Bremen-Verden campaign
Duchies of Bremen and Verden in 1655
Engraving by Frederick de Wit, 1655
| date | September 15, 1675 to August 13, 1676 |
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| place | Duchy of Bremen-Verden |
| output | Conquest of Bremen-Verdens by the Allies |
| Parties to the conflict | |
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| Commander | |
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Swedish Governor : |
Supreme command of the Federal Army: |
| Troop strength | |
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November 1675 5,600 Swedes in Stade 800 Swedes in Carlsburg |
1675 4,000 Münsterische 2,800–3,100 Brandenburgers 2,500 Danes 3,000 Lüneburgers 1676 12,000 men |
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The Bremen-Verden campaign was a conflict in the context of the Northern War . From September 15, 1675 to August 13, 1676, an anti-Swedish coalition made up of Brandenburg-Prussia , the neighboring imperial principalities of Lüneburg and Münster and Denmark conquered the Duchy of Bremen-Verden .
Bremen-Verden, a remote outpost of the Swedish Baltic Sea region, was next to Swedish Pomerania and the rule of Wismar the third Swedish imperial fiefdom in northern Germany since the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. After the conquest, it remained in Allied hands until the end of the war in 1679, but then came completely returned to Sweden in the course of the Nijmegen Peace .
For the major warring parties Sweden, Brandenburg and Denmark, this north-west German theater of war was of secondary importance.
prehistory
After France invaded the States General in retaliation for the outcome of the War of Devolution in 1672 , an alliance was formed against the French. The conflict escalated into the Dutch War . In order to relieve the increasingly strained forces, France therefore urged its traditional ally Sweden to enter the war against its opponents: in addition to the States General, the House of Habsburg and the Electorate of Brandenburg. At the end of 1674, a Swedish army under the command of Reichsfeldherr Carl Gustav Wrangel invaded the Mark Brandenburg , which was hardly secured in military terms , while the Brandenburg army under Elector Friedrich Wilhelm I was at war with France. In a short summer campaign in 1675, the elector succeeded in defeating the Swedish army and pushing them back to Swedish Pomerania .
Encouraged by the Brandenburg victory, the imperial ban was imposed on the Swedish king in his capacity as imperial prince in Pomerania, Mecklenburg and Bremen-Verden and the declaration of war by the Holy Roman Empire against Sweden on July 17, 1675 . The Westphalian Reichskreis and the Obersächsische Reichskreis were charged with the execution of the imperial execution against the Swedes. A little later, Denmark declared war on Sweden.
In the large-scale war, the allies Denmark and Brandenburg should first conquer the Swedish possessions in northern Germany, in order then to be able to turn their full force to the theaters of war in Skåne . With the conquest of Bremen-Verdens, located on the southern border of Denmark, a potential deployment base against Denmark was to be taken from Sweden. Another makes political consideration was the Swedes opportunities for advertising and recruitment of mercenaries to take.
The war plans in the Swedish motherland provided for the military decision to be sought through the use of the Swedish fleet, in order to relieve the northern German possessions in the event of a victory over the Danish fleet in the Baltic Sea that was regarded as likely and, in a further step, on Zealand , the center of the Kingdom of Denmark to land. The Swedish hopes in Bremen-Verden therefore lay primarily on the strength of their own fleet, which should have brought about a military turnaround by sending troops from the motherland. Since the Swedish fleet could not leave the port due to delays in the equipment, Bremen-Verden was not appalled and was dependent on the available forces.
Sweden's forces in the Duchy of Bremen-Verden were numerically weak and, moreover, were spread over various fortified bases. The majority of the Swedish troops were in Stade , Carlsburg and seven other small fortresses. They could only offer hesitant resistance to large-scale offensive operations. The Swedish defense plans were based on a fortress war . The sheer number of fortified sites forced the potential enemy to undertake a series of arduous small sieges, but it also fragmented the defender's available troops, preventing the formation of an operational field army.
Diplomatic preparations
The Catholic prince-bishop of Münster, Christoph Bernhard von Galen , who was on the side of France against the Netherlands until April 22, 1674, had signed a contract with the imperial court in Vienna on June 7, 1675, authorizing him to do so obliged to provide 9,000 men for the duty of the emperor and empire . As a result of this commitment, the bishop was induced to participate in the war against Sweden. On 11/21 In September 1675, a neutrality treaty was signed between the Allies, with the Duchy of Münster, Denmark and Brandenburg on the one hand and with Johann Friedrich von Braunschweig-Lüneburg on the other. Braunschweig-Lüneburg, which until then had been on the side of Sweden, committed itself to neutrality in the upcoming fight against Sweden.
The fact that the four allies came to an agreement was primarily due to the interests policy of the imperial princes involved, less to a commitment in favor of the imperial or district defense . The execution of the Reich was carried out by the respective territorial armies, while the district troops did not play a major role in the fighting.
Autumn campaign 1675
Invasion of the Munster army in Bremen-Verden
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Chronology: Autumn campaign 1675
Spring campaign 1676
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The campaign began on September 15, 1675 in the southwest of Swedish territory, when, according to the Theatrum Europaeum, around 10,000 men - according to other information 4,000 men - of the Prince-Bishop of Münster marched into the Swedish office of Wildeshausen via Haselünne . The further advance towards the Weser was not hindered. In Bremen , on September 25th, the Munster troops crossed the Weser with their artillery .
A Brandenburg corps of 1,600 infantry and 700 riders from the Westphalian possessions under Major General Baron von Spaen also arrived in Bremen at the end of September. The Danes participated with 2,500 men under the command of Count Gustav Adolf von Baudissin .
The Munster troops under Prince-Bishop von Galen marched from neutral Bremen to the fortress Langwedel on the Weser, which was captured on September 27th and 28th. This opened the way to the area of the former bishopric of Verden . Verden itself came into Allied possession on September 27th. Munster troops penetrated the city in a flash and asserted themselves in one of the city gates.
After Verden, Rotenburg was conquered , which also surrendered after some resistance. From there the marching column immediately set off for Ottersberg , which was captured on October 3, 1675 by the superior troops of the Prince-Bishop of Münster. The Swedish garrison, numbering around 140, was taken prisoner. The Allied Army then marched in a north-easterly direction with the goal of Buxtehude , which was reached on October 12.
The city was well fortified, had plenty of food and ammunition and, according to the Theatrum Europaeum, a crew of almost 400 men. A siege seemed inevitable. After the allies occupied an important hill in front of the city on the same day, they brought their entire artillery (14 mortars and 37 guns) into position here. The shelling began on the morning of October 13, and more than 60 houses were caught on fire. On October 14, a total of 100 bombs and 60 grenades were fired into the city from howitzers and mortars , which in turn caused great damage, but without killing people in the city. On October 15, the shelling was stopped in order to complete the trenches in front of the city required for an assault and then to carry out a massive attack.
Since the shelling had already left severe damage, the commander saw Buxtehuder Hamelton at the urging of citizens and German mercenaries of the imposition of imperial ban had learned about the Swedish krona, forced to surrender the city. The crew was allowed to withdraw to Stade with their possessions and their hand weapons. On October 16, the Allies entered the city. Here, 24 guns and ammunition left behind by the Swedes fell into their hands.
After the fall of Buxtehude, some Allied regiments advanced to Bremervörde . The siege of the Bremervörde fortress began on October 25th . After three days of heavy bombardment, the predominantly German mercenaries under the occupation refused to do arms service. The Allies had sent a trumpeter to the city as a parliamentarian . This threatened the occupation that all German combatants would be executed after taking the fortress . The threat was based on the fact that they used their weapons in the service of an outlaw against the Holy Roman Empire. Given the situation, the Swedish commander had no choice but to hand over the place. The Swedish officers and men were given free retreat with all their possessions and weapons, while the German garrison largely transferred to Allied services. Due to a prior agreement between the Allies, the city was awarded to the Lüneburgers, who moved into Buxtehude with 500 men. At that time only the fortresses Carlsburg and Stade were still in Swedish ownership.
Brandenburg and Danish landing companies
Parallel to the advance of the Münster, Brandenburg and Danish troops, two unsuccessful Danish and Brandenburg landing attempts took place, which were repulsed by the Swedes with high losses. The first landing company carried out a Brandenburg command under Admiral Simon de Bolfey at the end of September to conquer the strategically important fortress Carlsburg on the Weser. This Swedish fortress was only built in 1672 with the task of controlling the mouth of the Weser. Coming from the Elbe, a Brandenburg squadron of seven ships with a landing force of 534 men appeared; together with the ship's crews, there were around 800–900 men.
On September 28, the troops were set ashore at Lehe , north of Carlsburg. Since the Swedish commander of Carlsburg, which was relatively strong with 800 soldiers, refused to surrender, the Brandenburg admiral de Bolfey had his troops erected in front of the city and fired a few volleys of his ship's guns at the fortress on September 30th. On the same day, however, the landing forces withdrew from the fortress. 30 Brandenburgers defected to the Swedes. Encouraged by the statements of these deserters , the Swedes undertook a sortie with 200 men on October 1st, but had to fall back after a short battle with losses.
In order to relieve the fortress Carl Burg, were Stade from 13 Swedish cavalry companies under the command of Colonel Sidon set in motion by Carl Burg. The now clearly outnumbered Brandenburgers were informed of the approaching relief by scouts. They broke off the siege and embarked on October 2nd. Due to unfavorable winds, the landing craft with the troops were still near the shore when the Swedish relief troops arrived. As a result, they were attacked by the Swedes and had to surrender to superior forces after a brief resistance. The total Brandenburg losses in this enterprise amounted to 314 men (mostly prisoners).
At about the same time, a Danish flotilla landed six infantry companies under Lieutenant Colonel Harwich in the Wursten region . After the successful operation at Carlsburg, the Swedish units under Sidon attacked these Danish mercenaries. After several skirmishes on October 4th, the Swedes managed to defeat the Danes and capture 400 of them. 200 of them were then accepted into Swedish services and ordered to Carlsburg to reinforce the crew there. The other prisoners were hiding in Stade , i. H. used to increase the number of Swedish associations there. Most of the Swedish troops returned to Stade on October 7th. The sea blockade at Carlsburg was lifted and the seven Brandenburg ships instead went to the Lower Elbe to cut off supplies to the Stade fortress on the waterfront. Carlsburg, however, was besieged again from the end of October despite the Swedish defensive success.
Change of leadership in the Allies
In October, about 3,000 men from the Principality of Lüneburg, under the command of Duke Georg Wilhelm von Braunschweig-Lüneburg , came from the Rhineland to the theater of war. As an appointed colonel of the Lower Saxony Reichskreis, he took over the command of the now 12,000-strong armed forces .
In the headquarters of Prince-Bishop von Galen in Rotenburg, a secret contract was signed on October 14th, in which the Prince-Bishop, Duke Georg Wilhelm and Duke Rudolf August von Braunschweig-Lüneburg agreed on mutual benefits in the further campaign. Furthermore, a provisional division of the conquests to the exclusion of Denmark and Brandenburg was negotiated.
In the period that followed, the Allies repeatedly experienced considerable disagreements and distrust, as the Protestant federal princes did not want to allow the Catholic Prince-Bishop of Galen too much influence in a Protestant imperial circle.
Attacks on Stade, siege of Carlsburg, Swedish raids
On November 4th, the Allies advanced against Stade , the seat of the Swedish regional government in the Duchy of Bremen-Verden. The Stader garrison under Field Marshal Henrik Horn , the Swedish Governor General of the Duchy, consisted of 5624 men and 600 vigilantes.
Given the threat, Horn had made preparations to defend the city. In order to prevent German mercenaries from deserting in Stade when the Allies arrived, the field marshal took material and propaganda countermeasures. Since Sweden had been declared an enemy of the Reich and Emperor Leopold I had declared with the proclamation of the Mandata Avocatoria that all subjects of the Holy Roman Empire had to renounce Swedish service, the German mercenaries deserted from Swedish service in rows. At the beginning of November, Horn had the former Buxtehude commandant Hamelton publicly executed for premature surrender of the fortress in Stade. All German mercenaries in Stade had to publicly renew their oath of loyalty to the Swedish crown. With this brute approach, Field Marshal Horn was able to discipline his garrison and force an active defense.
Repeated attacks on the fortress of Stade on November 6th and 7th, 1675 were unsuccessful, so that the allies could not agree on a siege of the city because of the onset of winter and the stubborn resistance. Finally, on November 9th, the Allies withdrew their troops to the winter quarters . The previously captured fortresses remained under Allied occupation in order to maintain the blockade of Stades. The Brandenburg troops also left the theater of war for the Duchy of Kleve and the Principality of Minden .
As a result of the passivity of the fortress garrisons, the Swedes were temporarily able to regain the initiative. From Stade they repeatedly undertook failures and forage undertakings . Individual companies plundered and pillaged up the Elbe to Buxtehude, Cranz and Altona , and down the Elbe to Bielenberg (now a part of Kollmar) and Kollmar . Various Danish and Dutch ships on the Elbe were also destroyed or attacked.
At the beginning of January another Swedish sortie was undertaken under Colonel Sydau , with about 400 dragoons and 400 infantrymen to Freiburg / Elbe against about 500 entrenched Munster soldiers under Lieutenant Colonel Lamsdorff. After a failed frontal attack by the Swedes, Sydau ordered his dragoons to bypass the position and attack in the rear of the Danes. After the dragoons had taken up their attack position in the village as ordered, a Swedish attack on the hill followed from all sides. The Münsterische suffered heavy losses, gave up the position and fled. Persecuted by the Swedish cavalry, 260 Münsteraner were captured. In contrast, the Swedes lost only fifty men in the battle near Freiburg on the Elbe . Among the prisoners there were also 15 mercenaries who were originally on Swedish pay and who had changed sides when Bremervörde fell. An example was made to them: one of the deserters was quartered in Stade as a deterrent , five were hanged and nine were branded.
The successful phase for Sweden ended after Carlsburg, which had been besieged since the end of October, surrendered. Lack of ammunition, food and soldiers led to the handover of the fortress by the commanding officer, the French Colonel Jean Mell , to the combined Siege Corps of Munster, Denmark and Lüneburg on January 22nd . The Swedish garrison, about 380 men strong (200 of them incapacitated), received free withdrawal. When the fortress was handed over, the Allies fell into the hands of eighty guns. According to the contract, a mixed crew from Munster and from Lüneburg moved in.
Allied disputes
Since the Duchy of Münster and the Duchy of Lüneburg had agreed in advance, excluding Denmark and Brandenburg, on the future distribution of Bremen-Verdens, the allies had violent disputes, which impaired and endangered the continuation of the fighting against Sweden. In addition to the Diocese of Verden , the Prince Diocese of Münster also called for the offices of Wildeshausen , Burg, Bremervörde, Ottersberg and Thedinghausen . The rest should go to Lüneburg-Celle. Denmark and Brandenburg, on the other hand, pushed for an even distribution of the conquests. Denmark demanded Carlsburg and Stade, and thus control of the mouths of the Weser and Elbe, in order to be able to exchange them for the provision of auxiliary troops from Munster and Lüneburg for the Pomeranian War.
The dispute over the conflicting territorial claims increased so much that there was a threat of an open battle between the Allies. The States General tried to mediate between the parties in this situation so as not to endanger the fight against France. So they sent envoys, first van der Tocht, then Amerongen, to negotiations in Bremen. The governor of the Netherlands , Wilhelm III. von Orange , suggested razing all fortresses in Bremen-Verden, negotiating the final division at the peace congress in Nijmegen and transferring the provisional administration of the two duchies to Celle-Lüneburg and Münster. Brandenburg and Denmark should expressly reserve their rights to territorial shares in Bremen-Verden if, contrary to expectations, both should not receive their "compensation" through Pomerania and Skåne . Even if Brandenburg envoys in The Hague wanted to achieve a provisional division of the areas in question, they gave their approval to the treaty on March 28, since they saw no other way of achieving an end to the dispute between the Allies, which would allow the continuation of the Campaign was inevitable.
Although the Brandenburg elector did not approve the decision of his ambassadors, he dropped his claims against the position of auxiliary troops from Lüneburg, also because of the favorable course of the war against Sweden in Pomerania. Nevertheless, in a secret agreement with Denmark at the beginning of 1677, the Brandenburg Elector Denmark assured support that this would receive at least a fifth of the Bremen-Verden to be divided .
Siege of Stades 1676
Due to the ongoing dispute between the allies about the distribution of Bremen-Verdens, the start of the siege of Stade was delayed until spring 1676. The Allies could only agree on the conditions on April 28 and May 8 in Bremervörde. So the attack on the last Swedish possession was to take place with 16,000 men on foot and 4,000 horsemen. The conquered fortress was then to be occupied equally by Denmark, Brandenburg, Braunschweig-Lüneburg and Münster. At the beginning of April, Lüneburg Lieutenant General Chauvet took measures to block the city. As a result, there were almost daily skirmishes and Swedish attacks with variable results. At the same time, the besiegers began to build field entrenchments.
Due to its location at the mouth of the Schwinge , a tributary of the Elbe, Stade had access to the sea. The Swedish fortifications also included a ski jump that controlled the Schwing estuary. Under her protection, some Swedish supply ships were able to reach the city during the siege and deliver urgently needed supplies. In order to prevent access to Stade from the sea and thus enable a more effective siege, the Allies decided to conquer this Schwingerschanze . To do this, they requested artillery from Glückstadt ; In addition, two ships from Lüneburg with 18 guns each ran into the mouth of the Schwinge. All Swedish attempts to stop the preparations have been repulsed. The Allies moved closer and closer to the hill and set up a battery that took up the permanent fire on the Swedish position. On April 23, the Swedes broke out again with 300 riders, but were driven back again after initial successes, according to contemporary information with a loss of 46 men. On July 4th the Allies finished their entrenchment work and fired at the Schwingerschanze so hard that the about 100-strong crew capitulated.
With this loss, it was no longer possible to supply Stades from the sea. When three Swedish warships held up by unfavorable winds and six other transport ships loaded with supplies and men reached the Schwing estuary, they were fired upon by Allied gun batteries posted on the banks of the Schwing estuary. The Swedish fleet had to withdraw from Stade and leave the Elbe after several raids in the surrounding area.
Cut off from all supplies, the situation in the fortress of Stade deteriorated considerably. Due to the outbreak of the Red Ruhr , the strength of the garrison was reduced to around 3,000 soldiers. As the material situation deteriorated, the mood among the besieged fell. Twice there were revolts among the Swedish soldiers, which could only be contained with the use of repressive measures. The desertion of the German mercenaries increased to such an extent that an active defense by sabotage was no longer possible.
In June the excavation work on the Allied side had progressed so far that the city moats were reached. A shelling of the city did not take place, because the city was starved to death and not intended to be stormed in order to spare one's strength. The countermeasures taken by the Swedish crew consisted of flooding the surrounding area by opening the locks they controlled . However, the besiegers managed to divert the water into the Elbe through two canals.
When the supply situation in the city became increasingly critical, the citizens of Stader and the garrison forced Governor General Horn to negotiate with the besiegers. The negotiations began on 13/23. July. However, it was delayed at the urging of the townspeople, who, despite tougher conditions, gave preference to the occupation by Protestant Lüneburg troops over that by Catholic Munster troops. As a result of the negotiations on the transfer, the city should be occupied by nine Lüneburg companies under General Chauvet . The German mercenaries had to give up the Swedish service. In the early morning of August 13, 1676, Field Marshal Horn withdrew with ten cannons and 800 Swedes. The 1400 German mercenaries were either placed under cover or released. This meant that the last Swedish base in Bremen-Verden was in Allied hands.
consequences
After the conquest of Stade, 3,000 men of the Lüneburg troops under the command of Major General von Ende were sent to Swedish Pomerania to support the local Brandenburg troops. The rest of them went to Wetzlar an der Lahn with some Münster troops until the end of September to fight the French .
During the occupation, the Prince-Bishop von Galen carried out a re-Catholicization in the area he controlled. Catholic worship was reintroduced in many places. Bremen-Verden remained in Allied ownership until the end of the war. Denmark left 3,000 troops in the Duchy of Bremen.
The partition plans came to nothing when Lüneburg-Celle in Celle signed a peace treaty with Sweden on January 28, 1679. Lüneburg undertook to evacuate all occupied territories after the conclusion of the general peace treaty. After French troops invaded Westphalia , the new Prince-Bishop of Munster, Ferdinand von Fürstenberg , had to return his conquests to Sweden on March 29, 1679 in the peace of Nijmegen . The Principality of Münster was only allowed to keep the Wildeshausen rule as a pledge until Sweden paid war compensation of 100,000 Reichstalers. This payment was not made until 1699. France promised the Bishop of Munster to work for the maintenance of the newly created Catholic institutions in the Duchy of Bremen and in the Principality of Verden.
Verden, Langwedel and Rotenburg were evacuated by the Munster troops on January 14, 1680, Bremervörde on January 15th, Ottersberg and Carlsburg on January 17th. The evacuation of the city of Stade by the Lüneburg troops was delayed until March 10, 1680.
literature
- Henning Eichberg : fortress, central power and social geometry. War engineering of the 17th century in the duchies of Bremen and Verden. Böhlau, Cologne 1989, ISBN 3-412-01988-7 .
- Curt Jany : History of the Prussian Army from the 15th century to 1914. Biblio Verlag, Volume 1, Osnabrück 1967, pp. 229-231.
- Studienrat Geppert: The history of the Emsland in the context of general German history. Osnabrück III. Part, pp. 6–21 in: Emslandbuch. A home book for the districts of Meppen, Aschendorf, Hümmling. 1928, published by the circles themselves.
- Maren Lorenz : The wheel of violence. Military and civilian population in Northern Germany after the Thirty Years War (1650–1700) . Böhlau, Cologne a. a. 2007, ISBN 978-3-412-11606-4 .
- Matthias Nistal: Oldenburg and the Reich execution against Sweden. Oldenburger Jahrbuch 104, 2004, pp. 65–99.
- Matthias Nistal: The Reich execution against Sweden in Bremen-Verden. in Heinz-Joachim Schulze (Ed.) Landscape and Regional Identity, Stade 1989.
- Louis Sichart von Sichartshoff : History of the royal Hanoverian army. First volume, Hanover 1866, pp. 396–398 .
- Ed / Gruber: General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts . Section 1, Theil 52 (G - Gallatin) , Leipzig 1851, pp. 334/335.
- Sigismundus Latomus, Relationis Historicae Semestralis Vernalis Continuatio. 1676, p. 58f , Von Swedish and Chur-Barandenb. Stories
Remarks
- ↑ The Swedish forces consisted of so-called national Swedes and recruited German mercenaries or prisoners of war hiding
- ↑ according to the Theatrum Euroaeum 10,000 men. Henning Eichberg calls the number 4,000: fortress, central power and social geometry. War engineering of the 17th century in the duchies of Bremen and Verden. Cologne 1989, p. 503.
- ↑ 2,000–2,300 men under Freiherr von Spaen as part of the Allied Army. The information fluctuates. According to Curt Jany: History of the Prussian Army - from the 15th century to 1914. Vol. 1, Osnabrück 1967 there were 2300 men and according to Henning Eichberg: fortress, central power and social geometry. War engineering of the 17th century in the duchies of Bremen and Verden. Cologne 1989, p. 503 there were 2000 men.
- ^ A b Henning Eichberg: fortress, central power and social geometry. War engineering of the 17th century in the duchies of Bremen and Verden. Cologne 1989, p. 503.
- ↑ Number according to Danish sources. According to Swedish sources there were over 20,000, Henning Eichberg: fortress, central power and social geometry. War engineering of the 17th century in the duchies of Bremen and Verden. Cologne 1989, p. 506.
- ↑ Note: At that time the Julian calendar was in effect in Sweden . Unless otherwise stated, the Gregorian calendar applies to stand-alone dates .
- ^ Henning Eichberg: fortress, central power and social geometry. War engineering of the 17th century in the duchies of Bremen and Verden. Cologne 1989, p. 534.
- ^ Henning Eichberg: fortress, central power and social geometry. War engineering of the 17th century in the duchies of Bremen and Verden. Cologne 1989, p. 535.
- ^ ersch / Gruber: Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste . Section 1, Part 52 (G - Gallatin) , p. 334.
- ^ Henning Eichberg: fortress, central power and social geometry. War engineering of the 17th century in the duchies of Bremen and Verden. Cologne 1989, p. 488.
- ↑ a b Theatrum Europaeum, Volume 11, p. 725.
- ↑ a b c Curt Jany: History of the Prussian Army - from the 15th century to 1914, Biblio-Verlag, Osnabrück 1967, p. 230.
- ↑ a b c d Theatrum Europaeum, Volume 11, p. 726.
- ↑ Fortress inventory. Hanseatic City of Bremen , page 2 (PDF file; 46 kB).
- ↑ Theatrum Europaeum, p. 727.
- ↑ von Eichart: History of the Royal Hanoverian Army , p. 397.
- ^ Henning Eichberg: fortress, central power and social geometry. War engineering of the 17th century in the duchies of Bremen and Verden. Cologne 1989, p. 504. The Theatrum Europaeum, Volume 11, gives the number 3000.
- ^ A b Theatrum Europaeum p. 864 and Henning Eichberg: fortress, central power and social geometry. War engineering of the 17th century in the duchies of Bremen and Verden. Cologne 1989, p. 506.
- ↑ a b Erf / Gruber: General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts . Section 1, Part 52 (G - Gallatin) , p. 335.
- ↑ Georg Reimer: Documents and acts on the history of Elector Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg , 1866, p. 447.
- ^ Georg Reimer: Documents and pieces of files on the history of Elector Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg , 1866, p. 448.
- ^ Theodor von Moerner: Kurbrandenburgs state contracts from 1601 to 1700 , 1867, p. 393.
- ↑ a b von Eichart: History of the Royal Hanoverian Army , p. 398.
- ↑ Theatrum Europaeum, p. 865.
- ^ Henning Eichberg: fortress, central power and social geometry. War engineering of the 17th century in the duchies of Bremen and Verden. Cologne 1989, p. 504.
- ^ Henning Eichberg: fortress, central power and social geometry. War engineering of the 17th century in the duchies of Bremen and Verden. Cologne 1989, p. 508.
- ^ Wilhelm Kohl : Germania sacra: Historical-statistical description of the church of the old empire , Walter de Gruyter Verlag, 1999, ISBN 3-11-016470-1 , p. 277.
- ↑ Peter von Kobbe: History and Description of the Duchies of Bremen and Verden , 1824, p. 288 .
