Common hollow tooth

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Common hollow tooth
Common hollow tooth (Galeopsis tetrahit)

Common hollow tooth ( Galeopsis tetrahit )

Systematics
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily : Lamioideae
Genre : Hollow tooth ( Galeopsis )
Type : Common hollow tooth
Scientific name
Galeopsis tetrahit
L.

The Common hollow tooth ( Galeopsis tetrahit ), also mandrel hollow tooth , Common hollow tooth , Stechender hollow tooth , Spiny hollow tooth or hemp nettle called, is a species of the genus hollow tooth within the family Labiatae (Lamiaceae).

description

The stem is strongly thickened below the nodes
The stem is covered with 1 to 2 millimeters long stiff and more or less protruding hair. The heads of the shorter glandular hairs are dark.
Inflorescence: the crown - the eponymous humps on the lower lip are easily recognizable - is around 1½ times as long as the calyx. The calyx tips are thorny.
Fruit stand, the Klausen fruits disintegrate into four Klausen
Klausen
Illustration from storm
Frontal view of the flower

Vegetative characteristics

The common hollow tooth is an annual herbaceous plant that usually reaches heights of 20 to 30, rarely up to 60 centimeters. The stem is strongly thickened at the leaf nodes and hairy with bristles to prickly.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from June to October. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic with a double flower envelope . The calyx of the flowers is also hairy spiky and bristly; hence the common name spiky hollow tooth. The crown is about 1.5 times as long as the chalice. The 15 to 20 millimeter long flower crowns can be colored very differently, from white to reddish and purple to bluish-violet all colors occur; but mostly they are pink. The middle lobe of the lower lip is usually patterned a little darker with a yellowish background.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 32.

ecology

The common hollow tooth is a therophyte .

From an ecological point of view, it is "real lip flowers". The two humps on the lower lip serve as a head guide for visitors looking for nectar (especially bees and bumblebees ). At the end of the anthesis , spontaneous self-pollination is possible.

The Klausen are the diaspores and are scattered by animals passing by. The latter stick to the bristles of the stem and the prickly calyx teeth, the elastic stems bend, then snap back into their original position and throw the ripe claws out of the calyxes (animal shaker). Willow tit and marsh tit collect the Klausen and store supplies in the bark of trees (hiding place spread).

Occurrence

The common hollow tooth is widespread and common. Originally it came from Europe to southwestern Siberia. It is a neophyte in North America , where it is still spreading.

In Central Europe, the common hollow tooth can be found widespread in weed communities in fields, in forests, on paths and fences, in rubble areas, especially in montane locations . He loves nitrogen-rich, basic or slightly acidic, even peaty soil. In the Alps, it usually only occurs up to an altitude of 1560 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises on the southern slope of the Kegelkopf in Bavaria to an altitude of up to 1850 meters.

He is a cultural companion . The occurrence of the common hollow tooth in prehistoric plant finds is always taken as an indication of human land use .

Systematics

The common hollow tooth is allotetraploid . He is a constant hereditary bastard from the cross of the colorful hollow tooth ( Galeopsis speciosa ) and the soft-haired hollow tooth ( Galeopsis pubescens ).

In the past, the two-column hollow tooth ( Galeopsis bifida Boenn. ) Was regarded as a subspecies of the common hollow tooth.

An occasional hybrid where the parent species coexist is:

  • Galeopsis × acuminata Rchb. = Galeopsis pubescens × Galeopsis tetrahit . It occurs in Europe.

Common names

For the common hollow tooth, the other German-language trivial names exist or existed : Brown nettles ( Augsburg ), Dahndistel ( Eifel near Dreis ), Dangel ( East Frisia ), Dannettel ( Unterweser ), Danoisen ( Memmingen ), Danwurz, Daun ( Bavaria ), Doan ( Zillertal ), thorn nettle ( St. Gallen in the Upper Rhine Valley ), Glure ( Bern near Thun ), hemp nettle ( Austria ), hollow tooth, wild hemp (St. Gallen), white hemp herb, cat face (Bern), gape ( Bernese Oberland ), tauara ( St. Gallen in the lake district ) and Taunessel (St. Gallen in Obertoggenburg ).

Sources and further information

literature

  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • Rudolf Schubert , Klaus Werner, Hermann Meusel (eds.): Excursion flora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 13./14. Edition. tape 2 : vascular plants . People and knowledge, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-06-012539-2 .
  • Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  • Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen, Werner Rauh: Flora of Germany and its adjacent areas . 84th edition. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg 1968.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 801 .
  2. ↑ a b c Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species. 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Galeopsis tetrahit. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  4. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 395.
  5. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 158, archive.org

Web links

Commons : Common hollow tooth ( Galeopsis tetrahit )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files