Dirck Mullem

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Dirck Heynricxzoon de Raeff van Mullem (also Dierick Mullem, Dierc Mulm ; * before 1550 on the Lower Rhine , perhaps in Mülheim ; † around 1604 in Vianen ) was a printer and publisher who worked in Wesel , Rotterdam and Vianen.

Life

The van Mullem family came from Mülheim (in the local Lower Franconian dialect: Mölm ) on the Ruhr. Dirck Mullem was born "in den lande van Cleeff " ( Kleve part of the United Duchies of Jülich-Kleve-Berg ). "Land van Cleeff", which was recorded in a Rotterdam interrogation record from 1583 as an indication of origin, can also stand for the United Duchies as a whole, whose common residence was in Kleve . Then - the originally Bergisch - Mülheim would be understood as the birthplace of Dirck de Raeff from Mullem. His father was called Heinrich. The epithet "de Raeff" (with dehnungs -e = Low German "Raav", "Raw" and the like) means "raven".

Wesel

In 1569, "Dierik Mullem" worked as a printer in Wesel, where he joined the office of Pieter Overd'hage (* 1520; † 1604), who in turn had taken over from Jodocus Lambrecht (* around 1481; † around 1556/57). Mullem's first known prints are works by the mystic Mathijs Wier († 1560), who lived at the printing site in Wesel.

Connections to Emden

Dirck Mullem later had good contacts in Emden , reprinted works there and used printer brands from the book printers there. It suggests that he followed his mentor Pieter Overd'hage to Emden and worked there for a short time in the Gailliart Offizin in the early 1570s, which the Emden Reformed Council of Churches suspected of spiritual , Zwinglian or Anabaptist inclinations. Mullem had his edition of t'Wonderboeck by David Joris , printed in Vianen, sold by an Emden merchant in 1583/84.

Rotterdam

From around 1573 Mullem was the first printer ( bouckprinter ) to work permanently in Rotterdam . Among other things, he printed Low German editions of the Imitation of Christ by Thomas von Kempen († 1471), the New Testament and the Bible in duyts by Jacob van Liesvelt and the Mennonite Nikolaes Biestkens d. Ä. († 1562), the Heidelberg Catechism and a Liedboeck by Hans de Ries or works by Pieter Overd'hage (bilingual Flemish - French ), Johannes Saliger and Noël de Berlaymont († 1530).

Conspiracy of Cornelis de Hooghe

In 1583 in s'Gravenhage the engraver Cornelis de Hooghe (Cornelius Hogius) (1541–1583) was beheaded and quartered for conspiracy for Spain against William I of Orange and the States General as a traitor . Dirk Mullem was arrested in this context in Rotterdam and charged with participating in the conspiracy. Cornelis de Hooghe wanted to print 4,000 copies of a Hoognoodig Advertissement font and to have 600 leaflets , signed by himself as "Cornelis van Ostenrijk , bastaard van den Keizer Kaerle de Vijfde ", distributed to the leading representatives of all cities. Dirck Mullem had refused to print the inflammatory pamphlets - the content of which was allegedly unknown to him - but had failed to inform the city's magistrate. When asked about alternative printing locations, he had pointed out the death of the printer in Emden (meaning Willem Gailliart) and doubted that someone in Rees (where Derick Wylick van Xanten worked ) would take on the explosive order. Mullen, who had submitted petitions to the States General and Wilhelm I from prison, was expelled from Holland for six years for complicity .

Viannen

From 1583 to 1587 Mullem was active in exile in the city of Vianen, which was under an imperial rule of the Counts of Brederode near Utrecht . Dirck Mullem appeared here especially as the publisher of the mystical-spiritualist or Anabaptist (Mennonite) -minded dissidents Mathijs Wier, David Joris, Caspar Jansz. Coolhaes (1536–1615) and Hermann Herbertsz. (1540-1607). As a camouflage, he provided some print editions - such as B. one of the Emden merchant and skipper Hendrick Jacobsz. In 1582 ordered and financed new edition of t'Wonderboeck by David Joris († 1556) - with the wrong date “1551”. Mullem also owned a brewery in Vianen .

Last years

In 1587/89 Dirck Mullem returned to Rotterdam, where he ran his printer opt steygher (= Steiger on the Hoogstraat) aen de Coorn-marct in den Engel (= house name) . Out of caution he now dated some of his printed works back to the time of his exile in Vianen; around 1598/99 he gave up the print shop. In 1603 he signed a house on the Steiger to his son Daniel van Mulhem and returned to Vianen.

Printer brands

The Mullems printer's brand shows a lily surrounded by thorn branches in an oval. The motto “ Gelijck een lelie onder de doornen • So is mijn Vriendinne or de Dochteren • Cant. 2 = Like a lily among thistles • so is my friend among the daughters • Hld. 2.2 EU ". This printer's mark "Lily under the thorns" was also used by Johann Gailliart (* around 1507, † 1574) in Emden, who bought it from Nicolaes Biskens the Elder. Ä. or his colleague Lenaert der Kinderen († after 1572).

  • Printer's stamp of Lenaert der Kinderen, 1565

  • Printer's stamp of † Gillis van der Erven and Willem Gailliart, 1566

  • Printer's stamp from Willem Gailliart, 1566

  • Printer's stamp of Dirck Mullem, 1593

  • Printer's stamp from Dirck Mullem, 1589

In some prints, Mullem also used the printer's mark " sat quercus " or "ἅλις δρυός, hális dryós " (= " enough of the oak ; meaning: enough of the (old believing) tree") by Pieter Overd'hage or Jodocus Lambrecht, where he replaced the pictorial representation of the crucifix with a lettering.

  • Printer's stamp of Jodocus Lambrecht, 1545

  • Printer's stamp of Pieter Overd'hage de Zuttere, 1563

  • Printer's stamp of Dirck Mullem, 1584

literature

  • Hendrik Cornelis Rogge: Caspar Janszoon Coolhaes. De voorlooper van Arminius en the Remonstrants . Y. Rogge, Amsterdam 1865, pp. 233-236 ( Google Books )
  • Friedrich Karl Heinrich Kossmann: Dierck Mullem, de oudste Rotterdamsche boekdrukker . In: Rotterdamsch Jaarboekje 9 (1931), pp. 69–84 ( digitized version of the Rotterdam City Archives)
  • Jacob Smit: Dierck Mullem en zijn gevangenschap as medeplichtige aan den aanslag van Cornelis de Hooghe tegen de veiligheid van den Staat 1583 . In: Het Boek 24 (1936/37), pp. 101-108
  • Jacob Smit: Nogmaals Dierck van Mullem . In: Het Boek 25 (1938/39), pp. 65-66
  • Jacob Smit: De aanslag van Cornelis de Hooghe tegen de veiligheid van den Staat 1583 . In: Bijdragen voor vaderlandsche geschiedenis en oudheidkunde 10 (1939), pp. 73-106 ( digitized version of the Huygens Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis)
  • Paul Valkema Blouw: Printers to the 'Arch-Heretic' David Joris . In: Quærendo 21 (1991), pp. 163–209 ( Google Books ; limited preview) = Ton Croiset van Uchelen, Paul Dijstelberge (ed.): Dutch Typography in the Sixteenth Century. The Collected Works of Paul Valkema Blouw . Brill, Leiden 2013, pp. 495-542 ( Google Books ; limited preview)
  • Andrew Pettegree, Malcolm Walsby (Eds.): Netherlandish Books. Books Published in the Low Countries and Dutch Books Printed Abroad before 1601 . Brill, Leiden 2011 ( Google Books ; limited preview)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Jacob Smit: Dierck Mullem en zijn gevangenschap as medeplichtige aan den aanslag van Cornelis de Hooghe tegen de veiligheid van den Staat 1583 . In: Het Boek 24 (1936/37), pp. 101-108, especially pp. 107f.
  2. ^ Jacob Smit: De aanslag van Cornelis de Hooghe tegen de veiligheid van den Staat 1583 . In: Bijdragen voor vaderlandsche geschiedenis en oudheidkunde 10 (1939), pp. 73-106, especially p. 85.
  3. ↑ Lijst Nederlandsche Vertaal- en Woordenboeken, gedrukt voor 1700 . In: Verslagen en mededeelingen of the Koninklijke Vlaamsche Academie voor Taalen Letterkunde (1891), pp. 256–285, esp. P. 272 ​​( PDF from the Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren).
  4. ↑ a b Guillaume van Gemert: The Dutch holdings (to the former Sulzbach court library). In: Morgen-Glantz . Journal of Christian Knorr von Rosenroth Society 19 (2009), pp. 393–452, esp. P. 415 ( Google Books ; limited preview).
  5. ↑ From Gent, moved to Wesel around 1553/54; see. Jacob Franck:  Lambrecht, Jodocus . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 17, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1883, p. 565 f .; Peter Jürgen Mennenöh: Duisburg in the history of the Lower Rhine book printing and book trade up to the end of the old university (1818) . (Duisburg research. Supplement 13). (diss. phil. Bonn 1969). W. Braun, Duisburg 1970, ISBN 3-87096-024-8 , pp. 17, 39 and 265.
  6. ↑ a b Mechthild Bierbach: The "Coniugaisons flamen-françoyses" by Peter de Zuttere (Hyperphragme) and the treatment of tense and mode using the example of passé simple and conditionnel . In: Wolfgang Dahmen et al. (Ed.): "Grammar of Use" and "Scholarly Grammar" . Narr, Tübingen 2001, pp. 43-73.
  7. ↑ a b c Martin Tielke: Johan GAILLIART (GALLIART, GAILLART, GEILLYAERT, GHEYLLIAERT, GUAILLART) . In: Biographisches Lexikon für Ostfriesland , Vol. I. Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1993, p. 156f ( PDF of the Ostfriesische Landschaft).
  8. ↑ a b Martin Tielke: David JORIS (pseudonym: Johann von BRUCK) . In: Biographisches Lexikon für Ostfriesland , Vol. IV. Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2007, pp. 238–242 ( PDF of the Ostfriesische Landschaft).
  9. ↑ Paul Valkema Blouw: Printers to the Arch-Heretic 'David Joris (1991). In: Ton Croiset van Uchelen, Paul Dijstelberge (Ed.): Dutch Typography in the Sixteenth Century. The Collected Works of Paul Valkema Blouw . Brill, Leiden 2013, pp. 495-542, especially p. 522.
  10. ↑ a b Otto S. Knottnerus: 'Gijlieden / die aen alle wateren zaeyt'. Doperse immigrants in het Noordduitse kustgebied (1500-1700) . In: Doopsgezinden Bijdragen 20 (1994), pp. 11-60, esp. Note 67.
  11. ↑ a b Martin Tielke: Nicolaes BIESTKENS . In: Biographisches Lexikon für Ostfriesland , Vol. II. Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1997, p. 33f ( PDF of the Ostfriesische Landschaft).
  12. ↑ Anonymous [= Hans de Ries]: Lietboeck Inhoudende Schriftuerlijcke Vermaen Liederen . Dirck Mullem, Rotterdam 1582 ( Google Books ).
  13. ↑ Pierre Anastaise Hyperphragme, Gentoise (= Pieter Overd'hage): Eene forme end maniere the coniugatien in nederduytsch end fransoys . Dierk de Raef van Mullem, Rotterdam 1576 ( Google Books ).
  14. ↑ Dirck Pietersz. Pers: De Verwarde Adelaer, en Ontstelde Leeuw . Dirck Pietersz. Pers, Amsterdam 1647, p. 850 ( Google Books ) u. a.
  15. ^ Eugénie Droz: Sur quelques traductions françaises d'écrits de David Joris . In: Het boek 37 (1965), pp. 152-162, especially p. 161.
  16. ↑ Printer's note in: Testament. Van Ian Splinter . Dierck Mulm, Rotterdam undated [around 1595–1597]; Friedrich Karl Heinrich Kossmann: Dierck Mullem, de oudste Rotterdamsche boekdrukker . In: Rotterdamsch Jaarboekje 9 (1931), pp. 69–84, p. 75.
  17. ↑ verhoor van Dirck Mullem, boekdrukker, wegens dragonfly , 1596; Nationaal Archief Den Haag (Hof van Holland, Criminele papieren (1572-1810), no.5199).
  18. ↑ Paul Valkema Blouw: Printers to the Arch-Heretic 'David Joris (1991). In: Ton Croiset van Uchelen, Paul Dijstelberge (Ed.): Dutch Typography in the Sixteenth Century. The Collected Works of Paul Valkema Blouw . Brill, Leiden 2013, pp. 495-542, especially pp. 526f.
  19. ↑ Martin Tielke: Lenaert of the CHILDREN . In: Biographisches Lexikon für Ostfriesland , Vol. I. Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1993, p. 218f ( PDF of the Ostfriesische Landschaft).
  20. ↑ Marcus Tullius Cicero , letter to Titus Pomponius Atticus II, 19.1 "dices fortasse: dignitatis ἅλις tamquam δρυός" = "you may say": "Honor enough like oak": "more than enough honor".
  21. ↑ Cf. Erasmus of Rotterdam : Adagiorum chiliades tres, ac centuriae fere totidem . Anshelm, Tübingen 1514, p. 43 ( Google Books ).
personal data
SURNAME Mullem, Dirck
ALTERNATIVE NAMES de Raeff, Dirk; Mullem, Dierick; Mulm, Dierc
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Printer and publisher in Wesel, Rotterdam and Vianen
DATE OF BIRTH before 1550
PLACE OF BIRTH uncertain: Mülheim , Niederrhein
DATE OF DEATH 1604
Place of death Vianen