Femicide

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Crosses in Lomas del Poleo Planta Alta ( Ciudad Juarez , Mexico ) at the location where eight bodies of women victims of femicide were found in 1996

Femicide is a political term used to describe the killing of women and girls for their gender. The term found widespread use from the 1990s, initially in the USA. From the 2000s onwards, Latin American activists and feminists also used the concept in a modified form (“Feminicido” ) to denounce violence against women in Central and South America. They understood feminicido as a failure of the state. From 2009 onwards, the United Nations took up the concept as violence against women increased worldwide. In 2015 the UN Special Rapporteur on violence against women established the so-called Femicide Watch . She called on all countries to regularly submit statistical reports on femicide and its prosecution on the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women on November 25th.

History and definitions

Based on Latin femina ("woman") and Latin caedere ("to kill"), the English term femicide was first coined in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In a legal dictionary from 1848, the term was defined as "the killing of a woman" ("the killing of a woman"). However, neologism remained largely unused until the 1970s and was largely forgotten. Then feminists re-coined the term regardless of the old usage and gave it a political, feminist meaning. In 1976 the sociologist Diana EH Russell first used the term publicly at the International Tribunal on Violence against Women in Brussels. At this time, she used it, as she later wrote, implicitly in the sense of "hate killing of females perpetrated by males committed by men".

But it wasn't until the early 1990s that the term became popular. In 1990 Jane Caputi and Diana Russell published the article "Femicide: Speaking the Unspeakable" in the feminist magazine Ms. , in which they analyzed the 1989 rampage at the Montréal Polytechnic , in which the perpetrator targeted female students, as femicide. In 1992, Jill Radford and Diana Russell published an essay meeting with contributions ranging from domestic femicide in the United States to racial lethal violence against African-American women and serial killings of women to past witch hunts. In the introduction, Jill Radford characterized the term femicide briefly as "the misogynist killing of women by men" (in the original "the misogynist killing of women by men") and referred it explicitly to sexual violence. In the same year, Karen Stout published the first scientific article treating the killing of women by their partners as a femicide. For the analysis, she recommended an “ecological framework” that integrated the various process levels (micro, meso and macro level), which has been taken up in many scientific research on femicide.

Approaches to the analysis of femicide

The publications in 1992 had a pioneering effect and led to the establishment of both the term femicide as a political concept and scientific research on it after that year. In the years that followed, researchers used five fundamentally different approaches to analyze femicide: the feminist approach, the sociological approach, the criminological approach, the human rights approach and the decolonial approach. Each approach led to its own definition of the term femicide.

Feminist approach

In this approach, feminists examined society as a patriarchy, in which men dominate, leading to discrimination against women, even to their killing. In the patriarchy, discrimination against women is culturally sanctioned and embedded in all social institutions. Cases of violence against women, rape and femicide, but also the unequal distribution of the employment rate, wage and status differences between the sexes and much more were cited as facts. Important advocates of this approach include Diana Russell and Roberta Harmes , who in 2001 presented another important collection of articles on femicide ( Femicide in global perspective ), in which they refined the definition of the term femicide as “the killing of women by men because they Women are "(in the original" the killing of females by males because they are female ").

On the one hand, women scholars criticized the feminist approach for ignoring differences and changes in gender relations. On the other hand, the approach makes every woman indiscriminately a potential victim and prevents a differentiated analysis from which countermeasures can be derived. The generality of the hypothesis also makes it difficult to quantify the extent.

Sociological approach

The sociological approach focuses on studying the circumstances surrounding the killing of women. A turning point for this line of research in 1998 was a special edition of the journal Homicide Studies , in which Jacquelyn Campbell and Carol Runyan redefined femicide as "all killings of women, regardless of motive or perpetrator status" (in the original "all killings of women, regardless of motive or perpetrator status "). This empirical research focuses on the identification of contexts, case types, perpetrator profiles, and murder cases in which gender relations play an important role but are not necessarily the only explanation. Different cases and contexts are to be identified in order to find out how the violent death of women can be effectively prevented. The approach emphasizes that the social circumstances of women and men differ and that women and men are murdered by different types of perpetrators. It is precisely the fact that women are mostly killed by their intimate partners or in a family environment, which is mostly not the case with men, makes femicide a social phenomenon from this point of view.

Criminological approach

The criminological approach treats femicide as a subset of homicides. This approach has been followed since the early 2000s, particularly in the epidemiology and public health disciplines . A clear and precise definition and application of the term femicide is secondary to this approach. The authors of this discipline often use the terms femicide and killing women synonymously in scientific publications. Some limit this to “killing of an adult woman”, others only consider the killing of a woman by her current or former intimate partner. Still others use their own, more specific terms such as “lethal intimate partner violence”. The term is sometimes avoided, but used equivalent in terms of content, for example from the Handbook of European Homicide Research from 2012, which analyzed “homicides against women” (originally “female homicide”). The studies of this approach examine in detail the killings of women in terms of age, ethnicity, citizenship of the victims and degree of social equality. Regardless of the different terminology, there is a consensus among researchers in this direction that no less than 50% of femicides from intimate partners are characterized by a history of domestic violence. According to this, the strongest predictors of fatal risk exist at the individual level. Advances in gender equality tended to reduce risk, but backlash could arise as women begin to achieve the same status as men.

The progressive softening and generalization of the femicide definition in the sociological and criminological approach has been criticized, as the concept is robbed of its political meaning in this way.

Human rights approach

The human rights approach developed from 1993 after the General Assembly of the United Nations passed the resolution Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women . The realization that femicides were increasing worldwide and went unpunished prompted the Academic Council of the United Nations System (ACUNS) in Vienna to hold regular symposia on the subject of femicide. The aim of the symposia was to encourage the member states to take institutional initiatives to improve femicide prevention and legal protection for survivors of violence. ACUNS describes femicide as a far-reaching phenomenon and includes murder, torture, honor killing, dowry-related killings , infanticide , gender-related prenatal selection, genital mutilation and human trafficking .

Decolonial approach

The decolonial approach analyzes cases of femicide in the context of colonial rule, including so-called “honor crimes”. The criminologist Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian developed it in relation to the Middle East and the North African countries. Shalhoub-Kevorkian pointed out that the criminal justice system, as well as the socio-cultural context in the countries of these regions, has helped to avoid prosecuting perpetrators of violent crimes against women, but instead to provide apologies for the crimes. In addition, the female victims are often held responsible for the criminal acts committed against them. These criminal justice systems viewed crimes committed against women as private rather than public affairs that had to be settled within the family. Shalhoub-Kevorkian's research in the Palestinian Authority area showed that in some cases evidence was deliberately misinterpreted and perpetrators were punished less than what was actually reported. She attributed the discriminatory legal practice to social and political pressures exerted on the judicial system. This should deal with "more important" issues than honor crimes. She wrote, “Serving a nation under a political banner becomes a license to kill women to protect the honor of those who claim to have been part of the struggle.” (Originally “Serving a nation under a political banner becomes a license to kill females, in order to preserve the honor of those who claim to have been part of the struggle. "). She referred to Leila Ahmed's concept of the “discourse on the colonial domination of the West” and pointed out that “honor killings”, for example, have become a symbol of resistance against the colonizers.

Analyzing the sharp increase in violence against women in Ramla during the Israeli occupation, Shalhoub-Kevorkian and Suhad Beim-Nashif concluded that they are less culturally related to “honor crimes” and more about femicides in the broader context of the population Colonization and increasing spatial segregation of the Palestinian communities would act.

Shalhoub-Kevorkian has proposed an expanded definition of femicide: "Femicide is the process that leads to death and creates a situation in which it is impossible for the victim to 'live'." (In the original "Femicide is the process leading to death and the creation of a situation in which it is impossible for the victim to “live.”) According to Shalhoub-Kevorkian, femicide is the totality of the hegemonic male-social methods with which the rights, the ability potential and the power of women are secure to live to be destroyed. These include abuse , threats, assaults and attacks that humiliate and humiliate women. This leads to constant fear, frustration, isolation and exclusion and takes women out of control of their intimate life. From their point of view, femicide is not just a gender issue, but also a political issue.

Femicide in Latin America and the term feminicido

In the 1990s a movement against violence against women developed in Latin America during which the term feminicido was coined. The starting point was the fighting in Mexico that the victims' relatives and activist groups waged from 1993 onwards against the murders of Ciudad Juárez , a city in the state of Chihuahua on the border with the USA . Hundreds of women were molested and killed in this Mexican city every year. The authorities showed little engagement in solving the crimes. Few of the perpetrators were caught and convicted.

Activists who collected data on the murders from 1993 onwards published them under the name Femizid ( Femicidio ). But the usual name was "las muertas" ("the dead women") and the slogan "Ni Una Más" ("Not one more") dominated demonstrations. After the bodies of eight women in Ciudad Juárez, who had been extremely abused and tortured before they were murdered, were discovered in December 2001, the national campaign against violence turned into a transnational one. 300 local, national and transnational feminist and human rights organizations came together to form a transnational network. The network developed relationships with many international organizations, including Amnesty International , the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and the UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women. Between 1998 and 2007, more than 24 reports and a total of 200 recommendations were published that identified discrimination against women and a lack of equality as the main cause of violence against women in the Chihuahua area and the failure of Mexican institutions to prevent and punish it.

Marcela Lagarde, 2012

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, several Latin American scholars and activists published reports and articles denouncing femicide in Latin America. They translated Femicide sometimes with Femicidio - which would be the direct transfer - and sometimes with Feminicidio . The feminist anthropologist and politician Marcela Lagarde justified the preference which they Feminicido was so that Femicidio homicidio (murder) would directly meet and would simply mean the murder of a woman.

Graffiti in Mexico City , 2011

In 2004 the Ni Una Más campaign organized a tribunal to raise awareness of the violation of human rights of women in Chihuahua. Marcela Lagarde, modifying Diana Russell's concept of femicide, portrayed feminicidio as a state crime , as the state did not protect women and did not create conditions to ensure the safety of women in public and private spaces. This is particularly serious if the state does not fulfill its duty to ensure compliance with the law. Activist groups in Mexico and later throughout Latin America eagerly embraced this new conception of feminicido and used it as a framework for their campaign denouncing the failure of the Mexican state. Their aim was to shame the state in their own country and internationally and thus put it under pressure.

Lagarde has complained that the term feminicide is often incorrectly used for every murder of a woman. In 2014, the Diccionario de la lengua española ( Dictionary of the Spanish Language ) added feminicido with the explanation “Murder of a woman because of her gender”. This definition was criticized as insufficient. In December 2018, the dictionary changed the explanation. It now reads "murder of a woman by a man for machismo or misogyny".

United Nations engagement

In 1994, the United Nations appointed a UN Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and effects for the first time . The first special rapporteur, Radhika Coomaraswamy , summarized in two reports in 1995 and 2002 that domestic violence can be traced back to ideologies and cultural practices which, on the one hand, enshrine women in traditional roles. On the other hand, it would legitimize violence up to and including honor killings against women who do not conform to these traditional ideas.

Rashida Manjoo, UN Special Rapporteur, 2014

The 2012 report by Special Rapporteur Rashida Manjoo to the UN Human Rights Council, who has been active since 2009, focused - as the first UN document ever - on femicide. In the report, Manjoo emphasized that gender-based killings of women were not isolated phenomena that appeared suddenly and unexpectedly. Rather, they marked the end of a development of gradually escalating violence. The report found that the frequency of such killings was increasing worldwide.

On November 25, 2015, on the occasion of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women , the new Special Rapporteur Dubravka Šimonovic called on all states to establish a femicide watch (in the original "femicide watch"). She suggested breaking down the femicide cases according to the age and ethnicity of the victims and the sex of the perpetrators, and also to record the perpetrator-victim relationships. This data should be published annually on November 25th along with information on the prosecution and punishment of the perpetrators. She repeated the call three years later. More than 20 countries have submitted reports, including Austria and Switzerland . In 2017, the UN established the Femicide Watch web platform , which provides information on definitions, studies and statistics on femicide.

Activities in Europe

Was a milestone for Europe in terms of violence against women, the adoption of the Istanbul Convention (Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence) by the Euro Council 2011th were with their binding legal norms against violence against women and domestic violence created. However, the Istanbul Convention does not deal explicitly with the issue of femicide.

The European Union initiated research programs to develop a monitoring system for femicides so that targeted countermeasures could be taken, including in particular the “Femicide across Europe” program (COST Action IS1206), which ran from 2013 to 2017. This program and the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) each use two definitions of femicide in parallel: a general definition and a definition for statistical purposes. The general definition goes back to Diana Russell's definition, according to which femicide is the killing of women and girls because of their gender. EIGE restricts the statistical definition of femicide to the killing of a woman by intimate partners or the death of a woman as a result of practices harmful to women.

Concrete forms of femicide

Physical abuse up to and including murder

Motives and causes

According to the literature on the subject, the causes of physical and psychological abuse of women, including even their murder, are complex. Kerry bases femicide on a binary model, according to which femicide has two starting points: Starting point one sees the victim as an oppressed woman who has given up on emancipating herself. On the contrary, starting point two assumes that the perpetrator is a socially awkward and dependent man who first kills his emancipated partner and then himself as part of an extended suicide . According to Jan Kilzilhan, the relationship act and family drama, in contrast to honor killing, can be traced back to the man's inner conflict, triggered by jealousy or loss. With honor killers, the social conflict, i.e. the group, also plays a role.

In armed conflicts, women are often mistreated for strategic reasons . During the civil war in Guatemala, entire communities were stigmatized as the base of the guerrillas and massacres wiped out in order to destroy the continuity of life in the indigenous communities. During the scorched earth policy from 1982 to 1983, rape was common practice as torture or pre-murder, according to the Commission for Historical Enlightenment (CEH). The majority of the victims were Maya. There has hardly been any clarification or even processing of these crimes. After the civil war, between 2001 and 2011, around 5,700 women were killed in Guatemala, mostly associated with extraordinary brutality in the form of mutilation, rape and dismemberment. The way in which the authorities react to this is usually discriminatory.

The countries of Latin America often refer to the past marked by civil wars as well as the current drug conflicts in order to explain the general high propensity for violence, which ultimately also leads to violence against women (see Femicide in Latin America ). Violent crimes against women are downplayed and viewed as normal. According to journalists, it is precisely in this social tolerance and indifference to violence against women that the difference between a generally high propensity for violence and the causes of femicide lies:

“The decisive cause of femicide is the understanding of roles in the societies of the region, which is still characterized by macho thinking and patriarchal structures. The image of women is characterized by subordination and inferiority. If the patriarchal gender role of men and the resulting distribution of power between the sexes is called into question - be it through emancipatory behavior or the activities of women that allow them economic autonomy - there is a high risk of conflicts (within families) and the use of violence comes "

- Anna Schulte, Olga Burkert :

“We believe that feminicide and violence against women are the result of historically unequal power relations between men and women. They are part of a patriarchal culture in which women are owned and used "

- León Satizo : Guatemalan lawyer

Countermeasures

In January 2007, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution (A / RES / 61/143) on the various manifestations of violence against women (VAW), also to intensify efforts in the fight against femicide. The reports for the various countries document progress in the legislature; however, these do not guarantee a practically functioning criminal prosecution and no (preventive) protection of women. In the countries affected in Latin America, for example, victims of violence are often stigmatized and marginalized. Authorities do not document feminicide or only incompletely document it, evidence is "lost", reports are inadequately received and testimony is questioned. As a result, the majority of the perpetrators are not punished and often not even prosecuted.

In March 2013, delegates from 193 countries and 6,000 NGOs met for almost two weeks at the UN World Conference on Women and negotiated an agreement. Among other things, it was decided to speak of a femicide in the future if women are murdered solely because of their gender. The paper obliges states to protect the rights of women and girls as well as those of men and boys. The sexual self-determination of all people was recorded, as was the right to gynecological care.

Feminists and women's rights organizations have been drawing attention to the rising rates of female homicide for years. In Central America and Mexico, for example, many women are working to give the victims of violence a voice. They list feminicides in independent registers, accompany relatives in their struggle with the authorities and try to raise awareness in society through protests and campaigns. Activists and lawyers are exposed to massive hostility and even death threats in their work. In 2010 three human rights activists from Ciudad Juárez were murdered.

Female infanticide

Female infanticide is a special form of femicide . Newborn girls are globally significantly more likely to be killed, abandoned or neglected than boys. This has already been proven for the pre-Christian Roman Empire.

“Female infanticides occur primarily in Asia, where the practice is said to have been arrested for thousands of years. China, India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan are particularly hard hit. […] Unusually high death rates of female babies were also found in Latin America, namely in Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay. Methods for killing a newborn range from withholding food and water, giving manure, scalding chicken soup, salt, or poisonous plant extracts, to suffocating or breaking the neck. In India the infanticide is often carried out by the mother-in-law, by midwives commissioned by the parents, or in the hospital. "

- Romy Klimke

In China, over 95% of orphans are abandoned girls.

Selective abortion

In many countries in North Africa and Central and East Asia, boys are preferred to girls when giving birth. Since it has been possible to determine the sex by ultrasound examinations before birth, in China and Indian states (Punjab, Delhi, Gujarat), in South Korea (in a weaker form in numerous other countries) and in the South Caucasus (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia) a very large overhang of registered births of boys compared to girls was found, which can only be explained by the (mostly illegal) targeted abortion of female fetuses. This is even shown to a lesser extent in Asian immigrants in the USA and Great Britain compared to the other population groups. The demographics researcher Christophe Guilmoto from the Institute for Development at the University of Paris-Decartes estimates that 117 million women are missing in Asia alone due to selective abortions and infanticide. A 2010 UN report found 85 million women prevented lives in China and India alone .

“The motives for the murder of the unborn daughter come from a very contemporary attitude - you want big weddings, big gifts and a proud son, but not an economically useless daughter. A deadly tsunami is sweeping over our girls, we are experiencing an ethical collapse in our society, but nobody gets upset. "

- Shanta Sinha : Chair of the National Commission on Children's Rights in India

Female fetal abortion is also widespread on the European continent. A Council of Europe resolution of November 2011 stated that “prenatal sex selection has reached worrying proportions”. There are normally 100 newborn girls for every 105 boys. In Albania, for example, there are 112 boys. In the UN Development Program (UNDP), the numbers are described as "staggering". In addition to Albania, there are reports of gender-specific killings of unborn girls from Bosnia, Montenegro and Croatia.

Motives and causes

Christophe Guilmoto cites an almost “archaic attitude” as the cause of the abortion of female fetuses : boys carry on the family name, girls give it up when they get married. In India there are also economic reasons for the murder of daughters. A daughter was a burden in the past because of the high dowry; today there are also school and education costs. From an economic point of view, more and more Indian married couples are choosing a small family. In China, the “ one-child policy ” limited the number of children by law. Many Chinese couples want at least one son in this case. Studies have shown that the gender ratio is almost balanced at the first birth (boys: girls 1.065: 1). If the first child was a girl, there was a massive excess of boys in the second birth (1.494: 1). While abortions based on gender were rare in the past, three things have fundamentally changed the situation of pregnant women, especially in emerging countries: the ultrasound machine, the calculation of the nuclear family and the abortion pill. Although it is illegal in many countries to determine the sex of an unborn child by ultrasound, it is still widespread.

Countermeasures

Governments in countries like India and China adopted education programs in the 2000s; they have created laws that forbid gender murder and threaten doctors with severe penalties for gender determination. So far, however, the benefits are limited. According to East Asia expert Georg Blume , there is a lack of political will. In China, the National Planning Commission is responsible for the family and population . Its chairperson, Li Bin , promised in 2012 that a greater gender balance would be achieved in the next five-year plan. Effective measures have not yet been taken. In India, former Haryana State Health Director Deepak Dahiya achieved temporary success. Haryana is one of the particularly patriarchal states of northern India, where the proportion of women has always been low. When the Indian government passed a new law in 1996 that placed fetal sexing under heavy prison sentences, Dahiya cracked down on the health department and brought 30 doctors who had illegally performed ultrasound scans to court between 2001 and 2005. The girl births in Haryana picked up because of the crackdown. However, since Dahiya's retirement in 2005, femicide has increased again.

Because abortion is assigned to the health sector and not to human rights policy, there is currently no legal basis in the European Union to take action against the abortion practice of EU candidates in the Balkans.

In 2011, the Swiss MP Doris Stump campaigned against prenatal gender selection in the Council of Europe . In the resolution of the Council of Europe from 2011, the latter criticized in particular the prenatal selection according to gender in Albania, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia. In Germany, too, measures have been taken against the selective abortion of female offspring. The Genetic Diagnostics Act prohibits the disclosure of the sex of the embryo or fetus before the end of the twelfth week of pregnancy.

Possible long-term consequences

According to some experts, the result of selective abortions threatens the greatest gender imbalance in human history this century. Demographic researcher Christopher Guilmoto calls this development an "alarming masculinization" of the world (compare masculinism ).

The Indian economist Jayati Ghosh from Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi sees the long-term shortage of female labor as an acute threat to growth in the world's most dynamic economies in Asia.

According to sociologists, the lack of women could be a future cause of social violence and war. The plus of men and the accumulation of capital can lead to increased militarization. The Swiss MP in the Council of Europe Doris Stump also warns of an increase in trafficking in women , prostitution and violence in families. In the future, politicians in China will have to find ways of stabilizing a social system in which a large number of young men will remain with no prospect of reliable social ties. In 2010 there were 118 boys for every 100 newborn girls. For this reason, 15 to 20% of men of marriageable age will probably not find a partner in 2020. The consequence of this development is already today a robbery by women ; Young migrant workers who are later sold to bachelors are kidnapped at job fairs. ^

Attack / assassination attempt

Violence against women is also expressed in attacks in which perpetrators focus on women or girls in social groups.

On December 6, 1989, fourteen young women were murdered by Marc Lépine at the École polytechnique de Montréal . Her killer left a message explaining his actions through hatred of feminists. It was many years before the crime was labeled the first ever mass femicide.

During the rampage in Winnenden and Wendlingen on March 11, 2009, the perpetrator tried to kill women and girls at school. One of his victims was a student, but he killed eight students and one teacher. Nine other students and one teacher were injured and taken to hospitals. One of the perpetrators' motives is said to have been misogyny.

Occurrence

Worldwide

The assassination by current or former partners is known as intimate femicide . Preliminary investigations for a study by WHO in 2012 show that 35% of world murders of women are committed by intimate partners. In comparison, the study shows that only 5% of all murders of men are committed by their intimate partners. All murders of people committed by intimate partners account for around 15% of all murders. These figures are conservative as the data collected are still incomplete.

In 2017, 87,000 women were killed worldwide, more than half by a partner or a family member of the woman. A study published in 2018 by the United Nations Department for Drugs and Crime Prevention (UNODC) cites a figure of 50,000 women in 2017 who were victims of femicide by a partner, ex-partner or other family members. Of these murders, 20,000 occurred in Asia, 19,000 in Africa, 8,000 in North and South America, 5,000 in Europe and 300 in Oceania. Africa, with a rate of 3.1 murders per 100,000 women in the population, is the region where women are most at risk, and Europe, with a rate of 0.7 murders per 100,000 women, is the region with the lowest rate. North and South America have a rate of 1.6, Oceania 1.3 and Asia 0.9.

European Union

In the European Union , Germany was the country with the most femicides in 2018, followed by France . In terms of population, Romania was the EU country with the most cases in the same period (4.3 per million inhabitants), followed by Hungary (4.2 per million), Finland (3.6) and Germany (2.3) . Almost half of all murders of women in Germany were committed by the woman's partner or husband.

Individual countries

Gender-related murders are committed worldwide. The attention to this is usually little. Overall, however, the majority of the victims of male murderers are also men. 80% of all homicides involve men, 20% women. 36% of the men killed are killed by family members or partners, but 64% of women. With women, 82% of these murders are carried out directly by the partner and are therefore intimate femicides .

Reports of the killings of women are available from the following countries (selection; see also femicide in Latin America ):

  • Afghanistan : Women who address rapes suffered risk being victims of honor killings . A large number of women, mainly political activists, were murdered and the perpetrators were not charged.
  • Argentina : The civil society organization La Casa del Encuentro has published an annual report on cases of femicide in response to a lack of public statistics since 2008. In 2014 it counted 277 femicides, in the previous years there were 255 femicides (2013) and 295 femicides (2012). The movement Ni una menos (Not one less) takes a public stand against machismo and violence against women.
  • Australia : In a study of femicide in Australia between 1989 and 1998, the following characteristics were found: Overall, women had about half the risk of being killed by violence than men (in Australia about 126 cases per year). In 63% of the cases where the sex of the perpetrator could be determined, it was male. The highest number of victims was found in the age group between 21 and 23 years, followed by infants (under one year old). 57.6% of the crimes were intimate femicides, 14.6% were committed by strangers, 16% by acquaintances and 11.8% by other family members. The causes or triggers were usually domestic conflicts. Most of the killings in Australia took place in private homes. A comparison of perpetrators and victims found that with increasing age the relationship with the victim became closer and that, as a rule, the perpetrator and the victim had the same ethnic background.
  • Chile : The Chilean network against domestic and sexual violence makes femicides public. They affect a significant number of women.
  • China : The one-child policy and the traditional role of male offspring are seen as the main reason for selective abortion . Daughters have no value as offspring. The result is that there are too few girls. The difference of 163 million missing women in Asia already equals the total number of women in the US.
  • Germany : In Germany, the Federal Criminal Police Office has only been collecting statistics on intimate partner violence since 2015. According to this, a total of 331 women were victims of attempted or committed murder or manslaughter in 2015, compared with a total of 357 women in 2016. For the 2017 reporting period, a distinction was made between completed and attempted acts for the first time. 141 women perished in 2017 in Germany as a result of homicide and manslaughter for which a partner or ex-partner was suspected; another 223 were victims of attempted murder or manslaughter. To this must be added the cases of bodily harm resulting in death , although these are far fewer numerous; In 2017 there were 6 women in Germany about four times as likely to be victims of homicides within partnerships as men. Women are also around four times less likely than men to be suspects in such offenses.
Violence in partnerships in Germany
Number of homicides victims by year and gender
Offense 2015 2016 2017 2018
m w m w m w m w
Murder and manslaughter (total) 84 331 84 357 91 364 94 324
- completed by it k. A. 32 141 24 118
- Tried of it 59 223 70 206
Bodily harm resulting in death 2 4th 2 6th 2 6th 2 4th
Source: Federal Criminal Police Office
  • El Salvador : The country has the highest female homicide rate in the world with 12 murders per 100,000 inhabitants per year. In total there are 69.2 murders per 100,000 inhabitants.
  • Guatemala : There are still brutal women murdered out of conviction in the country marked by 36 years of civil war. The female murder rate is 9.7 murders per 100,000 female residents. In total there are 38.5 murders per 100,000 inhabitants.
  • Honduras : Femicide is increasing in some regions. There has been no prosecution since the 2009 military coup. The female homicide rate is 7 murders per 100,000 female residents. With 91.6 murders per 100,000 inhabitants, the country has the highest homicide rate in the world.
  • India : Femicides are used in all phases of life: abortions, infanticide and early widow burns . Between 2007 and 2009 there were over 8,000 reported dowry murders of wives. Dowry murders are defined by the Central Government Act "Section 304B of The Indian Penal Code": Any woman who dies an unnatural death after an argument during the first 7 years of marriage is charged with the man as a murderer. Studies show that it is not the poor who select male offspring and deliberately abort female fetuses, but rather the formed layers, although this has long been banned in India.
  • Italy : Every 3rd day a woman is murdered in Italy; there are around 150 femicides ( Femminicidio ) per year. There are no official statistics, but various independent organizations have collected data.
  • Jamaica : The rate of feminicide is the second highest in the world with 10.9 murders per 100,000 inhabitants. In total there are 52.2 murders per 100,000 inhabitants.
  • Colombia : Politicians and women's rights activists are hardest hit by femicide in the 45-year civil war. These crimes are committed by both the state army and rebel groups. The female murder rate is 6.4 murders per 100,000 female residents. In total there are 33.4 murders per 100,000 inhabitants.
  • Mexico : Due to the low clear-up rate, it is suspected that police officers and officials from higher levels of administration as well as people specifically assigned to investigate the murders are directly involved in the series of murders of women in Juarez, on the border with the USA, which has been going on for twenty years . 740 femicides were committed in Ciudad Juárez between 1993 and 2009 . The number of femicides in Mexico has increased 137% over the past five years. In 2019, 976 femicides were registered. In the first half of 2020, 489 women were killed in femicides, an increase of around 9.2%.
  • Zambia : A 1995 study looked at criminal proceedings in cases of alleged witch killing in southern Africa. It shows that in such cases men are sentenced to shorter prison terms and charged with less serious crimes. The murder rate is 38 murders per 100,000 inhabitants.
  • Austria : In Austria, a total of 24 women died as a result of intimate partner violence in 2015, 18 in 2016 and 24 in 2017. That corresponds to around half of all homicides committed.
  • Spain : In Spain the civil society organization Otro Tiempo deals with the phenomenon Feminicidio and offers numerous articles and news on the subject in Spain and Latin America on the Feminicidio.net portal. They also provide detailed statistics on feminicides in the Geo Feminicidio database , based on a relatively broad understanding of Feminicidio . In 2014, 102 cases were registered in the Geo Feminicidio database in Spain, 113 in 2013 and 108 feminicidios in 2012 .
  • South Africa : A 2004 study found that, on average, a woman was killed by her intimate partner every 6 hours. Women of Color were significantly more affected with 18.3 offenses per 100,000 women than white ones with 2.8. The female murder rate is 9.6 murders per 100,000 female residents. In total there are 31.8 murders per 100,000 inhabitants. A report from 2019 already says that a woman is killed every 3 hours.
  • Turkey : In Turkey, 474 women were murdered by their partners, ex-partners or husbands in 2019. In this context, the initiative “We stop feminicide” criticized the fact that judges were too careless with women murderers. Often attempts were made to blame the murder on the victims.

The average annual female homicide rates were determined for the years 2004 to 2009. The murder rates were recorded between 2004 and 2011. The most recent available year is given.

See also

literature

  • Alejandra Castillo Ara: Femicide: Just a Latin American Phenomenon? In: Franz von Liszt Institute Working Paper . tape 2018/01 . Franz von Liszt Institute - Justus Liebig University Giessen, 2018, ISSN  2363-4731 ( Online [PDF]).
  • JC Campbell et al .: Risk Factors for Femicide in Abusive Relationships: Results From a Multisite Case Control Study. In: American Journal of Public Health . Vol. 93, No. 7, 2003.
  • Monika Gerstendörfer : Femicide: Deadly violence against women. Science & Peace 1998-4 Dossier No. 30 (50 Years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights) online
  • JM McFarlane et al .: Stalking and Intimate Partner Femicide. In: Homicide Studies. Vol. 3, No. 4, 1999.
  • GP Kerry: Intimate Femicide: An Analysis Of Men Who Kill Their Partners. In: Education Wife Assault Newsletter. Vol. 9, No. 1, 1998
  • J. Mouzos: Femicide: An Overview of Major Findings. In: Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice. Vol. 124, 1999.
  • Jill Radford, Diana EH Russell (Eds.): Femicide. The politics of woman killing . Open University Press, Buckingham 1992, ISBN 0-335-15178-7 , pp. 3 ( online [PDF]).
  • I. Hype: Femicide in Guatemala . 2005. (online at: guatemala.de ) , January 20, 2007
  • Diana EH Russell, Roberta A. Harmes (Eds.): Femicide in global perspective . Teachers College Press, New York 2001, ISBN 0-8077-4048-9 .
  • P. Sharps et al .: Paternity: Risk For Intimate Partner Femicide. 2002 online
  • Mara Hvistendahl : The Disappearance of Women. Selective Birth Control and the Consequences. dtv, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-423-28009-9
  • Elisabeth Kimmerle: Femicide in Germany and Turkey: More than relationship drama. Femicide is dismissed as a relationship act in Germany. It is different in Turkey. taz , March 8, 2018 in German . Also in Turkish: Almanya'daki kadın cinayetleri. Erkek şiddeti her yerde. Almanya'da neredeyse her gün bir erkek, esini veya eski partnerini öldürüyor ya da oil towers girişiminde bulunuyor. Ama bunu tartışan yok. (Print; online)
  • PATH, Intercambios, MRC, WHO (Ed.): Strengthening Understanding of Femicide, Using Research to Galvanize Action and Accountability, Washington, DC, Meeting April 2008 . 2009 ( online [PDF]).
  • Celeste Saccomano: The causes of femicide in Latin America . Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals (IBEI), September 15, 2015 (PhD thesis). On-line
  • Shalva Weil, Consuelo Corradi, Marceline Naudi (eds.): Femicide across Europe. Theory, research and prevention on JSTOR . Bristol University Press, 2018, ISBN 978-1-4473-4716-3 , JSTOR : j.ctv8xnfq2 .

Web links

Individual evidence

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  117. ^ Femicide in South Africa: A woman is killed every three hours. In: fr.de. https://www.fr.de/ , 2019, accessed on May 10, 2020 .
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