Expedition from Leichhardt (1844–1845)

Report about Leichhardt with a portrait of his first expedition on the cover of the Illustrirten Magazin. No. 47 and 48 from 1847

The Leichhardt expedition from 1844 to 1845 led Ludwig Leichhardt and his team from Queensland to the Northern Territory to what was then the military station in Port Essington . His first expedition to Australia lasted fourteen and a half months, not six as planned.

Leichhardt's first voyage of discovery was prepared at short notice; it had to be financed by donations. He also lacked expedition experience in leading a team. The members of the expedition were selected at random and not according to set criteria. Dangers such as combat-ready Aborigines and advancing in the wild were significantly underestimated by him. Furthermore, Leichhardt had not considered bringing suitable gifts for the Aborigines. Since Leichhardt was not exactly familiar with the behavior of the indigenous population, he did not always have night camps monitored. This led u. a. to the fact that expedition member John Gilbert was killed and two others were seriously injured in a nightly raid . Several times participants got lost and were close to dying of thirst. The supply of food was insufficient, the equipment and clothing were partially unsuitable for the long expedition. Most of the natural science collection had to be abandoned towards the end of the expedition due to a lack of transportation. Furthermore, the technical equipment carried by Leichhardt was not very suitable for precise mapping.

The Leichhardt expedition discovered numerous rivers, mountains and mountains. His greatest achievement, however, was the discovery of an east-north route overland through the Australian continent. His expedition was of great importance for the development of the settlement of northeast Australia, as it showed that there was arable land and coal deposits there. On his return he gave lectures in Sydney about this expedition, and colonial settlement in northeastern Australia began.

prehistory

On February 14, 1842, Ludwig Leichhardt arrived in Sydney in New South Wales after a voyage from England . In Sydney he unsuccessfully applied for the post of director of the Botanical Garden and as a surveyor. After these failures he traveled on September 19, 1843 with a steamboat to Newcastle on the Hunter River . From there he undertook natural history journeys on foot and on horseback and gained his first experience in the Australian outback . He came as far as the Liverpool Range , Mount Royal , Moreton Bay , Darling Downs and the Condamine River . After about 20 months he returned to Sydney on March 3, 1844.

Travel preparation

Route of Ludwig Leichhardt's first expedition through Australia

Returning to Sydney, Leichhardt found that the state had increased readiness for an expedition to Northwest Australia. The British colonial government had offered Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell £ 1,000 for a voyage of discovery to Port Essington in what is now the Northern Territory . Mitchell wanted to win Leichhardt as a member for this trip. But the latter refused because he did not want to wait any longer and planned his first expedition.

Public opinion in Sydney about the expedition was divided. There were advocates and others felt that it was impossible to carry out successfully. At that time, Sydney was betting on trade, not another land discovery. In contrast, the opinion prevailed in Brisbane and the surrounding area that the exploration made sense and that the destination Port Essington could be reached. The settlers living there had an interest in more land for their livestock farming.

team

Leichhardt could not finance the expedition from his own resources and hoped in vain for government support. He was dependent on donations and determined to carry out his project without public support.

In Sydney, the 31-year-old Leichhardt selected five members of the expedition; four more were added in Brisbane. Among the five entrants selected in Sydney were John Roper (a 19 year old British), James Snowden Calvert (a 19 year old British), William Phillips (a 44 year old British convict), John Murphy (a 14- Irish year old) and Harry Brown, an Aboriginal member of the Native Police Corps . There were participants from different nations and apart from Leichhardt none of them had any travel experience in the outback . However, Leichhardt had no experience with the behavior and customs of the Aborigines.

In Brisbane , the naturalist John Gilbert , the sheep farmer Christopher Pemberton Hodgson , the African American cook Caleb and the Aboriginal Charley Fisher joined them. The Aborigines were to be used as indigenous trackers and hunters. Gilbert, who was experienced in the outback, was appointed deputy expedition leader for the time of the absence in the camp by Leichhardt in the course of the expedition at the end of December 1844. Gilbert, however, did not agree with all of Leichhardt's decisions.

Arrival to Jimbour

For the journey of the expedition team on the steamer Sovereign from Sydney to Brisbane , the Hunter's River Steam Navigation Company guaranteed a free passage. It began on August 13, 1844. The crossing did not take three days, as usual, but a week. The 13 horses suffered from a lack of water and feed on the crossing. In Brisbane the expedition group received a hospitable welcome and gifts. The dairy farmer John Campell advised Leichhardt that he should orient himself on the coastline on his way, but inland along the watercourses. He also advised him to take oxen with you as transport animals as well as for meat and not a flock of sheep. In order not to overload the oxen, which were to serve as a means of transport, some of the gifts from the settlers had to be refused. Leichhardt accepted four bulls and one ox. On August 28, the expedition left Brisbane. Shortly before they left, it had rained heavily and the rivers had swollen, so there were already initial difficulties with the crossing. They had a spring-loaded wagon and an ox wagon to transport equipment down to Darling Downs . The light, sprung car turned out to be unsuitable and was badly damaged after a brief use in the field. Leichhardt later exchanged him for three fattened oxen and bought another five draft oxen that he wanted to get used to the pack saddles.

Since none of the expedition participants had experience in handling oxen, they had to learn how to do it first. They later found that the ox could only carry 150 pounds (75 kg) over the long term instead of the planned 250 pounds (125 kg). The loading of the oxen and horses also took more time than planned. In addition, the ox often dropped their load and the belts of the pack saddles tore. Often the ox ran back to their last pasture at night. This continued in the course of the expedition and cost time. On September 30th, the expedition arrived in the small town of Jimbour , the last outpost of civilization in the outback .

Equipment and food

Leichhardt had to do without elaborate and expensive equipment such as barometers and cooking equipment for determining the elevation of the terrain. All he had with him was a sextant , chronometer , portable compass and small thermometer, as well as a map of Australia by Aaron Arrowsmith . The thermometer broke during the first part of the expedition.

At the beginning the team had 17 horses, 16 cattle (fattened, draft oxen and bulls) and several dogs. The oxen and bulls served as a living source of food from which dried meat was to be made. The production of dried meat required two to three days in a storage location. Wild animals such as kangaroo, wallaby and birds should be hunted. Additional provisions were 1200 pounds of flour (600 kg), 200 pounds of sugar (100 kg), 80 pounds of gelatin (40 kg) and other equipment.

Their ammunition consisted of 20 pounds of powder and four bags of shot. There were also small tents for each expedition member. Each had two tight pants, two calico - ponchos that were oiled good waterproof, three coarse shirts and two pairs of shoes. This clothing was not ideal for a long journey.

Daily expedition

The daily routine was regulated. According to his information, Leichhardt woke up through the bird laughing Hans and then woke his team. Brown had to make tea, Calvert had to season the meat with salt and marjoram . After the expedition members had washed themselves, breakfast was prepared, which consisted of two and a half pounds of meat (1.25 kg). The meat had been braised in a saucepan over the fire the night before . Tea was served. The allocation was made by Calvert. Then Charley brought the saddled horses. After breakfast was over, Charley and Murphy brought the oxen around seven o'clock, which were then loaded if the journey continued. Leichhardt had explored the daily route with one of his companions the day before.

After the day's work, after traveling, camp was set up. Leichhardt had to light the fire, Brown fetched the water for the tea. When the pot of tea was empty, it was Calvert's job to weigh a pound and a half of flour for a damper or fat cake. This was the last meal of the day.

The day's experiences were exchanged at the evening campfire. Leichhardt, Brown and Charley mostly slept in the open air, the others in their tents.

Expedition course

1844

Hodgson's map of the 1844 expedition

Bin on Dried Beef Creek

On October 1, 1844, the expedition started in the small town of Jimbour in Queensland. Initially, the expedition moved along the Great Dividing Range . In the first few days all participants in the expedition had to walk because the horses and oxen were fully loaded. Only gradually, when the cargo decreased, could they take turns riding the horses. In October they reached the first major river, the Condamine River . When the expedition got stuck in an impenetrable bush on October 10th, Gilbert's tent and a large part of the flour supply were lost. Twelve horses ran away and could only be caught again a day later.

On October 17th there was a first dispute between Leichhardt and Charley, the Aborigine. On October 23, they ate their last piece of chocolate and shot two kangaroos, then only a few birds. On October 28th, for lack of meat, they slaughtered one of the bulls, which they cut into thin strips of meat and dried. On October 31, the meat drying was finished. As a reminder, Leichhardt named the creek where they camped, Dried Beef Creek. Aboriginal people watched the expedition throughout October.

At the beginning of November 1845 the Australian summer set in with high temperatures. Leichhardt realized that he had to reduce his team due to lack of food. Hodgson and Caleb had to turn back on November 4th. It took them two days on the way back, the distance the expedition had needed five weeks on the way there. This diet reduction measure was insufficient, so the subsistence rations had to be reduced to three pounds of dried meat (1.5 kg) and four pounds of flour (2.0 kg). From November 6th a riding horse was available to everyone. In mid-November they reached the Atherton Tableland , discovered the Gilbert Range , Lynd Range and Expedition Range , Roper Lake and Mount Murphy. The expedition reached Robinson Creek and named Mount Nicholson .

The food situation had improved in the meantime, as the team had learned to feed themselves from the bush. For example, they dried kangaroo meat and eels, ate reptiles and collected bush food . Unlike in October, they did not meet any Aborigines.

On December 3, the expedition reached the Creek of the Ruined Castles , as Leichhardt called it. On December 7th there was the first clash with the Aborigines, who attacked the grazing horses with spears. A spear struck the shoulder of a horse. The beginning of the difficult overcoming of the Expedition Range began on December 13th. They had little luck in the hunt, and the fact that they only had one hunting dog made matters worse. From December 17-26, they stayed at the Brown Lagoon camp for nine days .

Towards the end of the year there was a falling out between Leichhardt and Gilbert. Leichhardt appointed him his deputy, but gave him to understand that, contrary to his earlier promise, he would no longer agree to a half-division of all discoveries of the scientific species. Gilbert could only claim the discovered bird species as discoverer. The expedition discovered the Christmas Range and the Comet River on December 28, 1844.

At the end of 1844 the expedition had covered about a sixth of the distance. She had discovered several rivers, numerous mountains, and land suitable for dairy farming, but she was moving too slowly.

1845

At the beginning of the year the biggest problem was the amount of food; for, according to Gilbert's information, they had only 400 pounds of flour, 40 pounds of tea and about 100 pounds of sugar. At the beginning of January they found a hut of almost European construction, which was therefore certainly built by whites. In January 1846, Leichhardt discovered the confluence of the Comet and Mackenzie Rivers . He also found coal and iron deposits as well as petrified wood there. Leichhardt named the Mackenzie River after Sir Evan Mackenzie, who emigrated to Australia in 1840. On January 13th, the expedition participants could take their first bath on this trip. Then they came to the area of ​​the Peak Range , which Leichhardt named. Towards the end of the month, the expedition members could not find any drinking water, so that Leichhardt was on the verge of dying of thirst on a research excursion.

The two Aborigines were defiant from the start and broke the rules. When Leichhardt confronted Charley on February 17th and told him that he would punish further misconduct with food deprivation, Charley punched him in the face. Two of his teeth loosened. Brown expressed his solidarity, thereupon Leichhardt expelled both of them from the common camp. On February 22nd, the conflict was resolved and both returned to the camp.

In March Leichhardt discovered the Suttor River . The expedition continued on the Burdekin River, named by Leichhardt, downstream in a northerly direction. Unfortunately, while hunting for wildlife, the single double-barreled shotgun was destroyed. On May 7th, when Calvert and Brown went to retrieve a forgotten item from their abandoned campsite, Aboriginal people threw spears at them.

At the end of May the last tobacco was smoked, the last sugar, the last salt used up and on June 4th no more damper could be baked.

At the end of June, Leichhardt decided, after following the course of the Mitchell River , to leave it for the coast. On the night of June 28, the camp was attacked by Kokopera officials in an act of revenge . Gilbert was fatally hit by a spear throw. Previously, the two Aborigines Charles Fisher and Harry Brown are said to have molested some women of the tribe. Roper and Calvert were badly wounded by spears. Roper lost his sight. Clavert had been hit with a waddy , several barbed spears stuck in his hip and one knee. Gilbert was buried near the Carpentariagolf event . On July 1st, Leichhardt decided to march on.

On July 5th the expedition reached the Carpentariagolf. It was there that they met Aborigines for the first time, who carried iron tools with them. This was a sign that they had contact with Macassar fishermen who were using their ships to fish trepang in northern Australia.

In August the meat supply ran out, so more oxen had to be slaughtered. At the end of August, the injured Roper was still doing very badly.

In September her supply of tea ran out. They only had five oxen left, but the horses were in very good condition. After great luck in hunting, Leichhardt named the Seven Emu River . Roper had now recovered so that he could mount his horse unaided. The team's clothing was shabby, the shirts and pants were torn and only poorly patched. The clothes could not be washed because there was no more soap. Since the salt ran out, the meat could no longer be seasoned. The meat was also not as nutritious as it used to be, so the rations were increased to 7 pounds (3.5 kg). There was 2.5 pounds (1.25 kg) of meat for first and second breakfasts and two pounds (1.0 kg) for lunch.

At the beginning of October, one of the oxen was so weak that it had to be slaughtered. The pack ox were now overloaded. The only dog ​​they had left died. Three of their horses drowned while crossing a river. This meant that the transport capacity for non-essential items was exhausted. Leichhardt had to burn 3000 parts of his botanical collection and the collection of Gilbert. He also left his small collection of rocks behind. Another horse died while crossing a river, after which only nine horses were available. Leichhardt suffered from a painful disease of his skin, as did Philipps.

In November the oxen and horses made little headway because of the heat and the stony ground. They nevertheless reached the South Alligator River and lost another horse. On November 22nd, the penultimate ox had to be slaughtered.

Port Essington (1845)

On December 2nd, the expedition first met an English-speaking Aboriginal. From now on, other Aborigines accompanied the expedition towards Port Essington. On December 17, 1845, the exhausted expedition participants reached their expedition destination Port Essington (near Darwin ) with their horses and an ox . There the participants recovered from their exertions for a month.

return

When they arrived in Sydney on March 29, 1846 after their departure from Port Essington with the schooner Heroine , the expedition was given a solemn reception. A private collection brought in 1,518 pounds, 18 shillings and 6 pence. Governor George Gipps granted the participants £ 1,000 for their own use for their services. It was to be distributed according to the following key: Leichhardt 600, Calvert and Roper 125 each, Murphy 80, Fischer and Brown 50 each and the convict Phillips 30 pounds sterling. Convict Phillips was pardoned in full.

After-effects in literature

Leichhardt's travel diary, which was published in Halle in 1851

The British edition of the travel diary, published in 1847

In 1846 Leichhardt worked in Sydney on the publication of his travel diary and gave lectures on his first expedition.

In 1847 Leichhardt's travel diary was published by the bookseller Boone under the title Journal of an Overland Expedition in Australia from Moreton Bay to Port Essington, a Distance of Upwards of 3000 Miles, During the Years 1844 to 1845 by Dr. Ludwig Leichhardt published.

At the meeting of the Geographical Society in Paris in April 1847, Leichhardt was awarded the Great Golden Medal in recognition of his research results. On May 24, 1847, Lord Colchester of the Royal Geographical Society in London also honored Leichhardt with the Great Gold Medal. On this medal there is a portrait of Leichhardt. The medal was presented to William Nicholson, his college friend, in Leichhardt's absence.

In 1849, Professor Heinrich Girard published an article by Leichhardt in the journal of the German Geological Society on the Newcastle coal deposits on the Hunter.

In 1851 the geographer Ernst Amandus Zuchold from Halle translated the book published in London in 1847.

In 1855 Girard published all of Leichhardt's geological contributions on Australia in the articles of the Natural Research Society Halle .

Landmarks discovered

rating

Leichhardt discovered numerous rivers, streams and lakes as well as mountain ranges and mountains. Due to the numerous landmarks discovered, Ludwig Leichhardt's first expedition became an important part of the Australian history of discovery.

Alec Hugh Chisholm criticized Leichhardt's naming repeatedly and sharply in his book "Strange World", as he gave important landmarks names of less important British people in Australian history.

The extent to which Leichhardt's scientific discoveries were significant and how far his scientific knowledge extended could not be described in writing, as his second expedition to Australia from 1846 to 1847 failed and he was lost on his third expedition to Australia in 1848. It should also be taken into account that towards the end of the expedition he had to destroy large parts of his collection and that of John Gilbert because of the lack of transport options.

However, his geological discoveries of coal and iron ore deposits were significant for the later development of Australia. However, since he explored areas in which there were clear signs of gold deposits, which were later discovered by others in the subsequent European conquest, his performance as a geologist in Australia is in question.

Waters, mountains and mountains

Surname	designation	time	source	Origin of name
Charley Creek	Brook	from October 1844	Leichhardt / Baumann	The creek received the first name of the expedition member Charley Fisher, an Aborigine .
Dried Beef Creek	Brook		Leichhardt / Baumann	The Dried Beef Creek ( dried beef = dried meat ) was named after a storage area where dried meat was first produced.
Dawson River	flow		Chisholm	Robert Dawson, who lived as a rancher in the Brisbane area, supported the expedition. Dawson was the first manager of the Australian Agricultural Compagny in 1825 .
Hodgson Creek	Brook		Chisholm	The brook name refers to the expedition member Christopher Hodgson , who had to leave the expedition on October 1, 1844 with another member of the expedition because Leichhardt had to realize that the food for the entire team would not be sufficient.
Acacia Creek	Brook		Chisholm	Bach name according to acacia -Trees, (Engl. Acacia ) that grew on the bank of the stream.
Dogwood Creek	Brook		Chisholm	Name of dogwood shrubs (Engl. Dogwood ) that grew in the vicinity of the stream.
Kent Lagoon	Pool		Chisholm	John Kent was deputy commissioner general and superintendent of the Government Stock Establishment on Moreton Bay and was well-disposed towards Leichhardt's expedition.
Gilbert Range	mountain range		Leichhardt / Baumann	The mountain range was named after the naturalist John Gilbert after the discovery . Gilbert was killed by Aborigines during the attack on the expedition on June 28, 1845.
Lynd Range	mountain range		Leichhardt / Baumann	The bachelor Robert Lynd was a British officer who served in the Sydney Barracks and was friends with Leichhardt. After Leichhardt's disappearance during his third expedition, Lynd wrote a poem about him, which was published.
Robinson Creek	Brook		Chisholm	Leichhardt gave the creek the name of the rancher Robert Robinson, who supported him and lived near Brisbane.
Expedition Range	mountain range		Leichhardt / Baumann	Leichhardt probably gave this name to his expedition.
Roper Lake	lake		Chisholm	The lake was named after expedition member John Roper .
Mount Nicholson	mountain		Leichhardt / Baumann	Named after Sir Charles Nicholson, Speaker of the Legislative Council of Queensland and first Chancellor of the University of Sydney , who supported Leichhardt in Sydney.
Creek of the ruined Castle	Brook		Leichhardt / Baumann	Named after rock formations found regionally, which reminded Leichhardt of castles in his German homeland ( Creek of the Ruined Castle = brook of the castle ruins ).
Boyd River	flow		Chisholm	The Boyd River was named after a supporter of the expedition.
Mimosa Creek	Brook		Chisholm	The expedition discovered a new species of mimosa near this stream .
Erythrina Creek	Brook		Chisholm	These Erythrina trees from the genus of coral trees grew in a storage area.
Zamia Creek	Brook		Leichhardt / Baumann	Zamia is the name of a genus of cycads . The ferns grew close to the shore.
Brown Lagoon	Pool		Leichhardt / Baumann	The name of the pool refers to the expedition member Harry Brown, an Aboriginal.
Christmas Range	mountain range		Leichhardt / Baumann	Leichhardt gave the name because he hoped to reach the mountain range in the distance at Christmas.
Comet River	flow		Leichhardt / Baumann	The river was named when the expedition spotted a comet over Australia on December 28th .
Mackenzie River	flow	from January 1845	Chisholm	The river was named after the Scotsman Sir Evans Mackenzie, who emigrated to Australia in 1840 and settled in what is now Queensland. He financed a celebratory dinner for Leichhardt in Brisbane in August 1844.
Peak range	Mountains		Chisholm	Named after the shape of mountains ( peak = peak ).
Roper Peak	mountain		Chisholm	John Roper was a member of the expedition.
Scott Peak	mountain		Chisholm	Helenus Scott was a supporter of the expedition.
Mount Macarthur	mountain		Chisholm	William Macarthur supported the expedition.
Lord Table Mount	mountain		Chisholm	The name refers to Edward Lord, a supporter of the expedition.
Calvert Peak	mountain		Chisholm	James Calvert was a member of the expedition.
Charley Mountain Peak	mountain		Chisholm	After Charley Fisher, the Aboriginal and member of the expedition.
Brown Mountain	mountain		Chisholm	Harry Brown was a member of the expedition, an Aboriginal.
Gilbert Dome	mountain		Chisholm	John Gilbert was a member of the expedition and also Leichhardt's deputy in the respective camps when Leichhardt was not there.
Mount Phillips	mountain		Chisholm	William Phillips was an expedition member, a British convict.
Campbell Peak	mountain		Chisholm	John Campbell was a settler near Brisbane who supported the expedition. Campbell gave Leichhardt advice on orientation and suggested to Leichhardt that he should move along the rivers at a considerable distance from the coast in order to obtain drinking water. He also advised against bringing sheep with him as food.
Hughes Creek	Brook		Chisholm	HH Hughes was a supporter of the expedition and owner of the Gowrie sheep breeding station. FN Isaac was a co-owner and also a sponsor of the Leichhardt expedition.
Isaac River	flow		Chisholm	(see Hughes Creek above)
Mount Coxen	mountain		Chisholm	Named after a supporter of the expedition.
Suttor River	flow		Chisholm	WH Suttor (* 1805 in Sydney; † 1877) was a landowner near Brisbane. He was elected to the first Australian parliament in 1843 and represented the Bathurst constituency.
Cape River	flow		Chisholm	The name goes back to the captain of the steamer Sovereign who brought Leichhardt and his expedition team from Sydney to Brisbane.
Mount McConnel	mountain		Chisholm	Frederick McConnel was originally a Manchester businessman and has owned Cressbrock Station near Brisbane since 1841.
Burdekin River	Brook		Chisholm	This river name goes back to the name of the wife of Thomas Burdekin, who was a hardware dealer in Sydney.
Clarke River	flow		Chisholm	WB Clarke was a well-known geologist in Australia at the time.
Mount Graham	mountain		Chisholm	Named after a supporter of the expedition.
Robey Range	mountain range		Chisholm	Named after a supporter of the expedition.
Porter Range	mountain range		Chisholm	Named after a supporter of the expedition.
Thacker Range	mountain range		Chisholm	Named after a supporter of the expedition.
Big Ant-Hill Creek	Brook		Chisholm	There were probably numerous large anthills (English: Big Ant-Hill ) near the creek
Mount Lang	mountain		Chisholm	Named after Dr. John Dunmore Lang who was a public servant in Sydney.
Separation Creek	Brook		Chisholm
Lynd River	flow		Chisholm	Leichhardt named the river after the British officer Robert Lynd, his friend, who served in Sydney's Sydney Barracks .
Kirchner Range	mountain range		Chisholm	Leichhardt gave the name to W. Kirchner, the Vice Consul for Australia, who lived in Sydney and supported him.
Nassau River	flow		Chisholm
Mitchell River	flow		Chisholm	Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell was the chief surveyor in New South Wales .
Gilbert River	flow		Chisholm	The river was named after the naturalist John Gilbert († 1845).
Beame Creek	flow		Leichhardt / Baumann	The river was named after the grocer Brook Beame.
Nicholson River	flow		Leichhardt / Baumann	Leichhardt gave the river the name of his British college friend William Alleyne Nicholson.
Turner Creek	Brook		Chisholm	The river was named after George Turner, who temporarily worked as a lawyer for the British Crown in Sydney. He later became known for appropriating the property of an innocent widow of an executed murderer.
Seven Emu River	flow		Leichhardt / Baumann	Luck in the hunt prompted Leichhardt to use this name.
Albert River	flow		Chisholm
Cycas Creek	Brook		Leichhardt / Baumann	Cyas grew on the bank of the stream .
Moonlight river	flow		Leichhardt / Baumann
Wentworth River	flow		Chisholm	Named after William Charles Wentworth , an early explorer in Australia who participated in the Blaxland Expedition in 1813 that made the settlement of the interior of Australia possible.
Calvert River	flow		Leichhardt / Baumann	Named after expedition member James Calvert .
Robinson River	flow		Chisholm	Leichhardt gave the river the name of the rancher Robert Robinson, who supported him.
Macarthur River	flow		Chisholm	Named after James and William Macarthur, who lived in Camden near Sydney and supported his expedition project.
Roper River	flow		Leichhardt / Baumann	Named after expedition member John Roper.
Wilton River	flow		Chisholm	Named by Leichhardt after PN Wilton, who lived near New South Wales . Wilton was one of Leichhardt's supporters.

literature

• Alec Hugh Chisholm : Strange New World. The Adventure of John Gilbert and Ludwig Leichhardt. Second revised and illustrated edition, Sydney, London, Melbourne, Wellington 1955 (English)
• Dietmar Felden: Through the fifth continent. Life and achievement of Ludwig Leichhardt. Justus Perthes Verlag, Gotha 1996, ISBN 3-623-00844-3
• Heinz Haufe: The voyages of discovery in Australia. Ludwig Leichhardt. The fate of a German researcher. Verlag der Nation, Berlin 1972
• Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844–1846. Revised according to his diaries, with an introduction and evidence. Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-522-60230-7

Web links

Commons : Expedition von Leichhardt (1844–1845)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. ^ Heinz Haufe: The voyages of discovery in Australia. P. 139
2. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844-1846. Pp. 13-25.
3. ↑ leichhardt.sub.uni-goettingen (PDF; 125 kB): Biographical overview, accessed on May 19, 2013
4. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844-1846. Pp. 26-27
5. ↑ AH Chisholm: Gilbert, John (1810-1845). adb.edu.au, in English, accessed August 23, 2013
6. ↑ George Baisch: Ludwig Leichhardt - the Life and the Legend (PDF; 249 kB), fig.net, in English, accessed on August 23, 2013
7. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844-1846. P. 155
8. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844-1846. P. 138
9. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844-1846. P. 31
10. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844-1846. Pp. 32-33
11. ^ Heinz Haufe: The voyages of discovery in Australia. Pp. 139-140
12. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844-1846. P. 28
13. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844-1846. P. 32
14. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844-1846. Pp. 98-99
15. ^ Heinz Haufe: The voyages of discovery in Australia. P. 151
16. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844-1846. Pp. 98-99
17. ^ Heinz Haufe: The voyages of discovery in Australia. P. 140
18. ↑ Alec Hugh Chisholm: Strange New World. Pp. 88-89
19. ↑ Alec Hugh Chisholm: Strange New World. P. 90
20. ↑ Alec Hugh Chisholm: Strange New World. P. 91
21. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844-1846. Pp. 51 and 55
22. ↑ Alec Hugh Chisholm: Strange New World. P. 103
23. ^ Heinz Haufe: The voyages of discovery in Australia. P. 150
24. ↑ Alec Hugh Chisholm: Strange New World. Pp. 116-117
25. ↑ Alec Hugh Chisholm: Strange New World. Pp. 120-121
26. ↑ Alec Hugh Chisholm: Strange New World. P. 124
27. ↑ Alec Hugh Chisholm: Rod New World. P. 125
28. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844-1846. Pp. 77, 82 and 84.
29. ↑ Alec Hugh Chisholm: Strange New World. Pp. 145-149
30. ↑ Alec Hugh Chisholm: Strange New World. P. 189
31. ^ AH Chisholm: Gilbert, John (1810? –1845). Australian Dictionary of Biography, accessed August 21, 2013
32. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844-1846. Pp. 121-122
33. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844-1846. Pp. 129-139
34. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844-1846. Pp. 154-155
35. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844-1846. Pp. 168 and 174-175
36. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844-1846. Pp. 217-218
37. ^ Ludwig Leichhardt: The first crossing of Australia. P. 223
38. ↑ Ernst Amandus Zuchold: Dr. Ludwig Leichhardt. A geographical sketch. In addition to a report on the second journey in the interior of the Austral-Continent according to the diary of his companion, the botanist Daniel Bunce. P. 25. Online on Googlebooks , accessed on May 21, 2013, see also online in the Internet Archive.
39. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt: Diary of a country trip in Australia from Moreton Bay to Port Essington during the years 1844 and 1845. Translator from English: Ernst Amandus Zuchold. Publishing house HW Schmidt, Halle 1851
40. ^ Heinz Haufe: The voyages of discovery in Australia. Pp. 274-275
41. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r} Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844–1846. Revised according to his diaries, with an introduction and evidence. Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-522-60230-7
42. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw} Alec Hugh Chisholm: Strange New World. The Adventure of John Gilbert and Ludwig Leichhardt. Second revised and illustrated edition, Sydney, London, Melbourne, Wellington 1955 (English)