| Pomerode (SC) | 1861 | Pomerania |
| Teutônia (RS) | 1868 | Westphalia |
| Sao Bento do Sul (SC) | 1873 | Bohemia, Bavaria, Austria, Prussia, Saxony |
| Sao Vendelino (RS) | Saarland | |
| Treze Tílias (SC) | 1933 | Austria |
See also
literature
- Nelson di Francesco: Imigração Alemã no Brasil. Series Resumos No. 3, Governo do Estado de São Paulo.
- Adair Marli Lando, Eliane Cruxên Barros: A Colonização Alemã no Rio Grande do Sul - Uma Interpretação Sociológica.
- Karl Rathgen: English emigration and emigration policy in the nineteenth century . with: Rudolph A. Hehl: Immigration and Immigration Legislation in North America and Brazil. Reprint of the edition: Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896, Topos, Vaduz 1989, ISBN 3-289-00440-6 .
- Lothar Wieser: German gymnastics in Brazil: German emigration and the development of the German-Brazilian gymnastics until 1917 (= contributions and sources on sport and society . Volume 4). Arena Publishing, London 1990, ISBN 0-902175-49-1 (dissertation at the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen 1990, 351 + 94 pages).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://www.brasilien.de/geschichte/allgemein/dt.geschichte/tafel.asp Timeline of the German history of Brazil
- ↑ auswanderung-rlp.de
- ↑ http://www.kriegsreisen.de/imperialismus/dompedro.htm For Dom Pedro. Export from Europe's poor houses and prisons
- ↑ auswanderung-rlp.de ( Memento of the original from October 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Lothar Wieser : German gymnastics in Brazil: German emigration and the development of the German-Brazilian gymnastics up to 1917 . Arena Publishing, London 1990, ISBN 0-902175-49-1 (= contributions and sources on sport and society . Volume 4, also dissertation at the University of Göttingen 1990).
- ↑ pmnf.rj.gov.br ( Memento of the original from March 3, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.auswanderung-rlp.de/auswanderung-nach-brasilien/19-jahrhund/reise-und-ankunft-in-brasilien.html Travel and arrival in Brazil
- ↑ auswanderung-rlp.de ( Memento of the original from February 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ saobentodosul.sc.gov.br
