Bremen-Verden

This article deals with the realm of Bremen-Verden. The railway line between Bremen and Verden can be found under Railway line Bremen – Hanover .

Territory in the Holy Roman Empire
Duchies of Bremen and Verden
coat of arms
map
The duchies of Bremen (yellow) -verden (pink, bottom right) around 1655
Alternative names	Brem (en) -Verden
Arose from	1648 Secularization of the Archbishopric Bremen and the Hochstift Verden
Form of rule	Personal and real union of two duchies
Today's region / s	DE-NI
Reichskreis	Lower Rhine-Westphalian (Verden) and Lower Saxony (Bremen)
Dynasties	1648: Sweden 1712: Denmark 1715: Kurhannover
Language / n	German , Low German
Incorporated into	1807/10: Kgr Westphalen 1815: Kingdom of Hanover

The administratively united duchies of Bremen and Verden formed an imperial territory in the Elbe-Weser triangle in the area of ​​today's districts of Cuxhaven , Stade , Rotenburg (Wümme) , Harburg , Osterholz , a small part of today's district of Heidekreis and Verden and in the area of ​​today's city of Bremerhaven and some areas that today belong to the city of Bremen and Hamburg . The administrative seat was Stade .

history

The territory came into being with the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, when the former Archbishopric of Bremen fell to Sweden together with the equally secularized former Hochstift Verden . In the newly created duchy, Stade was declared the capital. In 1651 the Lutheran Church in Bremen-Verdens was given an organizational structure with a consistory and general superintendent in Stade (until 1885 without Hadeln , where a regional church had existed for a long time). In the Swedish-Brandenburg War from 1675 to 1676, this Swedish duchy was conquered in the so-called Bremen-Verden campaign by several states of the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark and remained in Allied ownership until the end of the war in 1679. In the course of the Peace of Saint-Germain in 1679 Bremen-Verden fell back to Sweden. In the case law, the court path led to the Wismar Tribunal, formed in 1653, as a higher appeal court for the Swedish fiefs in the Holy Roman Empire.

The Duchy of Bremen and the Principality of Verden remained legally independent German principalities. The Swedish monarch became sovereign, but not as king of Sweden, but as German imperial prince. The two territories took their place as provinces, but not as incorporated members, in the Swedish state structure and therefore retained their rights and privileges.

After a short period of time under Danish rule, Bremen-Verden was bought by the Electorate of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in 1715 and remained there (with further interruptions due to Swedish and French rule) until the Kingdom of Hanover was annexed by Prussia in 1866 . In 1823 the territory was incorporated into the Landdrostei Stade of the Kingdom of Hanover, later the administrative district of Stade .

After 1945 the area of ​​the former duchy belonged to the state of Hanover and later to the state of Lower Saxony as part of the Stade administrative district . Today, the Stade Regional Association tries to preserve the cultural heritage of the territory .

Bremen-Verden as the westernmost territory in the Swedish Empire of the 17th century

Dukes of Bremen and Princes of Verden (1648–1823)

House Wasa :

• 1648–1654 Christina of Sweden (1626–1689)

House Pfalz-Zweibrücken :

• 1654–1660 Charles X. Gustav of Sweden (1622–1660)
• 1660–1697 Charles XI. of Sweden (1655–1697)
• 1697–1718 Charles XII. of Sweden (1682-1718)
• 1718–1719 Ulrika Eleonore of Sweden (1688–1741), only claiming that Bremen-Verden was under Danish occupation, without any imperial enfeoffment

House Hannover :

• 1715–1727 Georg I. Ludwig, King of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover (1660–1727), only according to claim, without an imperial mortgage
• 1727–1760 Georg II. August, King of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover (1683–1760), imperial enfeoffment 1733
• 1760-1820 George III. Wilhelm Friedrich, King of the United Kingdom and Elector or King of Hanover (1738–1820), 1803–1813 de facto out of possession due to changing occupiers in the course of the Napoleonic Wars
• 1820–1823 Georg IV. August Friedrich, King of the United Kingdom and of Hanover (1762–1830), only pro forma, the title was obsolete after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and Bremen-Verden were dissolved as political bodies in 1823 and incorporated into the kingdom under constitutional law Hanover incorporated.

President of the Brem-Verdenschen government (1648–1823)

Governors General during the personal union with Sweden (1646 / 1648–1712)

• 1646–1663: Hans Christoph von Königsmarck (1600–1663)
• 1663–1666: Gustaf Evertsson Horn (1614–1666)
• 1668–1693: Henrik Horn (1618–1693), 1676–1679 de facto interrupted by the Brandenburg and Danish occupation in the course of the Brandenburg-Swedish War
• 1693–1693: Erik Dahlbergh (1625–1703)
• vacancy
• 1696–1698: Jürgen Mellin (1633–1713)
• 1698–1710: Nils Carlsson Gyllenstierna af Fogelvik (1648–1720)
• 1711–1712: Mauritz Vellingk (1651–1727)

Chairwoman of the government during the personal union with Hanover (1715–1807, 1813–1823)

• 1715–1716: Cord Plato von Schloen, called Gehle (1661–1723)
• 1716–1730: Johann Friedrich von Staffhorst (1653–1730)
• vacancy

From 1739 also Grefe des Landes Hadeln :

• 1739–1759: Philipp Adolph von Münchhausen , with the rank of minister, also head of the German Chancery (Engl: Hanoverian Chancery ) in London
• 1759–1782: Bodo Friedrich von Bodenhausen (1705–1781), since 1769 in the rank of minister
• 1782–1798: Gotthelf Dietrich von Ende (1726–1798)
• vacancy
• 1800–1810: Christian Ludewig von Hake (1745–1818), in the rank of minister, namesake of the species Hakea
• Vacancy due to the French annexation
• 1813-1823: Engelbert Johann von Marschalck (1766-1845), the Brem-Verden's estates elected him in the transitional period after the French withdrawal chairman of brem-verden rule government commission . 1823–1841 he was the first Landdrost of the Landdrostei Stade , the purely administrative regional body that comprised its area after the dissolution of Bremen-Verdens.

Chairwoman of the government during the Westphalian annexation (1807-1810)

• 1800–1810: Christian Ludewig von Hake (1745–1818)
• 1810, April – December Johann von Schlütter (1749–1827)

literature

• Johann Hinrich Pratje : The duchies of Bremen and Verden a property of the royal. British and Electoral Brunswick-Lüneburg House. In: ders. (Ed.): Old and new from the Duchies of Bremen and Verden 7 (1774), pp. 1–104.
• Karl H. Schleif: Government and administration of the Bremen Archbishopric at the beginning of the modern era (1500–1645). A study of the nature of modern statehood. Hamburg 1972.
• Lutz Erich Krüger: The acquisition of Bremen-Verdens by Hanover. A contribution to the history of the Great Northern War in the years 1709–1719. Hamburg 1974.
• Beate-Christine Fiedler: The administration of the duchies of Bremen and Verden in the Swedish period 1652-1715. Organization and nature of the administration . Stade 1987.
• Jürgen Bohmbach : A suit that didn't fit - the duchies of Bremen and Verden as a Swedish bridgehead, compensation object and military reservoir. In: Horst Wernicke , Hans-Joachim Hacker (ed.): The Peace of Westphalia from 1648 - turning point in the history of the Baltic region. For Prof. Dr. Dr. hc Herbert Ewe on his 80th birthday. Greifswalder Historical Studies, Vol. 3. Hamburg 2001, pp. 247–266.
• Jürgen Bohmbach: Notes on a cultural history of Stades 1645–1712. In: Cultural Relations between Sweden and Germany in the 17th and 18th Centuries. 3. Working discussion between Swedish and German historians in Stade on October 6th and 7th, 1989. Publications from the Stade City Archives, vol. 14. Stade 1990, pp. 116–122.
• Volker Friedrich Drecktrah: The jurisdiction in the duchies of Bremen and Verden and in the Prussian Landdrostei Stade from 1715 to 1879. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2002.
• Brage bei der Wieden: State offices, courts and officials in the provinces of Bremen and Verden 1648–1815. In: Jahrbuch der Männer vom Morgenstern 85 (2006), pp. 201-252.
• Christian Hoffmann: "The servants standing at the Brem- and Verdische Collegiis". The Kurhannoversche civil service in Stade 1715-1810. In: Yearbook for Lower Saxony State History 78 (2006) (PDF; 7.6 MB), pp. 309–346.
• Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg, Heinz-Joachim Schulze (Hrsg.): History of the country between the Elbe and Weser. Vol. 3: Modern Times . Series of publications of the Landscape Association of the Former Duchies of Bremen and Verden, Vol. 9th Landscape Association of the Former Duchies of Bremen and Verden, Stade 2008.
• Konrad Elmshäuser: Bremen and the Elbe-Weser triangle In: Stader Jahrbuch 2012, pp. 481–488.

See also

• Regional Association of Stade
• Landscape of the Duchies of Bremen and Verden

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Beate Fiedler: Bremen and Verden as a Swedish province (1633 / 45-1712) . In: Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.): History of the country between the Elbe and Weser . Series of publications of the Landscape Association of the Former Duchies of Bremen and Verden, Vol. 9. Landscape Association of the Former Duchies of Bremen and Verden. Volume III Modern Times. Stade 2008, p. 173 .
2. ↑ Jansen, Curt Heinrich Conrad Friedrich: Statistical Manual of the Kingdom of Hanover, 1824, p. 4 .
3. ^ Axel Behne: Constitution and administration of the duchies of Bremen and Verden and the state of Hadeln. In: Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg, Heinz-Joachim Schulze: History of the country between the Elbe and Weser. Vol. 3: Modern Times . Series of publications of the Landscape Association of the Former Duchies of Bremen and Verden, Vol. 9. Landscape Association of the Former Duchies of Bremen and Verden, Stade 2008, ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9 , pp. 301–332.