Marbled stink bug

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Marbled stink bug
Halyomorpha halys (behind the green colored Plautia stali)

Halyomorpha halys (behind the green colored Plautia stali )

Systematics
Subordination : Bed bugs (heteroptera)
Family : Stink bugs (Pentatomidae)
Subfamily : Pentatominae
Tribe : Cappaeini
Genre : Halyomorpha
Type : Marbled stink bug
Scientific name
Halyomorpha halys
( Stål , 1855)

The Marbled stinkbug ( Halyomorpha halys , colloquially Stinkkäfer or BMSB (from the English name b rown m armorated s tink b ug )) is a stink bugs -Art with natural dissemination in the moderate (temperate) East Asia .

The species is considered an agricultural pest and was introduced as a neozoon to North America , later also Europe, and has already been detected here in Germany, France, Greece, Italy, Austria, Hungary and Switzerland.

features

Front view

With a body length of 12 to 17 millimeters, it is a relatively large type of bug with the robust, somewhat leaf-shaped, widened body typical of stink bugs. It is ocher in the basic color , with numerous dense black dots. The side of the clypeus on the head is darkly colored. The first part of the antennae is pale with dark spots, the second is also colored or largely darkened. The third link is completely dark. The fourth segment is dark with a light ring at the lower (basal) and upper (apical) end, the fifth has a light basal ring. The result is a white striped pattern on a dark background. The scutellum has a row of three to five orange-yellow calluses (calli) in the basal section, behind the pronotum. This row of dots is considered to be the best field feature for recognizing the species. The section of the abdomen protruding laterally over the hemielytres, the connexive, bears a conspicuous black and white markings as in many stink bugs. The corium of the hemielytras is reddish in some specimens. The membrane of the wings is crystal clear (hyaline) with an indistinct drawing of longitudinal stripes (not dots, as in the similar gray garden bug ). The underside of the body is pale yellowish, the sternites of the abdomen are light in the middle and only sparsely dotted with dark spots on the outer edge. The leg links ( femora , tibia and tarsi ) are ocher in color, but broadly darkened towards the end.

The head of the species is elongated and rectangular when viewed from above, with large complex eyes projecting laterally and two red, button-shaped ocelli . The front corners of the pronotum, behind the complex eyes, are elongated somewhat thorn-shaped. The second free sternite of the abdomen (anatomically: the third segment) is smooth and has neither a spine nor a protrusion.

As a new citizen of the Central European fauna, the species is not yet included in most field guides and identification works.

distribution

The species is naturally widespread in East Asia, evidence has been found here from East China , Japan , Korea and the island of Taiwan .

When it was first recorded in Pennsylvania in 2001 , the species was introduced from China to North America . From there it spread massively and reached Oregon and with it the Pacific coast as early as 2004 . It has also been at home in Canada ( Ontario ) since 2012 .

The first European evidence was in the greater Zurich area in Switzerland in 2007 (however, it was later announced that it had appeared in light trap traps in Liechtenstein in 2004 , but was not recognized). Since then, the species has also spread here, with preference for urban (urban) habitats. In 2007 an independent importation with transport boxes to Bremerhaven could still be prevented from establishing itself by immediately initiated control measures; In 2011 the first German proof took place in Konstanz . In 2017 the species was detected in the Stuttgart area ; After a corresponding newspaper report in Freiburg in mid-September 2018, there were many visual reports. In the district of Lörrach there were z. B. in Fischingen first damage.

In South Tyrol , the first detection took place in 2016 after it was first detected in Italy in 2012 in the Modena area . In March 2017, the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia provided its fruit growers with a total of EUR 3.5 million as compensation for economic damage for the period up to the end of 2020.

Biology and way of life

The species overwinters as an imago and becomes active when temperatures exceed about 10 ° C. They are essentially plant-sucking. Numerous tree and shrub species, occasionally herbaceous species, are attacked, a total of more than 300 known host species ( polyphagous species), with a certain preference for species from the rose family . In addition to the leaves, the fruits are also vacuumed. Large populations of trumpet trees ( catalpa ), virgin vines ( Parthenocissus ), ash , rowan and buddleia were found in Switzerland . The females begin to lay eggs in early summer. The small egg clutches are deposited on the underside of the leaves of the host plants. The nymphs hatching after a few days go through five stages up to the imago, the minimum temperature for their development is 14 ° C. In China, in their natural homeland, up to six generations can develop in a year. It is possible that there is at least a second generation in Switzerland in the same year. In autumn, the adult bedbugs migrate from the plant and seek out special wintering quarters, such as house facades exposed to the sun.

Harmful effect

The marbled stink bug is particularly harmful by sucking on fruits and fruit plants, including peaches , apples , pears , hazelnuts , grapevines , but also maize , soybeans , tomatoes , peppers and aubergines . The fruit is deformed, discolored and unsightly due to the suction process. Plant pathogens such as molds of the genus Eremothecium can also be transmitted. The crop damage can be up to 50 percent.

Although the bug is attacked by numerous biological antagonists even in the new areas of distribution, these are usually not sufficient for control. An import of specialized egg parasitoids of the genus Trissolcus (family Platygastridae , also called samurai wasp) from China to the USA was examined. In 2014, however, it was found that the samurai wasp is already in the USA. The ecological impacts and risks must first be reliably assessed before a non-native wasp can be spread. For this reason, research is currently being carried out into whether the parasitic wasp species native to Europe can also be used for control purposes. Usually, however, the species is controlled through the use of insecticides.

According to the Italian agricultural research institute CREA, 40 percent of the Italian kiwi and pear harvest in 2016 was destroyed by the marbled stink bug. Apple and peach crops and agricultural plants with tomatoes, grapes, nuts, corn and soy were also seriously damaged with high income losses for those affected.

Stages of development

Several stages of development of the marbled stink bug as a nymph :

  • Egg clutches with newly hatched nymphs

  • Nymph - dorsal view

  • Nymph - side view

  • 5. Nymph stage

  • 6. Nymph stage

Web links

Commons : Marbled Stink Bug ( Halyomorpha halys )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

swell

  • Denise Wyninger & Petr Kment (2010): Key for the separation of Halyomorpha halys (Stål) from similar-appearing pentatomids (Insecta: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) occuring in Central Europe, with new Swiss records. In: Communications from the Swiss Entomological Society 83 (3/4): 261–270.
  • Wolfgang Rabitsch, Georg J. Friebe (2015): From the west and from the east? First records of Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Vorarlberg and Vienna, Austria. From the west and the east? First records of Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Vorarlberg and Vienna, Austria . In: Österreichische Gesellschaft für Entomofaunistik (Ed.): Contributions to Entomofaunistik - 16 (2015) pp. 126–129. ( PDF )
  • Tim Haye and Denise Wyniger: The marbled stink bug Halyomorpha halys. Private website with lots of information on the type and collection program for Switzerland, accessed on March 8, 2016
  • Kevin B. Rice, Chris J. Bergh, Erik J. Bergmann, Dave J. Biddinger, Christine Dieckhoff, Galen Dively, Hannah Fraser, Tara Gariepy, George Hamilton, Tim Haye, Ames Herbert, Kim Hoelmer, Cerruti R. Hooks, Ashley Jones, Greg Krawczyk, Thomas Kuhar, Holly Martinson, William Mitchell, Anne L. Nielsen, Doug G. Pfeiffer, Michael J. Raupp, Cesar Rodriguez-Saona, Peter Shearer, Paula Shrewsbury, P. Dilip Venugopal, Joanne Whalen, Nik G. Wiman, Tracy C. Leskey, John F. Tooker (2014): Biology, Ecology, and Management of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). In: Journal of Integrated Pest Management 5 (3): A1-A13. doi: 10.1603 / IPM14002

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Vienna is plagued by foul smelling bedbugs. In: diepresse.com. November 28, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2018 .
  2. ↑ Matthias Oppliger: He smells, eats our fruit and there is always more of it: The stink beetle is conquering Europe . In: TagesWoche . April 5, 2018 ( tageswoche.ch [accessed November 11, 2018]).
  3. ↑ a b Wolfgang Rabitsch, Georg J. Friebe (2015): From the west and from the east? First records of Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Vorarlberg and Vienna, Austria. From the west and the east? First records of Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Vorarlberg and Vienna, Austria. P. 126
  4. ↑ He smells, eats our fruit and there are more and more of them: The stink beetle conquers Europe , TagesWoche, 2018-04-05.
  5. ↑ The stink bug causes great damage. In: schweizerbauer.ch. October 29, 2019, accessed October 30, 2019 .
  6. ↑ Agricultural Technology Center Augustenberg (LTZ) (editor): The marbled stink bug - Halyomorpha halys - A new harmful organism for fruit and vegetables is in the starting blocks. PDF information sheet, 4 pages. PDF ( Memento of the original from March 8, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ltz-bw.de
  7. ↑ Ralf Heckmann (2012): First record of Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) for Germany. Heteropteron 36: 17-18.
  8. ↑ NABU -Streuobst-Rundbrief 4/2017, p. 3, nabu.de (February 12, 2017)
  9. ^ Badische Zeitung: Stink bug spreads in Freiburg - and threatens fruit and vegetables - Freiburg - Badische Zeitung . ( badische-zeitung.de [accessed on October 14, 2018]).
  10. ↑ Badische Zeitung: sonstnochwas - Wanzenalarm- Freiburg - Badische Zeitung . ( badische-zeitung.de [accessed on October 14, 2018]).
  11. ^ Badische Zeitung: Stink bug threatens fruit and vegetables - District of Lörrach - Badische Zeitung . ( badische-zeitung.de [accessed on October 14, 2018]).
  12. ↑ a b Asian marbled stink bug drives farmers crazy. In: suedtirolnews.it. Retrieved February 12, 2018 .
  13. ↑ EU Commission, Directorate-General for Competition, Communication on the examination of State Aid SA.47750. In: europa.eu. Retrieved March 31, 2017 .
  14. ↑ Nica Huber and Rebecca Stecher: The marble stink bug. Environmental Practice No. 73, published by the AWEL Office for Waste, Water, Energy and Air Zurich PDF
  15. ↑ https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/08/scientists-spent-years-plan-import-wasp-kill-stinkbugs-then-it-showed-its-own
  16. ↑ He smells, eats our fruit and there are always more of them: The stink beetle is conquering Europe. In: tageswoche.ch. April 5, 2018, accessed October 5, 2018 .
  17. ↑ Crea | Home Page - Crea. Retrieved February 12, 2018 (it-IT).