Pomeranian campaign 1715/1716

Pomeranian campaign 1715-1716

Swedish Pomerania (west of the Oder) around 1700

date	May 1, 1715 to April 19, 1716
place	Rügen , Stralsund and Western Pomerania
output	Victory of the Allies (Prussia, Denmark, Saxony), conquest of Swedish Pomerania

Parties to the conflict
Sweden	Prussia Denmark Saxony
Commander
King Charles XII. Field Marshal culvert	Prussia: Leopold I. von Anhalt-Dessau Friedrich Wilhelm I. Denmark: Carl Rudolf von Württemberg Friedrich IV. Saxony: von Wackerbarth
Troop strength
(estimated) 15,000 men in Stralsund 04,500 men on Rügen 02,500 men in Wismar 01,000 men on Usedom	40,000 Prussians 24,000 Danes 08,000 Saxons
losses
unknown	unknown

In the Pomeranian Campaign of 1715/1716 in the Great Northern War , an allied army, consisting of Prussians , Danes and Saxons , conquered from May 1, 1715 to April 19, 1716 all areas in Western Pomerania that were still in Swedish possession or that were recently repossessed and at the mouth of the Oder and the city of Wismar .

The main goal was to conquer Stralsund Fortress, which had already been besieged three times by the Allies without success . Various fights, some of which ran parallel, for the islands of Rügen and Usedom , for Wismar and for maritime supremacy on the Baltic Sea served as preparation. Stralsund was taken on December 23, 1715 and Wismar on April 19, 1716. Stralsund became Danish, but came back to Sweden as early as 1720 ( Peace of Frederiksborg ) together with Rügen and the Pomeranian mainland north of the Peene , in whose possession it remained for almost a century (until 1815). At the same time, rule over Wismar was returned to Sweden by the Danes.

The whole time the Danish King Friedrich IV and the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm I attended the campaign.

prehistory

Acts of war in Swedish Pomerania from 1711 to 1714

During the Northern War (1700-1721) Danish troops entered on August 29, 1711 for the first time under the command of King Frederick IV. Of Mecklenburg out in Damgarten in Swedish Pomerania one. The Swedes had only 8,000 men under Colonel Karl Gustav Düker here . Russian and Saxon troops joined the Danes in early September 1711 . They had come through the Neumark and the Uckermark and soon afterwards united with the Danish army . The numerically inferior Swedes therefore limited themselves to the defense of the two fortresses Stettin and Stralsund and the island of Rügen .

First siege of Stralsund from 1711 to 1712

From September 7, 1711, Stralsund was first sieged by the allied armies. However, the siege army lacked heavy artillery and enough food for the roughly 30,000-strong force. When 6,000 Swedes landed on Rügen on December 8, 1711 in support of Stralsund, the allies withdrew on January 7, 1712 after a siege of more than 17 weeks and moved into winter camps in Mecklenburg.

In May 1712 Russian soldiers again advanced into Pomerania and Stralsund was besieged for the second time, during which the allies raised 7,000 Saxons and 38,000 Russians. The siege failed again because on September 26, 1712 10,000 men under the command of the Swedish general Magnus Stenbock landed on Rügen and made the conquest of Stralsund impossible. Stenbock's supplies were sunk when the Danes destroyed the Swedish transport fleet . Towards the end of 1712 the Swedish general succeeded in pushing back the allies from Pomerania and shifting the war to Mecklenburg and Holstein .

After the victorious allies from Holstein marched back into Pomerania, the third siege of Stralsund took place in June 1713. This was lifted again in October. In August 1713, Russian and Saxon units under the leadership of Prince Alexander D. Menshikov began an attack on Stettin, which had a garrison of 4,300 men. The city surrendered on September 19, 1713, after an eight-hour bombardment by the Saxon siege artillery destroyed large parts of the city. On October 6, 1713, after negotiations and payment of 400,000 Reichstaler to the Allies, Prussian troops marched into Stettin. With the exception of Stralsund, Swedish-Pomerania had now been completely conquered by the allied Danes, Russians and Saxons and occupied by Prussia as a neutral power.

Since the King of Sweden refused to approve the agreement reached above his head, Prussia stepped out of its neutral stance after extensive negotiations and initially concluded a treaty with Russia on June 12, 1714 , in which Prussia was assured of the final acquisition of Western Pomerania up to the Peene . Identical contracts with Denmark, England (Hanover) and Saxony followed later.

Return of the Swedish King Charles XII. in November 1714

After the Swedish King Charles XII. After the devastating defeat in the Battle of Poltava in 1709 , he had stayed in the Ottoman Empire for five years , he had been in the Swedish fortress town of Stralsund from November 11, 1714. He succeeded in covering the 2,400 kilometers from Romania (belonged to the Ottoman Empire) to Pomerania in 15 days in one go (cf. the violence of Charles XII from Piteşti to Stralsund ). Cheered by the townspeople, it was his goal, ignoring the situation, to restore the previous balance of power in Pomerania. Under his leadership, the expansion of the fortifications, in which up to 10,000 people were involved, was pushed. He also raised a small, poorly equipped but devoted army.

In January, Charles XII opened the operations and occupied the south and east coast of Rügen to secure the Stralsund fortress. On February 23, 1715, Charles XII. Wolgast , which was occupied by a twenty-man Prussian post. On April 22nd, Swedish troops landed on the island of Usedom and took a small Prussian detachment by surprise . Thereupon Friedrich Wilhelm I had the Swedish ambassador deported and gave instructions for the start of the planned campaign .

The Pomeranian Campaign from May 1, 1715 to April 19, 1716

Structure of the Allied Forces

The allied army was composed of the armed forces of Prussia, Saxony and Denmark. Prussia took within the alliance because of the numerical dominance of its armed forces the leading role for the executed onshore operations one. The Danes, on the other hand, were in command of the sea due to their strong navy . The three armies were always led by their respective commanders in coordination with the other allies.

Prussia

Prussian grenadiers around 1715

Prussian cuirassier around 1715

infantry

36 battalions altogether 25,299 men
1 free company (67 men)
1 hunter company (40 hunters)

cavalry

40 squadrons together 7,202 men

replacement

7 battalions, 15 squadrons together 7,636 men

Field artillery

12 6 pounder guns
8 3-pounder cannons
80 24-pounder guns (heavy artillery)
40 mortars
2 howitzers
1 mine corps (24 men)
1 pontoon corps (24 men)
20 pontoons

Saxony

8 infantry regiments
10 cavalry squadrons
6 3-pounder cannons
together 8,000 men

Danes

24 infantry battalions
44 cavalry squadrons
together 24,000 men

Operations up to the beginning of the siege of Stralsund

Main battles of the campaign:

1715

June 16 - start of the siege of Wismar
July 12th - start of the siege of Stralsund
August 8th - Naval battle near Jasmund
August 22nd - conquest of the Peenemünder Schanze
September 25th - Naval battles in the Greifswalder Bodden
November 15 - Battle of Stresow (Rügen)
December 24th - Stralsund Fortress falls

1716

April 19 - Wismar is conquered

The previously neutral Prussia declared war on Sweden on May 1, 1715. At that time, after the reconquest of Charles XII. the fortified ports of Stralsund and Wismar , the islands of Rügen and Usedom and some smaller islands in Swedish hands. The rest remained occupied by the allies.

On May 1, 1715, the Prussian army moved into a field camp near Stettin , to which a Saxon corps of 8,000 men under General August Christoph von Wackerbarth joined a fortnight later . King Friedrich Wilhelm I himself took over the supreme command of the Prussian contingent. Under him, Field Marshal Prince Leopold I of Anhalt-Dessau was in command. The field marshal was an experienced troop leader who had already commanded the Prussian contingents in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714).

Since the advance of the Danes was delayed, there was initially only skirmishes of the advance troops on the Peene.

Only in the second half of June did the Danish army advance through Mecklenburg. A Danish division of four battalions and twelve squadrons under the command of Lieutenant General Friedrich von Legardt included Wismar , the Swedes' second base on German soil, with a crew of 2,500 men. King Friedrich Wilhelm I in turn reinforced the siege troops with two battalions and twelve squadrons under the command of Major General von der Albe. The siege corps now numbered about 8,000 men. At sea, Danish ships also blocked access to Wismar.

On June 28, the Prussian-Saxon army finally left its camp near Stettin. Without meeting any resistance, the Prussians crossed the Peene by means of a pontoon bridge at Loitz , the Saxons at Jarmen and united with the Danes at Stralsund in mid-July. These went under the command of Field Marshal Karl Rudolf von Württemberg at Damgarten across the Recknitz and also met no enemy resistance.

Charles XII. had previously withdrawn his troops that were still in Pomerania to Stralsund, because he did not want to make a decision in a field battle due to the numerical and qualitative superiority of the Allied forces. His cavalry in particular was not up to an open field battle. For the most part, this had no or only farm horses, which were not suitable for slaughter.

Operations during the siege of Stralsund

Siege, naval warfare, capture of Usedom

Stralsund around 1640

Schematic representation of the siege of Stralsund in 1715

On July 12, 1715, the three allied armies united in front of Stralsund, with which the siege of Stralsund fortress began. The fortress, located by the sea and surrounded by large ponds on the land side, was only accessible on three dams, the Frankendamm from the southeast, the Tribseer Damm from the southwest, and the Knieperdamm, over which the road from Damgarten to the city led. Strong outer works secured the access to the dams, in front of the Frankentor there was a large outer works, which was covered on the lake side by the fortified island of Dänholm. There were also protective walls and abundant cannons. Wide swampy meadows also stretched out in front of the besiegers. There were 15,000 soldiers in the fortress itself.

The southern section in front of the Franconian front was taken over by the Saxons, the central section in front of the Tribseer plant by the Prussians and the northern section in front of the Knieperfront by the Danes. The Allied army in front of Stralsund was about 50,000 men strong and several times superior to the Swedes in terms of personnel. The siege was also attended by the kings of Prussia Friedrich Wilhelm I and Denmark Friedrich IV . To protect themselves against Swedish raids, the allies built an entrenchment line. Until the arrival of the siege artillery in October, the siege troops were limited to a blockade. The troops built accommodation barracks, preparing for a longer period of siege.

The conquest of Rügen was a precondition for taking Stralsund. To prevent the Allies from landing on Rügen, Swedish naval units sank a number of confiscated trading and fishing vessels in the Greifswalder Bodden southeast of the island of Rügen in July . The entry into the Greifswalder Bodden, which was already difficult with the shallow water, was now even more narrowed by the sunk ships. In order to achieve a complete closure of the bay, Karl XII. fortify the Peenemünder Schanze , located on the northwestern tip of Usedom, and the small island of Ruden off the Peenemünde estuary and occupy them with strong garrisons.

Meanwhile, a Danish flotilla under Vice-Admiral Sehested , consisting of flat- going pramers and galleons , arrived at Greifswalder Oie . The subsequent Danish attempt to break through the island of Ruden was thwarted by a Swedish squadron of eight warships, which was moored at Ruden.

After a Swedish fleet of 22 ships of the line had reached the water, the Danish admiral Sehested felt compelled on July 21st to flee into the shallow waters on the coast of Usedom and to anchor at the Vineta reef in order to seek help from there. In addition, some flat-moving Swedish warships had penetrated the Stettiner Haff and crossed in front of the Oder estuary. In doing so, they ventured into the vicinity of Stettin .

The allies' further planning envisaged conquering the Swedish-owned island of Usedom . The possession of Usedom was necessary in order to bring the heavy artillery intended for Stralsund from Stettin to water over the lagoon to Anklam. General von Arnim received the order to retake Usedom from the Swedes. Early on July 31st he forced 800 riders and 2000 infantry to cross the Swine . There were about 600 Swedish soldiers at the Swine crossing. These were attacked and blown up by the Prussian cavalry and 300 Swedes were captured. The attack on the Peenemünder Schanze, which could only be reached from the land side via marshy terrain, proved to be far more difficult for the Prussian corps. The Swedish crew of the ski jump numbered 450 men.

First siege artillery had to be brought in. The Swedish warships operating in the lagoon retreated quickly to the open sea in order to avoid an Allied blockade of the lagoon and united with the Swedish squadron off the island of Ruden. On August 8, 1715, it got into a sea battle with the entire Danish navy that had meanwhile arrived. In the sea battle near Jasmund, the assembled Danish navy threw the Swedish fleet back to Bornholm from the Tromper Wiek bay . This sea battle is said to be the Swedish King Charles XII. from the Königsstuhl , a 117 meter high vantage point. As a result of the naval battle, the Swedes' strength at sea was broken and the fleet had to withdraw permanently to Karlskrona . Only a smaller Swedish flotilla kept traffic between Stralsund and the island of Rügen. In addition, under the command of Admiral Rabe, an English naval squadron joined forces with the Danish fleet, which prevented any connection between the Kingdom of Sweden and Swedish Pomerania. As a further consequence, Sehested's flotilla, locked up near Usedom, was released again.

Since the siege work in front of the Peenemünder Schanze seemed to be protracted due to the nature of the ground, the King ordered General von Arnim to take the Schanze by storm. This attack was carried out on August 22, 1715 with great losses of the attacking troops. Three assault columns, a total of 1000 men (including 300 grenadiers equipped with grenades), penetrated the plant at daybreak despite fierce resistance. A large part of the desperate fighting crew was killed, the rest taken prisoner. The attackers had suffered losses of 155 dead and 458 wounded in the battle - numbers that speak for the fierceness of the fight.

On September 25, 1715, Danish naval forces under Vice Admiral Sehested attacked the lock in the New Deep. Due to the betrayal of a pilot who was formerly in the Swedish service , the Danish ships managed to break through the lock and enter the Greifswalder Bodden. Because of this and the conquest of Usedom at the end of August, the siege artillery planned for Stralsund could be moved from Stettin through the Peene to Anklam . From Anklam, the supplies were routed partly by land, partly by sea via Greifswald to the camp near Stralsund.

In October the heavy artillery intended for the bombardment finally arrived. The trenches in front of Stralsund were opened on October 18th. On November 3rd, it was possible to take the entrenchments in front of the Frankentor , after a raiding party unexpectedly attacked from the waterside and defeated the 800-strong crew. Under the command of the local lieutenant colonel Maximilian August Köppen († 1717), 1,700 volunteers bypassed the Swedish defensive positions by crossing a sandbank unknown to the Swedes at low tide. Only a few escaped from the surprised occupation of the plant, which was being attacked by other troops at the front. For his deed, Köppen was promoted to adjutant general by Friedrich Wilhelm I , ennobled and married to Anna Luise von Bredow from a long -established noble family in Havelland, but died of a cold that was dragged on during the action.

Conquest of Rügen

After the encirclement of Stralsund from the land side, the successful overcoming of the sea blockade and the capture of Usedom, the prerequisites for the landing on the island of Rügen , which the allied Danes, Prussians and Saxony had long intended, were given. Control over Rügen was so important because the fortified city of Stralsund could only get supplies and troop support from Rügen. In the three sieges previously undertaken by the Danes, Saxons and Russians from 1711 to 1713, the lack of control over Rügen had been one of the main causes of failure.

For the conquest of Rügen, the Allies set a large force in motion. The transport vehicles arrived at Greifswald in mid-October. A corps with 24 battalions, 35 squadrons and 26 guns (a total of 19,000 infantry and 3,500 cavalry) was provided for the enterprise. The Danes provided 10 battalions and 16 squadrons. The Prussians had 19 battalions and 15 squadrons on site, the Saxons had 4 battalions and 2 squadrons. The Prussian general Prince Leopold I of Anhalt-Dessau had the supreme command of this corps. Under him stood two Danish generals (General Dewitz as commander of the cavalry and General Wilcken as commander of the infantry).

The Swedes had a garrison of 4,500 men stationed on the island, led by King Charles XII. It consisted of twelve cavalry squadrons and five infantry battalions. In addition, the Swedes had twelve cannons. The Allied invasion army gathered near Greifswald at the end of October . The loading of the troops in Ludwigsburg began on November 8th . The kings of Prussia and Denmark Friedrich Wilhelm I and Friedrich IV also took part in the landing. On November 11th, the 500-vehicle invasion fleet, under the protection of the Danish fleet under Admiral Sehested, set off from Greifswald in the direction of Rügen. The fleet sailed towards Palmer Ort (southernmost point of the island) near Grabow . However, it was not the intention of the Allies to land at Palmer Ort, as the entire Swedish garrison there under the command of the Swedish King Charles XII. was ready. Originally, the plan was to land in an undefended location further east of the island, but a heavy storm arose and the fleet was forced to close down until November 15, when the wind came up again.

Schematic representation of the landing and formation of the Allies at Stresow and the point of attack of the subsequent Swedish attack

The ships with the cavalry anchored temporarily at Palmer Ort to threaten the Swedes with a potential landing at this point. General Sehested sailed with the infantry north-east to Stresow on the Greifswalder Bodden . The Swedes did not notice this due to the rain and fog. After arriving at Stresow, he gave the remaining cavalry ships the signal to follow him. When Charles XII. saw that the ships of the cavalry were sailing away, he did not wait, but immediately set off for Stresow with a force of 2,000 men.

On November 15, in bad weather, the invasion army landed at Stresow. The troops were quickly unloaded. Only a small group of Swedish dragoons was posted there. So the landing troops met no resistance. 10,000 infantry and artillery could land within two hours. Under the leadership of Prince Leopold von Anhalt-Dessau , work on the entrenchments and the erection of obstacles and Spanish riders began immediately . In the evening this work was largely finished. The unloading of the cavalry proceeded more slowly than that of the infantry. By nightfall only five squadrons of cavalry had been unloaded. Many soldiers got wet on landing. Many fires were lit during the night to dry clothes. However, these fires also made it easier for the Swedes to locate the landing corps and to orientate themselves.

The tactics of Charles XII. consisted of making a concentrated attack at a single point, breaking through the defensive lines and rolling the enemy force up from the side, just as he had done fifteen years earlier in the battle of Narva . The point that Charles XII. chosen for the attack was defended by the Danish Jyske regiment. The Swedes attacked between three and four in the morning. They formed a narrow, deep column of two infantry battalions while their artillery took up position. Danish pikemen spotted the column and sounded the alarm.

When the column finally attacked, they received heavy musket fire . Without firing a shot, the Swedish infantry advanced. They overcame the Spanish horsemen and jumped over the heaped earth wall. The attack hit the Danish Jyske regiment with such violence that it staggered for a moment. But it recovered quickly and opened a violent counterfire. Very soon the Danes received additional troop support. So the Swedes could be thrown back. King Charles XII. had meanwhile taken a position with the Spanish Horsemen and formed his troops again for a push. Again the Swedes received strong musket fire and after a short hand-to-hand fight they were pushed back again. Although doubted, should Charles XII. At that moment, "Is there no longer a god by my side?" Fifteen minutes after the battle began, Prince Leopold von Anhalt-Dessau ordered General Dewitz to attack the Swedish flank with the five Prussian and Saxon cavalry squadrons. The attack was repulsed by the Swedish cavalry . The bloody battle continued, but over time it developed into a battle of retreat for the entire Swedish armed forces due to the intense counter pressure. The king himself lay wounded under his horse, hit by a musket ball in his chest. Only with difficulty could it be recovered at the last moment.

The losses in the battle, which lasted barely over an hour, were great. The Swedes lost all their artillery and the infantry was practically wiped out. Four generals were dead or mortally wounded. The Swedes had a total of 500–600 dead and wounded, while the Danes, who had to bear the brunt of the fighting in the infantry battle, 93 soldiers were dead or wounded. The Saxons counted 36 dead and wounded in the cavalry battle, the Prussians 49 dead and wounded.

After the battle the Swedes withdrew to a fortification position near Altefähr , under whose protection they embarked for Stralsund. Nevertheless, 1200 Swedish soldiers deserted. In the meantime the Allied troops had followed the Swedes. One day later, on November 17, 1715, the last remaining Swedish forces surrendered on Rügen. Four generals, 99 officers and 549 men were taken prisoner. Since Rügen should fall to Denmark according to the treaties, 4 battalions and 12 squadrons of the Danes remained on the island, the remaining troops returned to the mainland.

The Stralsund case

King Friedrich Wilhelm I as general before the besieged Stralsund (1715)

After the island was conquered, all forces were concentrated on conquering the city of Stralsund. The situation of the city had meanwhile become almost hopeless due to the loss of Rügen. The defenders suffered heavy losses from bullets from the Prussian hunters distributed in the trenches. On December 1, 1715, the bombardment of Stralsund began. The mayor of Stralsund then unsuccessfully asked the Swedish king to hand over the city to the alliance without a fight in order to prevent even greater losses to the city. A week later, the Prussians had stormed all the outer works . One position after the other was taken, and Swedish losses were repulsed. On December 17, 1715, the last important horn factory, personally defended by the Swedish king (Frankenwerk), was conquered. An attempt to recapture Charles XII on the following day. failed.

On the night of December 22nd, when the Allied artillery had made accessible breaches in the ramparts, the trenches were frozen over by the onset of cold, and the major attack was imminent, Charles XII fled. with three companions from the besieged fortress to avoid capture. They came in a small yacht across the partially frozen Strelasund in the direction of Hiddensee to the last frigate on site and safely reached Trelleborg in Sweden, although Peter Wessel Tordenskiold and his fleet were cruising in the waters and tried to take them prisoner. Two days later, on December 24, 1715, Stralsund capitulated to the Allies.

Operations after the siege of Stralsund

On December 26th, the Prussian and Danish kings entered Stralsund at the head of their troops. The Swedish troops were all taken prisoner, but were released after a few months or entered into Allied services. On June 1, 1716 alone, more than 600 Swedish prisoners entered the Prussian Infantry Regiment No. 18 .

After taking the city, the Danish king ordered Frederick IV. To agreement with King Frederick William I in Stralsund homage . Stralsund came to the Kingdom of Denmark for almost five years.

The siege of Wismar , for which two battalions and four squadrons from Hanover arrived on November 2nd, dragged on for the winter and caused great complaints among the siege troops because of the severe cold. After a ten-month siege, Wismar was finally conquered by Prussian and Hanoverian troops on April 19, 1716. With that, the last Swedish possession in northern Germany fell into enemy hands. The fortress of Wismar was then razed .

Consequences of the campaign

King Charles XII., Around 1715

Charles XII. After his return to Sweden he waged war against Denmark for three years, but never set foot on German soil again. In December 1718, the Swedish king fell during the siege of the Norwegian fortress Frederikshall . After that, Sweden left the ranks of the great European powers forever. As a result of the victory, Prussia lost all military and political pressure from the north.

In the Treaty of Stockholm on January 21, 1720, a peace agreement was reached between Prussia and Sweden. As a result, Sweden ceded the city of Stettin with the area between the Oder and Peene , the islands of Wollin and Usedom , as well as the fresh lagoon and the mouths of the Swine and Dievenow to the Kingdom of Prussia. As compensation, Sweden received a sum of two million Reichstaler from Prussia. Sweden was able to avoid a cession of Western Pomerania north of the Peene, so that it was able to reestablish its de facto dominion there and Stralsund remained with Sweden until 1815. In the Peace of Frederiksborg on July 3, 1720, Sweden made peace with Denmark, but had to pay its former opponent 600,000 Reichstaler war compensation.

Others

The soldier king and his tall fellows

As the Allied armies united on July 12, 1715 before the siege of Stralsund, the present Danish king made a great pleasure his Prussian counterpart by the soldiers fools Friedrich Wilhelm I. six tall grenadiers for his private royal regiment handed.

This regiment consisted of soldiers who were unusually tall for the time, the so-called Tall Guys . The Prussian King sent advertisers to all directions in Europe especially for this purpose, in order to get hold of as many tall men as possible (from 1.88 meters) in Europe. The otherwise thrifty king was prepared to spend a lot of money on this hobbyhorse . This weakness of the king was known to the European ruling houses, so that when it came to diplomatic negotiations with the king, a small number of great men were always given as a "gift" for the king in the expectation of being able to bribe the king with it . The king actually allowed himself to be harnessed for the goals of his partners a few times, overlooking the fact that he himself had been corrupted .

Charles XII's escape

The partially frozen Strelasund slowed the escape of the four boat occupants on that December 23rd. So advancement dragged on all day. This was visible from afar for everyone and its significance for those who remained besieged was clear. The King of Denmark saw it and ordered a battery of artillery to be positioned to fire on the refugees. The Danish king wanted Charles XII. in no case let it escape. He would either be caught in Stralsund or killed.

It is said that the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm I, who held the Swedish king in high esteem for his soldier virtues, patiently argued with the Danish king to have the fire set on the Swedish monarch. When the battery continued to fire, the soldier king ordered a Prussian regiment to march in front of the mouth of the battery. He is said to have exclaimed: "You have to shoot us first."

Memorial sites of the siege of Stralsund

Memorial plaque for King Karl XII.

The Swedish King Charles XII. during the defense of Stralsund in 1715 against Prussian, Saxon and Danish troops, it is said to have often retired in a niche in the wall of the Frankentor. This is reminiscent of a plaque made of Swedish limestone with the inscription

SWERIGES KONVNG CARL DEN XII HADE HÄR SIT WANLIGA NATLÄGER DÅ STRALSUND BELÄGRADES AF 3 KONVNGAR FRÅN 19 OCTOB: TIL 22 DECEMB: 1715

“Sweden's King Charles XII. had his usual night camp here when Stralsund was besieged by three kings from October 19 to December 22, 1715. "

literature

Hans Branig: History of Pomerania. Part II: From 1648 to the end of the 18th century. Böhlau Verlag, Cologne 2000, ISBN 3-412-09796-9 .
Herbert Ewe: History of the city of Stralsund. Verlag Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1984.
Curt Jany: History of the Prussian Army - From the 15th Century to 1914. Volume 1, Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück 1967, pp. 632–641.
Joachim Krüger: Wolgast in the ashes. Selected sources on the lustration of the city in the Danish era (1715–1721). (= Publications of the Chair for Nordic History. Volume 8). Greifswald 2007, ISBN 978-3-86006-295-1 .
Dietmar Lucht: Pomerania - history, culture and science up to the beginning of the Second World War. Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik, Cologne 1996, ISBN 3-8046-8817-9 .
Martin Meier: Fortress war - the siege of Stralsund in 1715. In: Military history. Historical Education Journal. Volume 1, 2006, pp. 10-13.
Hermann Voges : The Siege of Stralsund in 1715. L. Saunler Verlag, Stettin 1922.

Individual evidence

↑ Branig 2000, p. 53.
↑ Ewe 1984, p. 194.
↑ ^a ^b Lucht 1996, p. 99.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Ewe 1984, p. 196.
↑ Jany 1967, p. 634.
↑ All data given in this section come from Jany 1967, p. 635.
↑ ^a ^b Branig 2000, p. 57.
↑ Jany 1967, p. 638.
↑ ^a ^b Jany 1967, p. 639.
↑ ^a ^b Jany 1967, p. 640.
↑ Lucht 1996, p. 101.

Web links

Commons : Pomeranian Campaign 1715/1716 - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Description of the Pomeranian campaign by Thomas Carlyle, 1795–1881 - in the Gutenberg project (English).
In: Chapter V. - Friedrich Wilhelm's One War

This article was added to the list of articles worth reading on August 24, 2007 in this version .

[1] Branig 2000, p. 53.

[2] Ewe 1984, p. 194.

[Lucht99-3] Lucht 1996, p. 99.

[Ewe196-4] Ewe 1984, p. 196.

[5] Jany 1967, p. 634.

[6] All data given in this section come from Jany 1967, p. 635.

[Branig57-7] Branig 2000, p. 57.

[8] Jany 1967, p. 638.

[Jany639-9] Jany 1967, p. 639.

[Jany640-10] Jany 1967, p. 640.

[11] Lucht 1996, p. 101.