hospitality
The hospitality is the friendly attitude that a visitor from his hospitality is met with in his accommodation, catering and entertainment. The basic principle of hospitality from time immemorial is probably that of reciprocity : one hopes for a hospitable reception even under similar conditions.
Hospitality in ethics and religions
Hospitality is rooted in religion and shows itself in all cultures as a religiously based practice. Even polytheistic religions uphold them as one of the most important religious duties. Certain cultures regard hospitality as a valuable good, so that violations of the hospitality right and the duties towards the guest go hand in hand with the loss of honor. It is the responsibility of the host to accommodate the guest, to provide him with the bare essentials, but also to defend him with full commitment in an emergency or to avenge him if he is the victim of an attack during his guest stay. The length of such a stay is often precisely defined. For nomadic peoples in the Near East it was three days and four hours; the guest practically belonged to the tribe during this time.
The Aborigines celebrate the tanderrum as a ritual reception of visitors.
Hospitality is considered one of the Seven Works of Mercy in the Catholic Church . In the Orthodox Church it developed into an independent liturgical and artistic focus. Hospitality is also sacred to Judaism ( Hachnasat orchim ) and Islam . A religious foundation of hospitality could ensure the survival of travelers in societies without strong institutions and infrastructure and was therefore an important basis for all trade and exchange.
Immanuel Kant speaks of hospitality (“hostility”) - the “right of a stranger, because of his arrival on the soil of another, not to be treated with hostility by him”. This does not have a “right of hospitality”, but a “right to visit, which all people are entitled to offer themselves to society, by virtue of the right of common ownership of the surface of the earth, on which, as a spherical surface, they cannot disperse to infinity, but finite To have to tolerate each other, but originally no one is more right to be in one place on earth than the other. "
Hospitality in Judaism
The Tanach ( Old Testament ) contains many examples of hospitality, which has been cultivated since the most ancient times ( Gen 18 EU ; Gen 24.17-18 EU ; Ex 22.20 EU ; Ri 19.20 + 21 EU ; 2 Kings 4, 10 EU ; Hi 31.32 EU ). Abraham's hospitality to the three visitors is mentioned as the most important text , which is considered a role model for all his descendants, who are commanded to act like him:
“The Lord appeared to Abraham by the oaks of Mamre. Abraham was sitting at the tent entrance during the midday heat. He looked up and saw three men standing in front of him. When he saw them, he ran to them from the tent entrance, threw himself down on the ground and said: Sir, if I have found your favor, don't go past your servant! Some water will be fetched; then you can wash your feet and rest under the tree. I want to get a bite of bread and you can then go on after a little refreshment; because that is why you came to see your servant. They replied: Do as you said. "
In Lev 19,33-34 EU it is reminded that the people of Israel lived in Egypt themselves as foreigners and should therefore accept the foreigner into the love of hospitality. So thankfulness to God for the liberation from bondage in Egypt becomes the actual basic motive of hospitality. In this context, Ex 23.9 EU is also noteworthy . If one compares these examples of hospitality with today's Bedouin peoples, among whom hospitality is also highly valued, then it is likely that Israel's nomadic origins have at least partially favored hospitality. Strangers were virtually no rights and outlaws , they were under the protection of the family and the tribe added. God himself finally appears as a model of hospitality and as host in Ps 23.5 + 6 EU .
Hospitality in Christianity
The Greek word used in the New Testament for hospitality is φιλοξενία and literally means "love (for) strangers", "love for strangers". Hospitality is repeatedly admonished and encouraged in the New Testament ; B .:
“Don't forget the hospitality; for through them some have sheltered angels without realizing it. "
Hospitality in New Testament times
Meals in a poor household were rather sparse and were mainly determined by having dinner together. When guests came, the best pieces of food were presented to them at the banquet ( Gen 43.32 EU ). People ate on the ground, as a rule they lay down at table ( Mt 26.20 ELB ; Lk 7.36 ELB ; Lk 11.37 ELB ; Lk 22.14 ELB ; Joh 13.12 ELB ). The guest was given the place of honor ( Lk 14.10 EU ) and he was served the best and most selected dishes. Everyone also had their own dishes. If a guest came, he was first received by a servant ( Mt 22.10 EU ), then the master of the house came and greeted him by kissing his hand. Then he arranged for the guest's feet to be washed ( Joh 13,5 EU ) and the head anointed ( Ps 23,5 EU ; Mt 6,17 EU ). Some families also had a guest room .
Diner
At the very widespread banquet ( Mk 12.39 EU ; Mt 23.6 EU ), z. B. uses the following foods and drinks:
Food
- loaf
- vegetables
- fruit
- Spices
- flesh
beverages
There were water, wine ( Lk 5.37-39 EU ; Joh 2.1-10 EU ), must ( Jes 36.17 EU ), milk ( 1 Cor 9.7 EU from the cow, the goat, the sheep) drank.
Hospitality as a "gift of the spirit"
The Christianity knows a "fruit of the Spirit" ( Gal 5,22-23 EU ), it consists of love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and chastity, fuels the God with believers. Parts of this fruit then enable them to practice hospitality, for example to show kindness and kindness to a guest. Love comes first as the most important fruit ( 1 Cor 13:13 EU ). It has an eightfold effect and is described in more detail in 1 Cor 13.4-8 EU without it everything else is nothing ( 1 Cor 13.1-3 EU ). So God gives the ability to do things that one could not do without His help. In addition to hospitality, there are also other gifts (or abilities) that God gives to each individual believer. These include, for example, encouragement , faith , helping , prayer , guidance or mercy .
Hospitality in Islam
Even in the ancient Arabic cultures before Mohammed, it was the duty of the house owner to accommodate travelers. From this the institution of the right of asylum within a sanctuary was derived in Islamic times , which was highly respected. It then extended to all Muslims from the areas that are not under Islamic law ( Dār al-Harb ). The Koran particularly emphasizes the traveler as the "son of the path" in the list of recipients of zakat :
“Verily, the alms are only for the poor and needy and for those in charge of administering (the alms) and for those whose hearts are to be won, for the (deliverance of) slaves and for the debtors, for the cause of Allah and for the son of the way; (this is) a prescription from Allah. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise. "
Motive of hospitality in art
Hospitality is the subject of numerous literary works:
The ballad The Feet in Fire by Conrad Ferdinand Meyer describes how a rider is given shelter on a stormy night, although he has caused great damage to the family.
The story Mateo Falcone by Prosper Mérimée describes how a fugitive Corsican hides in a hut and how the hospitality is broken by the owner's son. Mérimée describes the inner struggles of the boy on the one hand and the compelling reaction of the father on the other hand, which amounts to washing away the family honor through killing.
The short story The Guest by Albert Camus takes place in the 1950s, shortly before the start of the Algerian War. A teacher receives a prisoner against his will from a police officer with the stipulation that he is taken to the nearest prefecture and the supposed free choice of obeying the order or opposing it. The teacher accepts the inmate as a guest. The next day he shows him both ways at a fork in the road, the one to the prefecture and the one to freedom. Since he is in a dilemma between the rule of law and the right to hospitality, he passes the agony of the decision on to the guest. But even he knows that hospitality requires him not to harm his host, and he goes to prison.
The silent film Darn Hospitality with Buster Keaton also deals with the subject. William McKay, played by Buster Keaton, is only protected from being shot in the home of the Canfields, his opponents, by the traditional law of hospitality.
Hospitality and immigration
There is also a connection between hospitality and the willingness to integrate foreigners and other foreigners in their own country. Hospitality and xenophobia seem to be irreconcilable opposites.
Hospitality under review
Although hospitality has many advocates, it is still controversial. Dionysus Chrysostom, for example, exposes hospitality - at least among the wealthy - as a beautiful appearance: In reality, hospitality is about getting one's own services back with high interest. Chrysostom substantiates his thesis with examples from practice and from literature since Homer .
The opposite can also be the case. If the guest is much more affluent than the host, he sometimes subtly “forces” himself to be courteous, without this having to be explicitly or openly signaled. The “friendliness” of the host is then in reality nothing more than a hidden fear of the power of his counterpart.
Quote
- Pure and unconditional hospitality, hospitality itself , opens up, from the outset it is open to whoever is neither expected nor invited, to everyone who comes as an absolutely strange visitor , who arrives and is not identifiable and unpredictable, everything other than that. - Jacques Derrida (2001, in: Philosophy in Times of Terror , ISBN 3-86572-358-6 , p. 170)
literature
- Jacques Derrida: " From hospitality ', with an' invitation 'from Anne Dufourmantelle ", Peter Engelmann (ed.), (Series:' Passagen Philosophie '), 2001 ISBN 3-85165-511-7
- Jutta M. Berger: The history of hospitality in high medieval monasticism. Die Cistercienser , Dissertation, 1999 ISBN 3-05-003208-1
- Renate Bürner-Kotzam: Familiar guests - strange encounters. In texts of bourgeois realism , dissertation (series: 'Problems of Poetry, Volume 30), 2001 ISBN 3-8253-1270-4
- Franz Johna: Hospitality. In: Christian Schütz (Ed.): Practical Lexicon of Spirituality. Herder, Freiburg i.Br. u. a. 1992, ISBN 3-451-22614-6 , Col. 429-435
- Christian Kayed: Be a guest. Ein Lesebuch , (Athesia Taschenbuch Vol. 19), 2003, ISBN 88-8266-254-3
- Hans C. Peyer: From hospitality to an inn. Studies on hospitality in the Middle Ages , (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Schriften Vol. 31), 1987 ISBN 3-7752-5153-7
- Hans C. Peyer: Hospitality and Commercial Hospitality in the Middle Ages (= Writings of the Historical College . Lectures . Vol. 3), Munich 1983 ( digitized version )
- Hans C. Peyer (Ed.): Hospitality, tavern and inn in the Middle Ages (= writings of the historical college. Colloquia, vol. 3). Oldenbourg, Munich 1983, ISBN 978-3-486-51661-6 ( digitized version )
- Werner Pieper (Hrsg.): Willkommen !: Hospitality Worldwide , (Series: 'Der Grüne Zweig' Vol. 166), without year ISBN 3-925817-66-2 (contains articles e.g. on hospitality in Turkey , South Asia , Japan , China and West Africa , Judaism , Islam and the Indians , information on the history of hospitality and the hospitality industry)
- Meinolf Schumacher : guest, landlord and landlady. Constellations of hospitality in medieval literature . In: Peter Friedrich and Rolf Parr (eds.): Hospitality. Explorations of a threshold situation . Heidelberg: Synchron 2009, pp. 105–116 ISBN 978-3-939381-19-8 ( digitized version )
- Christian Hänggi: Hospitality in the Age of Media Representation , Vienna: Passagen Verlag 2009, ISBN 978-3-85165-900-9
See also
- Hospitality network international hospitality network
- Guest gift
- Guest prostitution
Individual evidence
- ↑ Silvana Tismer: Hospitality is a work of mercy. (PDF) In: TLZ Church in Eichsfeld. Catholic parish of St. Cosmas & Damian Geisleden, January 25, 2014, archived from the original on February 8, 2016 ; accessed on February 8, 2016 .
- ^ Daniela Both MA: Coptic Orthodox Church. In: Brief information on religion. Religious Studies Media and Information Service e. V. - REMID, 2001, accessed February 15, 2016 .
- ^ Rabbi Stephen Pearce: Offering Shabbat hospitality more important than prayer. In: J. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California. Jewish Community Publications Inc., February 23, 2001, accessed February 1, 2016 .
- ↑ 3. World citizenship should be restricted to conditions of general hospitality. In: To Eternal Peace . Retrieved February 22, 2020 .
- ↑ Rabbi Dr. Joel Berger , Stuttgart: Share, share, blessing - helpful, hospitable, loving: how Abraham found God's approval and spread it. In: Jüdische Allgemeine. Central Council of Jews in Germany Kdö.R., November 2, 2006, accessed on November 17, 2018 . “Thus Abraham's hospitality is known everywhere. His tent is always open on all four sides to welcome guests at any time. He not only has an open ear for everyone, but also has drinks, food and accommodation ready. "
- ↑ Rabbi Dr. Joel Berger , Stuttgart: Hospitality - How did Jews understand the idea of hospitality according to Abraham? In: Broadcast on Fri, October 26, 2018. SWR 4, October 16, 2018, accessed on November 17, 2018 . “The Jewish tradition sees our patriarch Abraham as the model of exemplary hospitality. We are commanded to always act like Abraham. "
- ^ Sr. Philippa Rath OSB: Thoughts on hospitality. Association of Benedictine Sisters of St. Hildegard eV St. Hildegard Abbey, accessed on February 8, 2016 .
- ^ Helmut Burkhardt, Fritz Grünzweig, Fritz Laubach, Gerhard Maier: The great biblical dictionary . 1 paperback edition. tape 2 EH. R. Brockhaus Verlag Wuppertal, Brunnen Verlag Giessen, 1987, ISBN 3-417-24614-8 , Hospitality I. In the Old Testament, p. 622 .
- ^ Fritz Rienecker, Gerhard Maier, Alexander Schick, Ulrich Wendel: Lexicon for the Bible . SCM R. Brockhaus, Witten 2013, ISBN 978-3-417-26550-7 , guest 1), p. 373 .
- ↑ Till Magnus Steiner: Hospitality: to love strangers. In: Dei-Verbum.de. Retrieved April 20, 2017 .
- ^ Fritz Rienecker, Gerhard Maier, Alexander Schick, Ulrich Wendel: Lexicon for the Bible . SCM R. Brockhaus, Witten 2013, ISBN 978-3-417-26550-7 , Gast 2), p. 373 .
- ↑ Kay Weißflog: Mahl / Mahl (AT). In: Bibelwissenschaft.de. German Bible Society, June 2010, accessed on January 31, 2016 .
- ^ At-Tauba. In: Koran. islam.de, accessed on February 8, 2016 .
- ↑ Karl Otto Hondrich: Immigration is unreasonable Die Welt , May 6, 2006
- ↑ Fabian Köhler: Xenophobia: We right-wing populists Deutschlandradio Kultur, May 20, 2016
