Consequences of global warming in Austria

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The consequences of global warming in Austria are among the regional effects of global warming on society, health, nature and in technical matters, which become noticeable through the increase in average temperatures. This warming can trigger more and more catastrophes in the future such as floods, mudslides, forest fires and storms. Further information on partial aspects of the expected effects can be found in the article Consequences of global warming for viticulture .

Climate change is more pronounced in Austria than in other European countries. The Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG) recorded six of the ten hottest summers in measurement history from the 2010s, 2003 and two from the 1990s. The summer of 2019 was the second hottest summer in measurement history with + 2.7% above the average.

Rise in temperatures in Austria

In Austria, the average annual temperature rose by 1.8 ° C in the 20th century, affecting all of Austria's high altitudes. This means that the temperature rise in Austria in the last century was two to three times greater than that in the northern hemisphere . ZAMG compiled an overview of the ten hottest summers in measurement history.

Average annual temperatures in Austria 1743–2013 as moving 12-month and 10-year averages

Effects of climate change on forests

Conditions for Austria's spruce forests are deteriorating

Larva of a bark beetle

The spruce was at the beginning of the 21st century with an area ratio of more than 50%, the most common tree species in Austria. In a climate study by WWF Austria and Austrian Federal Forests AG, the view is that the spruce will be less and less suitable for low to medium sea heights due to global warming. According to WWF and Bundesforsten, Lower Austria, the hill country in Styria, southern Burgenland in eastern Austria and the Danube region would be particularly affected by the increasing warming and the resulting stress for the spruce trees. According to this climate study, the conditions for the spruce would also deteriorate in the Mühlviertel and Waldviertel, where a reduction in precipitation leads to increased drought stress for the spruce. In these areas with increasingly high climatic stress, sustainable management of spruce forests would therefore become more difficult or impossible in the future.

Bark beetle threatens the spruce stand

The development of the bark beetle is favored by the warmer climate, while the spruce suffers from climatic stress at higher temperatures in the course of climate change and is therefore more susceptible to damage. As a result, the areas suitable for spruce are increasingly limited to higher altitudes in the Alps. With the rising temperatures, however, the bark beetle problem also reaches higher altitudes, as was observed in the last years before 2005.

Beech is favored by climate change

In a climate study by WWF Austria and Austrian Federal Forests AG, the view is expressed that the beech is the most common deciduous tree in Austria. According to this climate study, global warming has resulted in a decrease in annual precipitation to below 600 mm, especially in eastern Austria. Nevertheless, the beech would be able to expand the area that can be colonized throughout Austria as a result of climate change.

Insect pests & pests

It can be assumed that insect pests in agriculture will develop more rapidly with the higher temperatures caused by climate change and that heat-loving species will spread strongly northwards from warmer southern regions.

Marbled stink bugs (stink beetles)

Marbled stink
bug Halyomorpha halys
(behind it the green colored Plautia stali )

The Marbled stinkbug ( Halyomorpha halys , colloquially Stinkkäfer or BMSB (from the English name b rown m armorated s tink b ug )) is a stink bugs -Art with natural spread in temperate East Asia . The species is considered an agricultural pest and was introduced as a neozoon to North America , later also to Europe. As early as 2018, as a result of higher temperatures, also due to climate change, a spread of stink bugs was found in Austria, sometimes penetrating into apartments. The marbled stink bug ( Halyomorpha halys ) was introduced from East Asia. In Austria, the first occurrence of marbled stink bugs was reported in Vienna and Dornbirn in 2015. In the second half of 2016, according to newspaper reports, the marbled stink bug was often found on and in buildings in Vienna. Accordingly, 2016 was the first year in which Vienna was plagued by these foul-smelling bedbugs.

The marbled stink bug is particularly harmful by sucking on fruits and fruit plants, including peaches , apples , pears , hazelnuts , grapevines , but also maize , soybeans , tomatoes , peppers and aubergines . The fruit is deformed, discolored and unsightly due to the suction process. Plant pathogens such as molds of the genus Eremothecium can also be transmitted. The crop damage can be up to 50 percent.

Although the bug is attacked by numerous biological antagonists even in the new areas of distribution, these are usually not sufficient for control. An import of specialized egg parasitoids of the genus Trissolcus (family Platygastridae, also called samurai wasp) from China to the USA was examined. In 2014, however, it was found that the samurai wasp is already in the USA. The ecological impacts and risks must first be reliably assessed before a non-native wasp can be spread. For this reason, research is currently being carried out into whether the parasitic wasp species native to Europe can also be used for control purposes. Usually, however, the species is controlled through the use of insecticides.

Giant subtropical Hyalomma tick


Giant subtropical Hyalomma
tick, Hyalomma marginatum

The giant tick Hyalomma marginatum , native to the subtropics, can now survive winter in Austria. This was first noticed in Upper Austria in the Braunau am Inn district in April 2019. The species has medical significance as a vector of Crimean-Congo fever and spotted fever . As is typical for the genus, it is a relatively large tick with a body length of about 5 to 6 millimeters, with the back shield (scutum or conscutum) covering the entire trunk section when not completely soaked. It is noticeably larger than the most common type of " common wood tick " in Europe . The legs are lighter than the shield and usually noticeably curled. The species is difficult to distinguish from other members of the genus and, as a rule, can only be distinguished when it is sexually mature.

An area expansion of this type to the north has been observed for some time. This causes concern among epidemiologists because of their importance as a disease vector . The species has become more common in Turkey, where it used to be quite rare, and is now one of the most common tick species. 85 percent of the ticks detected on cattle in the country now belong to this species.

Also in June 2019 it was proven in Upper Austria that one specimen overwintered. According to model estimates, a spread of the species in southern Germany and into the southern Netherlands appears realistic under realistic climate models. In Austria, a sexually mature animal infected with the Rickettsia aeschlimannii bacterium (a spotted fever pathogen, symptoms similar to Boutonneuse fever ) was first detected in the Melk area in 2018 .

Retreat of the glaciers

Satellite image of the Alps

In 1970 already 35% of the originally existing glacier area disappeared

The worldwide glacier retreat in Austria particularly affects the Alpine region . A study of the development of 5,150 glaciers in the Alps since 1850 comes to the conclusion that by 1970 already 35% of the originally existing glacier area had disappeared, and that this shrinkage had increased to almost 50% by 2000. This means that half of the area formerly covered by glaciers has already been exposed by the retreat of the ice.

Strong decline in glacier areas and permafrost soils

Higher temperatures in the mountain regions of Austria contribute to the fact that more precipitation falls in the form of rain instead of snow and the snow cover melts faster. Most of the studies on changes in snow cover show a decreasing trend in the Alps at lower altitudes. Snow protects the glaciers and permafrost from thawing through its insulating properties and the reflection of sunlight ( albedo ) and ensures mass influx in the glaciers' nutrient areas. The decrease in snow cover therefore increases the decline in glaciers and permafrost. The maximum runoff of meltwater in the catchment area of the Alps will be premature, there is a threat of more hydrological extremes with consequences for agriculture and forestry, the use of hydropower and tourism.

The permafrost soils in the Alps are also melting. This has many consequences. At the same time as the glacier retreats, large areas of heavily fractured material such as moraines, pebbles and rocks that were previously permanently frozen are exposed. The loosened rock mass can change into a slowly creeping movement on the mountain slope, and in the event of heavy rainfall this material can be mobilized again in the form of debris flows . This increases the risk of devastation along the stream channels down into the valleys. In addition, the ground instability increases, which destabilizes installations at great heights (such as cable cars, masts, etc.). Such installations will have to be secured in the future. The construction costs will therefore increase.

1300 years of continuously glaciated area in Austria is exposed

The glaciologist Gernot Patzelt reported on 100 glaciers observed by the Austrian Alpine Association that their decline is currently uncovering land that had been continuously glaciated for at least 1300 years. it can also be shown that the extent of some glaciers in earlier times (6,000–9,000 years ago) was significantly smaller than it is today. As a result, higher temperatures are assumed in times of receding glaciers. A prominent example is " Ötzi ", who died about 5300 years ago on a then ice-free yoke near Vent / Ötztal Alps and was then enclosed by a snow and ice cover, where he appeared under the ice as a result of the glacier retreat in 1991. At the same time, however, he emphasized that finds of peat and tree trunks showed that these areas were previously partially covered by larch forests and that the current glacier status is historically "not exceptional".

If the temperature increases by 3 ° C, glaciers will lose 80% of their area

Scenarios for the 21st century indicate that with an average warming of 3 ° C by the year 2100, the glaciers of the Alps will have lost around 80% of the area still existing between 1971 and 1990. That would only correspond to a tenth of the extent of 1850. A warming of 5 ° C would practically lead to the complete loss of glacier ice.

Waters

Temperature rise and fluctuations in the flow dynamics

The majority of rivers and lakes in Austria show a sharp rise in temperature , higher fluctuations in runoff dynamics and the risk of more frequent floods . In the past 100 years, the mean annual water temperature on the Austrian Danube has increased from 8.9 ° C to 10.2 ° C as a result of climate change.

Effects of temperature rise on different fish species

The Arctic char in Lake Altaussee come under stress due to the rising water temperatures and the associated lack of oxygen.

In Upper Austria, regional fisherman Siegfried Pilgerstorfer is concerned about the survival of the classic wild fish species. The trout in the Mühlviertel is under such stress due to the high water temperatures that fishing - as far as possible - has to be stopped “within the framework of hunting justice ”. The fish ecologist Klaus Berg fears that natural reproduction would be almost impossible or impossible and that the fish species could become extinct as a result.

Carp and exotic fish species benefit from warming waters .

Overloading of the sewer systems, building damage from heavy rain

In urban areas, unexpected, heavy rainfall can overload the sewer systems. For example, in May 2010 there was heavy rain in Vienna, which caused damage to buildings amounting to 810 million euros. The Viennese canal system was also overloaded during heavy rain events, particularly in the Kaiserebersdorf area , and flooding has already occurred.

Health effects

Deaths as a result of heat waves

The heat wave in Europe in 2013, 2015 and 2018 have been raised representation World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) on the basis of reasons caused by numerous individual weather events likely (to a significant extent) by climate change.

Heat waves as such are a relatively young field of research; in the past the focus was primarily on droughts . There is also no uniform definition of a heat wave . A method of evaluation used for Central Europe goes back to the Czech meteorologist Jan Kysely:

“A heat wave is detected as soon as the maximum temperature exceeds 30 ° C for at least three days in a row and lasts as long as the mean maximum temperature remains above 30 ° C over the entire period and the maximum temperature does not fall below 25 ° C on any day . "

The heat waves led to increased mortality, since older people or people who are already weakened in terms of health are easily dehydrated or are no longer able to cope with the stress. The increasing heat load, especially in cities, is not only due to climate changes, but also to urban development and the sealing of the soil .

Forum Alpbach 2019: APCC experts expect an increase in climate-induced deaths

According to a press release by the Austrian Federal Government's Climate and Energy Fund after a discussion by international experts at the European Forum Alpbach, the climate crisis harbors an enormous health risk. According to this, there were six hot days in a row on average between 2003 and 2012. There would be 27 hot days in 2036-2065, and by 2100 the number would even increase tenfold compared to 2019. With the simultaneous aging of society, climate-induced deaths across Europe would increase by a factor of 50, according to the assessment report on health, demography and climate change by the APCC (Austrian Panel on Climate Change), which was prepared on behalf of the Climate and Energy Fund.

Significantly more heat fatalities than road deaths in Austria in 2018

Statistics from the Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES) show that there were more heat deaths (766 cases were counted) than road deaths (400) in 2018. These are mostly people who have suffered from illnesses and whose physique has been attacked even more by the high temperatures.

Challenge for politics and lawmakers

Austria's first popular initiative for climate change

The popular initiative wants to anchor climate protection in the constitution.

July 2019: 73% of Austrians are in favor of a kerosene tax

In Austria, as of July 2019, the introduction of a kerosene tax would have a clear majority in society, with 73% in favor of such a special tax. The parties are in favor of the introduction of the SPÖ, Greens and Neos, the ÖVP disagree, and the FPÖ against the introduction of a special tax on aviation fuel.

A European citizens' initiative has existed since May 10, 2019 with the aim of ending the existing tax exemption on kerosene. The expiry date for this initiative is May 10, 2020. After approx. 27% of the citizens' initiative (May 10, 2019 to May 10, 2020) until August 25, 2019, a total of 47,214 EU citizens, i.e. 4.7% of the required minimum participation, will have this European Citizens' initiative signed. However, to be successful, a European Citizens' Initiative must receive a total of one million statements of support, with a minimum number in at least seven countries. In Belgium, on August 25, 2019, 33.15% of the required participation was achieved, in Germany 26.79%, in Sweden 21.15%, in Austria 15.63% and in the Netherlands 12.25%.

Compliance with the Climate Protection Act

According to information from Greenpeace in July 2019, Austria exceeded the maximum amount of greenhouse gases stipulated by the Climate Protection Act by 2.1 million tons in 2017, and by 700,000 tons in 2018. According to the law, the government has 6 months to take further action. According to its own account, with the publication of the exceedance of the target value for CO 2 emissions in 2017, the Federal Environment Agency immediately commissioned an evaluation of the measures taken, but this was not yet completed by the end of July 2019. According to the Ministry of the Environment, the starting point for this period was not the date of the publication of the CO 2 emissions for 2017 at the end of January, but only started once the evaluation of the measures by the Federal Environment Agency was available.

Hitzepol Vienna city center: Experts call for tree planting, benches and water systems

According to a study, the world's metropolises have to prepare for a drastic warming of the urban climate. 77 percent of the 520 largest cities would experience a significant change in climatic conditions by 2050, according to a study by scientists at ETH Zurich published on July 10, 2019. ZAMG speaks of the heat pole in downtown Vienna. A study published in the specialist journal Plos One in 2019 states that Vienna is likely to be particularly affected by further global warming. In the hottest months one can expect a temperature increase of plus 7.6 degrees by 2050. In Europe, an even higher temperature increase of 7.8 degrees is forecast only for Budapest by 2050. London could be as warm as Barcelona (currently 30 degrees). This is due to the “heat islands” created by sealed surfaces such as on Vienna's Schwarzenbergplatz. Experts then called for more trees to be planted, benches, water systems and external blinds on houses.

Climate lawsuits in Austria

First climate action in Austria against the expansion of Vienna-Schwechat airport

A climate suit was known from Austria by March 2018. Environmental organizations took legal action against the expansion of the Vienna-Schwechat airport . They led u. a. indicates that this would run counter to the Climate Protection Act and Austria's international climate obligations. In February 2017, the Federal Administrative Court initially rejected the application for the construction and planning of a third runway. Following a complaint by the airport's board of directors, the Constitutional Court criticized the allocation of emissions to the airport and the direct application of international obligations to domestic projects. The complaint was referred back to the lower court, where construction was approved subject to conditions in March 2018.

August 2019: Second climate lawsuit at the VfGH against climate-damaging laws

In a press conference with Chris Lohner , Greenpeace -Geschäftsführer Alexander Egit, adamah organic farm founder Gerhard Zoubek, Fridays For Future -Aktivistin Veronika Winter and lawyer Michaela Krömer the second was on 29 August 2019 Climate action (at the same time the first air action against polluting laws) in Austria presents. The environmental protection organization Greenpeace announced that it would take those affected to the Constitutional Court to claim the right to a future worth living in. Together they would fight for better protection of fundamental rights against the consequences of the climate crisis . You would take legal action at the Constitutional Court against climate-damaging laws and ordinances. As examples of such climate-damaging laws, Greenpeace named the tax exemption for kerosene or Tempo 140 on the motorway. Greenpeace also chose this model of resistance in other European countries. In the Netherlands, the government was found guilty of violating the citizen's duty of care due to a lack of climate protection.

Technical consequences of climate change

Rail warps caused by heat

According to media reports in the summer of 2019, strong sunlight caused the rails of the Austrian Federal Railways to heat up to such an extent that there were occasional rail crushing or warping . In Vorarlberg, therefore, as a pilot project of the Austrian Federal Railways, five kilometers of railway tracks were colored white for research purposes. The paint is supposed to lower the temperatures by five to eight degrees. In a press release in July 2019, Franz Bauer, the ÖBB Infrastructure Board member, considered the project to be very promising. Accordingly, the ÖBB see reason to hope that the project will be an effective measure against the effects of climate change. If, according to analyzes, the rails actually deform less in the following year, this approach to make the heat effects in the track area more manageable should be used throughout Austria. The method is already known in Switzerland and Italy. In these two countries it has already been confirmed that the temperature-lowering effect of the white color has actually occurred.

There was a line interruption on the Nordwestbahn in the Weinviertel on the afternoon of July 26, 2019 between Göllersdorf (Hollabrunn district) and Hollabrunn in Lower Austria. The reason was a track warpage caused by the heat. A rail replacement service was set up.

Sales of air conditioning units by June 2019 more than twice as high as in 2018

Due to the record temperatures in June 2019, the demand for air conditioning units in Austria was higher than ever before. As early as June 2019, more than twice as much air conditioning units and fans were sold in Austria compared to 2018 as a whole. At the end of June 2019, for example, fans were completely sold out in the media market.

According to a report by the online platform HEUTE.at on Monday, June 24, 2019, the whole of Europe had to contend with an extreme heat wave this week. On Wednesday, June 26, 2019, 38 degrees were expected. Based on a survey by Marketagent.com, according to a press release by the energy comparison portal for Austria compera.at on April 26, 2019, every third Austrian is planning to buy an air conditioning unit because of the heat. According to this, every second person in Vienna is planning to purchase an air conditioning unit within the next two years. In June 2019, according to the survey, two thirds of Austrians (68 percent) did not yet have an air conditioner. When used eight hours a day from May to mid-September, according to the energy comparison platform, the additional electricity costs for an air conditioner per household amount to an average of around 350 euros per year. For three devices per household, additional costs of up to 800 euros per year arise.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

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  52. ↑ ÖBB: White colored tracks are supposed to avoid heat damage : In Vorarlberg five kilometers were colored white; Die Presse, Saturday July 20, 2019, accessed on July 27, 2019.
  53. ↑ Lower Austria: disruptions on railway lines , ORF2 teletext, Saturday July 27, 2019 6:57 am
  54. ↑ The business with heat , ORF.at, June 30, 2019, accessed on July 27, 2019.
  55. ↑ This week we are sweating at 38 degrees , June 24, 2019, HEUTE.at,
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