Peace of Stockholm (1719)

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Treaties during the Great Northern War (1699–1721).

The Peace of Stockholm of 1719 was a separate peace treaty between Kurhannover and the Kingdom of Sweden , which was concluded on November 9th July. / November 20,  1719 greg. ended the state of war of both states in the Great Northern War .

background

Hanover was drawn into the Great Northern War in 1712 when Denmark occupied Bremen-Verden in Sweden . Hanover had to prevent being cut off again from access to the sea, and in turn occupied Verden and a small part of Bremen . On May 2, 1715, Denmark ceded the duchies of Bremen and Verden to Hanover in return for financial compensation. Hanover joined the Triple Alliance with its intervention in the north of the Holy Roman Empire .

The Kingdom of Great Britain , linked to Hanover in personal union since 1714 , did not participate directly in the war, but provided indirect assistance to the Nordic Allies by protecting shipping and through its military presence in the Baltic Sea . When Charles XII. occupied Usedom in April 1715, Prussia entered the war against Sweden; he was followed in October by Hanover. Hanover also took part militarily in the Pomeranian campaign .

After the death of Charles XII. In 1718, during the siege of Frederikshald , Sweden accepted Hanover's offers to negotiate. The main negotiations began in Stockholm in May 1719 , which led to a preliminary peace on July 11, 1719 . This was followed by further negotiations, which were made more difficult by different ideas about the amount of the transfer fee for Bremen-Verden, the modalities of the deployment of the Royal Navy to protect Sweden and the Baltic Sea, and property issues of Swedish citizens in Bremen-Verden.

In September / October 1719, the English and Swedish fleets merged , causing Russia to withdraw and paving the way for Russia to be involved in peace diplomacy efforts. On November 9th, July / November 20,  1719 greg. Sweden and Hanover signed the first peace treaty of the Great Northern War, which was followed by further peace agreements with the other war opponents until 1721.

Contractual framework

The authorized representatives for the conclusion of the contract were on the Swedish side: Reichsrat Graf Gustaf Cronhielm , President of the Chancellery; Reichsrat Count Karl Gustav Düker , field marshal and councilor of war; Imperial Councilor Count Gustaf Adam Taube , governor in Stockholm; Imperial Councilor Count Magnus de la Gardie , President of the Commerce College; Budget Secretary Daniel Niklas von Höpken . On the Hanover side, the following was authorized: Colonel Adolf Friedrich von Bassewitz , extraordinary and authorized minister.

The copy was made on paper with the signature and lacquer seal of the Swedish authorized representative on black strings. Georg I as Elector of Hanover ratified the treaty on August 10, 1719 in Herrenhausen .

content

  • Article 1: Declaration on Peace and Friendship. Ending hostile acts and use of weapons.
  • Article 2: Perpetual Oblivion and Amnesty.
  • Article 3: Confirmation of the Preliminary Peace Recess of 11./22. July 1719. Confirmation of the assignment of the duchies of Bremen and Verden. Regulations about the office and city of Wildeshausen . Sweden's release from the board of directors of the Lower Saxony District . Release of subjects and residents from their duties towards Sweden. Presentation of the new sovereign and overlord. Feudal provisions. Provisions on the transfer of letters and documents.
  • Article 4: Declaration by the King of Great Britain as Duke and Elector of Braunschweig-Lüneburg on freedoms, rights, possessions, privileges and the practice of religion.
  • Article 5: Declaration of property and property rights.
  • Article 6: Amnesty.
  • Article 7: Provisions on pledging.
  • Article 8: Provisions for the continuation of friendships and alliances. Cash Payment Provisions.
  • Article 9: Status of the Peace of Westphalia .
  • Article 10: About guarantees.
  • Article 11: Ratification.
  • Article 12: Declaration on the exchange of documents.

Separate article:
Appointment of commissions.

  • Article 1: Contribution payments: fortress Ottersberg , warship Bremer Schlüssel
  • Article 2: Compensation for knighthood and nobility.
  • Article 3: financial management.
  • Article 4: Status of Separate Articles.

literature

  • The copy of the original contract is in: Lower Saxony Main State Archives , Hanover: Hann. 10, No. 387.4.
  • Krüger, Lutz Erich: The acquisition of Bremen-Verdens by Hanover: a contribution to the history of the Great Northern War in the years 1709–1719, Hamburg 1974, dissertation, available for loan: Bibliotheca Albertina in Leipzig

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