Disibodenberg Monastery
| Disibodenberg Monastery | |
|---|---|
 Gable of the hospital, guest house, built after 1400 |
|
| location |
 Germany Rhineland-Palatinate |
| Coordinates: | 49 ° 46 '35.7 " N , 7 ° 42' 4.3" E |
| Cistercian since | 1259 |
| Year of dissolution / annulment |
1559 |
| Mother monastery | Eberbach Monastery |
| Primary Abbey | Clairvaux Monastery |
The Disibodenberg monastery is a ruined monastery in the district of the local community Odernheim am Glan in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate . It is located on the ridge of the same name at the confluence of the Glans into the Nahe . The ruins are located within the Disibodenberg nature reserve .
founding
Saint Disibod (Irish Disens) (* 619 , † 700 ) was an Irish monk and hermit .
Disibod is mentioned for the first time - historically secured - in the martyrology of Rabanus Maurus , which he compiled between 842 and 854. Among other things, two documents issued by the Archbishops of Mainz in 1108 and 1128, as well as the “Annales Sancti Disibodi” written around 1150 in the Disibodenberg monastery give information about Disibod. Around 1170, St. Hildegard von Bingen wrote a biography "Vita Sancti Disibodi".
Disibod came to the Franconian Empire as a missionary from the convent schools in Ireland around the year 640 . He and his three assistants Giswald, Klemens and Sallust worked for about 10 years with little success in the Vosges and the Ardennes. On his wandering Disibod came to the Nahe valley to the place indicated in a dream - so the Vita - “where his walking stick, stuck into the earth, was green, where a white doe pawed a spring of fresh water from the earth and where two rivers meet . "
Disibod found this place at the confluence of the Nahe and Glan rivers near Odernheim. A sanctuary was already located on the mountain there in Celtic times. A Jupiter temple was built here under Roman rule (including an excavation find of a Roman altar from the 2nd / 3rd century showing a javelin thrower - in the 4th century there was a Roman settlement on the mountain). At the foot of the mountain near the found spring, Disibod and his companions built a hut, after which they began to preach the Gospel among the pagan people. Grateful followers of the new doctrine built a baptistery at the northeastern foot of the mountain . As a wise, respected man of God, Disibod died in 700 at the age of 81. His miraculous grave became a place of pilgrimage.
Disibodenberg Monastery
After Disibod's death, a church and a monastery-like complex were built on the mountain; it is one of the oldest in the Mainzer Sprengel . In 745 Bonifatius, as Bishop of Mainz, visited the missionary's grave and transferred the remains of Disibod under the altar of the monastery church.
Normans (882) and Hungarians (1st half of the 10th century) repeatedly attacked the monastery, plundered and destroyed the complex. The monks fled and the buildings fell into disrepair. The monastery-like complex on the Disibodenberg was dissolved under Archbishop Hatto II of Mainz (968–970).
Archbishop Willigis zu Mainz (975-1011) took on the neglected site. He came to Disibodenberg himself, had a new church built and the buildings repaired. The bones of St. Disibod were solemnly transferred to the newly built church. Willigis handed the facility over to 12 canons from Mainz. Willigis provided the monastery with plenty of goods, land and income; he awarded him the parish church at Sobernheim with the Fronhof there, the Gehinkirche at Auen and the daughter church at Semendis as well as the churches at Hundsbach , Meckenbach , Kirchenbollenbach and Offenbach am Glan . Furthermore, the monastery was entitled to tithe rights in its lands (including vineyards) and localities , which mainly related to grain and wine.
The monastery bailiwick was transferred to the respective Nahegau Count . Rich donations were also made to the monastery under Willigis' successors, especially since many nobles stayed in the buildings.
In 1096, Archbishop Ruthard reinstated Benedictines from the St. Jakob monastery as monastery lords in place of the canons, but this only succeeded in 1107 due to religious power games.
Under the direction of Abbot Burchard (1108–1113) the construction of a new cruciform, three-aisled pillar basilica began, the St. Nicholas Church. Under his successor Abbot Kuno von Disibodenberg († 1155) the final consecration of the monastery church took place in 1143. Its floor plan with the remains of the columns can still be seen today. In 1138 the bones of St. Disibod were reburied in the new church.
From 1108 the count family von Sponheim had a women's hermitage built on the monastery grounds. In 1112, their daughter, Jutta von Sponheim , who was venerated as the blessed , became director a. a. together with Hildegard (von Bermersheim or Niederhosenbach), the later Saint Hildegard von Bingen moved in and where the latter took her profession (vow). On the occasion of this event, St. Otto, Bishop of Bamberg, came to the Disibodenberg and accepted the religious vows.
After Jutta's death in 1136 Hildegard succeeded her teacher as head (magistra) of the Frauenklause. She and her community of nuns moved from 1147 to 1151 to the newly founded monastery on the Rupertsberg near Bingen, because Hildegard no longer agreed to join the community with the monks on the Disibodenberg and there was no longer enough space for the women's community, which now consisted of 18 nuns. Abbot Theodoric von Echternach described the life of St. Hildegard at the beginning of the 13th century.
After Archbishop Adalbert of Mainz handed over the office of monastery bailiff to his brother Friedrich von Saarbrücken , it came to the County of Zweibrücken via his grandson Heinrich , followed by the Palatinate near Rhine and Palatinate-Zweibrücken .
Abbot Dodechin wrote the yearbooks of the monastery around 1240 . New donations from counts and knights made the monastery rich and respected again. Scholarly men who lived within the monastery walls increased its reputation as a place of pilgrimage .
The war expenses caused by an almost two-year feud 1240–1242 between the Archbishop of Mainz , Siegfried von Eppstein , and the wild count Konrad II of Kyrburg led to the formerly rich monastery becoming indebted. The spreading robber baronism made the situation of the abbey even worse.
1259 were Archbishop Gerhard of Mainz , the Benedictines, who had already left most of the monastery on the Disibodenberg by Cistercian from the monastery Ottersberg , a subsidiary founded Kloster Eberbach from the filiation of the Branch Clairvaux replaced. Under their strict discipline and excellent administration, the debts were soon covered and the monastery flourished for the third time. This phase lasted until around 1500. Then the final decay followed.
Both the 1471 war between Elector Friedrich von der Pfalz and Duke Ludwig von Pfalz-Zweibrücken and the War of the Bavarian-Palatinate Succession (1504) caused great damage to the entire area, and the Disibodenberg monastery was also completely looted. In the Peasants' War of 1524–1525, however, the abbey suffered little damage, but the Reformation , which found a favorable reception in the Nahe area, brought about the complete internal dissolution of the abbey. In 1559 the last abbot Peter von Limbach ceded the monastery to the Meisenheim hereditary bailiff, Duke Wolfgang zu Pfalz-Zweibrücken . It was followed by secularization and the move in of an administrator.
The Thirty Years' War 1618–1648 and the War of the Palatinate Succession 1688–1697 brought multiple devastation and changes of ownership. Spaniards under General Spinola tried in 1631 and 1639 to let the monastery flourish again through Benedictines, but these successes were only temporary. In 1768 the remains of the monastery came to the Electoral Palatinate through the Hagenbach exchange agreement .
A large part of the monastery buildings stood upright until 1790, although the French declared Disibodenberg national property during their rule over the left bank of the Rhine from 1797–1814 and auctioned off the land.
The Disibodenberg came privately to the Großarth and Gutenberger families in 1809. The monastery complex then served as a quarry. Residential houses in Odernheim and Staudernheim were built from the ashlars of the church and the pillars of the Staudernheim bridge were renewed.
1842–1844, Peter Wannemann, as court and monastery owner, excavated the ruins and prepared the remains of the building for visitors. A first map was drawn up.
The State Office for Monument Preservation Rhineland-Palatinate in Mainz began archaeological excavations and securing work in the monastery grounds in 1985 . The last private owner, Ehrengard Freifrau von Racknitz , transferred the former monastery grounds to the Disibodenberger Scivias Foundation in 1989 .
Today the site can be visited via the entrance at Disibodenbergerhof . During the services on Sundays, access to the small chapel and the monastery grounds is free. The monastery museum in the visitor courtyard shows a number of finds and treasures, including beautiful stone carvings from the Cistercian period from 1259 to 1559. The Disibodenberg monastery ruins are around 2.5 hectares in size. Information and planning boards give the visitor information about the construction phases. The high gables of two buildings still stand, and the clearly visible remains of the wall allow an overview of the once large monastery complex.
Wine has been grown on the southern slopes of the Disibodenberg since the Middle Ages. Today the Klostermühle Odernheim winery is located at the foot of the mountain .
literature
in alphabetical order by authors / editors
- Falko Daim and Antje Kluge-Pinsker (eds.): When Hildegard was not yet in Bingen. The Disibodenberg - archeology and history. Publishing house of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum and Schnell & Steiner, Mainz / Regensburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-7954-2253-0 .
- Georg Christian Joannis (arrangement): Diplomatarium Disibodenbergense . In: Tabularum Litterarumque veterum spicilegium usque huc nondum editarum spicilegium . a Sande, Frankfurt am Main 1724, pp. 69–248 ( Google Books )
- Charlotte Kerner : All the beauty of heaven - The life story of Hildegard von Bingen. 1993.
- Gabriele Mergenthaler: The medieval building history of the Benedictine and Cistercian monastery Disibodenberg - between tradition and reform = local history series of the district Bad Kreuznach 32, also dissertation at the University of Kaiserslautern 2002. Bad Kreuznach 2003.
- Wolfgang Müller: Near customer: Sobernheim and its surroundings in the changing times . H. Schäffling, Sobernheim ad Nahe 1924.
- Eberhard J. Nikitsch: Disibodenberg Monastery. Religiousness, art and culture in the Middle Near Land = Great Art Guide 202. Regensburg 1998.
- Günter Stanzl: The Disibodenberg monastery ruins = preservation of monuments in Rhineland-Palatinate. Research reports 2. Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft , Worms 1992.
- Günter Stanzl: Monastery ruins and landscape garden - The Disibodenberg near Odernheim. In: Architectural monuments in Rhineland-Palatinate - 2002. Mainz 2003, p. 25 f.
Web links
- Scivias Foundation Disibodenberg
- Disibodenberg. Historical places, accessed October 15, 2017 .
- Entry in the database "Monasteries and monasteries of the Old Kingdom": "Cistercian monastery St. Maria and St. Disibod Disibodenberg, Odernheim, previously Benedictine (double) monastery, collegiate monastery" (GSN: 3059)
Individual evidence
- ^ Scivias Foundation Disibodenberg
- ↑ Michael Embach: The writings of Hildegard von Bingen: Studies on their transmission in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. Berlin 2003, p. 241.
- ↑ Harmjan Dam: Church history in religious instruction . Basic knowledge and building blocks. Göttingen 2013, p. 36.
- ↑ Heike Koschyk: Hildegard von Bingen. A life in the light. Biography. Berlin 2009.
- ^ Source on profession before Otto von Bamberg