Karlsburg (Winnemark)

Karlsburg is a settlement and officially part of the municipality of Winnemark in the Schwansen district on the Schwansen peninsula in Schleswig-Holstein on the western bank of the Schlei south of the town of Kappeln between the villages of Karby in the northeast and Winnemark in the west. Today's Karlsburg was mentioned in a document as early as 1335 as Gereby. The settlement was renamed in 1807 - also in the course of the abolition of the serfdom valid there - in honor of the Landgrave Carl von Hessen in Carlsburg. The Karlsburg estate includes a manor complex that has shaped the history of the village and on which the Carlsburg manor house is also located.

The origins

While the name Carlsburg is a good 150 years old, the place is mentioned as Gereby in documents as early as 1335 ( in Gherebu 1462). The appellative -by (historically also -bu or -buy) stands in Danish for town or place (etymologically related to "build"), while Geri was a common Nordic given name. Gereby means something like "Garry's village".

Since place names with the final syllable -by can be found in large numbers in southern Schleswig , Denmark , Sweden and England , it was believed that these settlements in the Schlei area emerged during the time of the Vikings between 850 and 900 when they conquered the city-state of Haithabu. As an important transshipment port, Haithabu (Haddeby) played a role similar to that of Hamburg today. It was assumed that the access to this trading center, located almost at the end of the Schlei (opposite today's Schleswig ), was militarily secured by settlements to the left and right of the Schlei. In addition, these settlements possibly also served to supply that metropolis . After the destruction of Haithabu around 1000 AD, it is assumed that the originally dependent settlements developed into independent farming villages. Recently, some scientists have questioned this theory about the origin of the by-villages in the Schlei area, without an alternative theory being able to prevail.

The middle age

Christianization

Exact news about the Schwansen landscape from the time when Schleswig and Holstein were evangelized is rare. We only know that there was probably a chapel in today's Kappeln as early as the 11th century, which gave the city its name. In addition, there was a castle Slaemynne ( Schleimünde ) around 1230 , the remains of which were several feet high 150 years ago, but are now completely silted up. Two neighboring fishing villages have also disappeared without a trace. Nearby in 1802, when the water level was unusually low, many coffins with remains of bones and the foundation walls of a church were found. At that time, this church probably served the whole of northern Schwansen , because in Höxmark (municipality of Brodersby ) there is said to have been a church path in the past that led towards Schleimünde.

A large part of northern Swansen, including Gereby, was the property of the Bishop of Schleswig or the cathedral chapter. A turning point in the history of Schwansen came in 1260 when the son of Duke Abel of Schleswig , who later became King of Denmark, was captured on a campaign. His mother insisted on offering a ransom. Abel procured this by pledging the land between the Eider and Schlei ( Fræzlæt , for example the later district of Eckernförde) to the Counts of Holstein , his wife's two brothers, whose ownership it finally passed in 1288. This marked the beginning of the immigration of Saxon knights and farmers from Holstein. At least during this period, two languages ​​were spoken side by side in Schwansen for centuries; as recently as 1780 the Karby pastor Leifhold reports that, in addition to the German Platt, a "corrupt Anglic Danish" is spoken especially in the Schleidörfern.

In the years 1410 to 1435 the Danes fought against the Holstengrafen for the Schleig frontier with varying degrees of luck; the latter called on the " Likedeeler ", a powerful, adventurous pirate society with communist statutes. At that time, the old slime estuary, which was north of today's pilot island, was blocked by several sunk ships, which disrupted shipping for centuries.

From village to estate

Subject to the Church

In the years 1520 to 1540, Luther's teaching spread throughout the country, eagerly supported by the sovereign. The Reformation was officially introduced on March 9, 1542 in the Rendsburg state parliament. But already in 1533 the bishop's tenth, a kind of tax, had been abolished; as a result, the diocese got into serious debts, which the last Catholic bishop of Schleswig, Gottschalk von Ahlefeldt , tried to pay off in 1537 by selling the villages of Hüxmark , Nübbel and Brodersby . In 1539 he also sold the Stubbe monastery near Rieseby as well as the goods in “the Dorpen Windemark, Gereby myth der Mole, Kopperbu and Kerkebu, all in Kerspelle tho Swantzen? Myth allen ackeren, Wysken, Weyden, Holtenn, and Mast gelth, Brocks, Buschen, Mörenn, waterenn, tholaten and aflaten, Vyscherye myth allen rents, leases, beden, denste, denstgelde Jacht Jachtgelde, ock allenn Herlichheydenn and Fryheyden. "

In noble hands

Through this sale Gereby came into the possession of Cay von Rantzau zu Klethkamp and was converted into a noble estate in the hands of a knight. At that time, the knight had considerable duties: as an administrative officer, he was responsible for paying taxes to the sovereign, he was also a police and court lord and, in times of war, had to transfer the exile of his district to the sovereign. If a peasant family died out during times of war or plague, the taxes for this farm had to be paid anyway; the knight had to see to it that the land continued to be cultivated. Most of the time, these "wild hooves" were added to the manor. The knight was also able to enlarge his farmland through purchase or exchange: the Gerebyer Hofland, for example, grew from 10 to 34 hooves between 1598 and 1727, while the number of free hooves in this area fell from 31 to 12 at the same time. In order to be able to fulfill his difficult tasks, the knight was endowed with very far-reaching powers. His “subordinates” were not allowed to change their jobs, most of them were serfs, only in Karby there were a few freelancers, mostly craftsmen or tradespeople.

Life as serfs

The serfs had a difficult life. At the age of 6 the ministry began as a “goose boy”, later the serf became a “sheep boy”, for which he received some canvas for clothing and free food. At the age of 12 he already had to work as a "little boy" in the field, for which he received 4 to 5 marks a year. At the age of 15 he became a "big boy" and received 8 marks a year. Later, as a servant or foreman, he could only marry if the landlord gave permission. If he proved himself very well and was lucky, the landlord assigned him a seat (Katenstelle), a quarter, half or full hoof. But the Hufner was not a free owner or tenant either, but only the administrator or beneficiary of the position. He had to be at the farm's disposal every day with several horses and male servants, sometimes with women and maids, and often only found time to order the hooves assigned to him on Sundays or at night. Usually the hoof passed to the son, but the landlord also had the right to remove the hoof. If there was a change of ownership in the manor, the serfs were passed on to the new master like living inventory.

If the serf was not allowed to leave his rule, on the other hand the rule had to take care of him throughout his life, even in case of illness and infirmity and in old age. If a suitor wanted to marry a serf, he had to give himself up to serfdom. Some did this voluntarily because otherwise they had no way of supporting a family. Anyone who tried to flee from serfdom and was seized got a disfiguring burn mark on the forehead or cheek and was later put in prison (in Glückstadt).

Serfdom could be ended by ransom, for which hardly anyone had the necessary money, or by a license from the rulership. Finally, one could also obtain freedom through the statute of limitations if one had fled and was not discovered within a certain period (10 years for married people, 31 years, 6 months and 3 days for single people). As we shall see, the weal and woe of the serfs depended largely on the goodwill of the landlord. Cay von Rantzau, who had bought Gereby in 1539, fell in the Luebian War, and the estate was given to his sons Moritz and Detlev as a fief by King Friedrich II of Denmark. Moritz was married to Barbara Sehestedt; he distinguished himself in several wars and was Duke Adolf's advisor and bailiff to Gottorf and Reinbek. After he died in Lübeck in 1572, his brother Detlev owned the estate alone until he sold it to Johann von Ahlefeld zu Stubbe in 1586 . In addition to Gereby, he also owned Klethkamp and Itzehoe Castle and was bailiff of Oldenburg-Cismar and also advisor to Duke Adolf.

Johann von Ahlefeld had no male heirs, as his son Kai had died as a student in Strasbourg in 1590. His goods went to his daughter Ida, who was married to Detlev von Brockdorf , and finally to their children. In 1598 Gottschalk ("Gosche") von Rathlow, son of Siewert von Rathlow zu Lensahn, acquired the entire estate; this sales contract was confirmed on February 10, 1598 by King Christian IV of Denmark. In 1604 Gosche von Rathlow († 1636) bought the village of Rinkenis, which until then was still owned by the Schleswig cathedral chapter. It was on the banks of the Schlei, between Sundsacker and Kopperby, across from Arnis, which at that time was still a barren, uninhabited island. Although Rinkenis soon ceased to exist, the name can still be found on much later maps and plans, and even today a property belonging to Charlottenhof bears the field name Rinkenis .

The Thirty-Year War

In the following decades the Thirty Years' War raged in Germany, which Schwansen and Gereby did not spare either. In 1625 the Danish king Christian IV (Denmark and Norway) , who was also duke in Schleswig and Holstein, intervened in the war to protect the Evangelicals, but was defeated by the imperialists, who took possession of the whole country up to the northern tip of Jutland . Wallenstein's savage mercenaries plundered the country and took money, grain, cattle, poultry and whatever else they could get from the residents. The ferry was sunk in Missunde, and some villages (for example Loose) were completely abandoned by the residents. In neighboring Ellenberg (across from Kappeln) a soldier was killed in self-defense by the residents in 1628; the responsible sergeant, who was quartered in Olpenitz, then officially ordered the entire village to be looted.

In 1636 Gosche von Rathlow died , and the estate was passed on to his son Wulf Siewert († 1658), who even surpassed his father in the severity of treating his relatives.

In the further course of the Thirty Years' War, Field Marshal Torstenson and his troops of Sweden had appeared in the country in 1643 , and robbery and looting began again. The Swedes did not shy away from kidnapping either. In 1645, for example, the son of the bailiff von Ellenberg was kidnapped from the field and forcefully added to the soldiers. On April 5, 1647, there was a slaughter in Eckernförde: Danish ships had appeared in the harbor and the imperial horsemen in the city ran away while the foot soldiers holed up in the church. When the attackers tried to break the church doors, many of them were blown up by powder spray. After a bitter struggle, the Danes finally remained victorious and put down the entire imperial garrison.

In the following year Christian IV made peace with Wallenstein in Lübeck, but the suffering of the population continued because in the same year a plague wave claimed 500 lives in the city of Eckernförde alone . Schwansen suffered even more in the First Northern War than in the Thirty Years' War (1618/48) , in the fighting between Sweden and the Danes in 1658/60. The Swedish king attacked the Danes, whom Austrians, Brandenburgers and Poles came to the aid. The latter, in particular, lived barbarically, but the Swedes also showed no leniency. What was not stolen was burned. Whoever could fled. Often the people flew so quickly that accidents occurred; For example, the preacher from Sieseby drowned while fleeing over the Schlei in a hurry.

At the Gereby estate, the Swedes had stolen the saddle and (presumably silver-shod) bridle from Junker von Rathlow; then the Poles came and took his seal from him. They also kidnapped a third of the 100 cattle herd and all wagons and plowing implements.

After all these events, it is not surprising that the Gereby estate was heavily in debt when Wulf Siewert von Rathlow died on September 14, 1658. His widow Bertha Katharina b. von Rumohr could not even afford the burial costs, and the proper burial could not take place until 1661, after she had sold jewelry in Eckernförde. The son-in-law Hans von Brömbsen bought the Gereby estate from Wulf Siegfried's widow and co-heir on May 14, 1671 for 34,400 Reichsthalers. In the following year, the pulpits of the churches in Kiel, Rendsburg and Oldesloe called on all Rathlow believers to report; perhaps the buyer feared that parts of the property were mortgaged.

After Hans von Brömbsen died in 1677, his widow Anna continued the Gerebyer Gutswirtschaft until she left the property to her youngest son Hans-Hinrich von Brömbsen for 60,000 Reichsthaler on March 10, 1700. Hans-Hinrich von Brömbsen died in 1717 and left the estate to his son Marquard. Times had meanwhile worsened again; two wars raged almost simultaneously in Europe: the Great Northern War (1700–1721), which deprived Sweden of its great power position in the fight against Russia, Saxony-Poland and Denmark, later also against Prussia and Great Britain-Hanover, and in other areas the Spanish one War of Succession . Although the country was spared direct acts of war, there were costly billeting of all kinds, and above all trade and traffic were so bad that the goods could not sell their products (butter, cheese, ham, bacon, sausages, even cattle). Because of the oversupply in the country, prices plummeted, while taxes were raised considerably at the same time. The result was that a number of goods went bankrupt in 1717/23, including Grünholz, Dörphof and Gereby.

bankruptcy

South side of the so-called. Carlsburg Castle on Mühlenholzer Weg in Karlsburg

A wealthy friend of the von Brömbsen family, Johann Christoph von Hedemann , Vice President of the Court of Appeal in Celle, bought the Gereby estate from this bankruptcy. This new owner had today's castle built. Gereby Castle , built around 1720, is likely to have originally looked very much like it is today. The client had probably taken Gottorf Castle in Schleswig as a model, although it was much larger but had a very similar structure on its front .

Change of ownership

Shortly after the completion of the building, Johann Christoph von Hedemann sold the property back to the previous owner Marquard von Brömbsen, who had recently become his son-in-law. It was a Danish district administrator and in the meantime had lived on his estate in Hohenlieth (southeast of Eckernförde near Altenhof), which he was now leasing. For years he was busy with a problematic process at the Reich Chamber of Commerce in Wetzlar ; in church circles he became known as a poet of a chant. The von Brömbsen family, old Lübeck patricians, were among the staunch supporters of Pietism, a pious religious movement of the time. That is why the Brömbsens were not as tough as their predecessors, the Rathlows. For example, one can see from a document that in 1743 Hinrich Bruns from Celle and Marie Ließchen Holländers from Flensburg volunteered to become serf in Gereby in order to be able to get married. In the meantime the hard times of the Thirty Years' War were long over. Fled serfs were still hunted down, but punishments for those who were arrested no longer seem to have been customary.

In 1737, Marquard von Brömbsen laid out the long avenue of lime trees, which is still visible today and gives the Carlsburger area its character. The following year he set up a joint school in Kopperby for the Gereby and Loitmark estates, after having employed a school teacher in Gereby himself since 1733.

Rinderpest

The rinderpest in 1745 caused serious worries, which also killed people, sheep, pigs and cats.

A daughter of the district administrator of Brömbsen, Anna Sophie, married Johann Christoph Georg von Hedemann on April 1, 1752 , who had just bought the Hemmelmark estate. Death soon put an end to the marriage that had just been established: Anna Sophie gave birth to a child on March 10, 1754 and died nine days later in her parents' home in Gereby, despite the best maternal care. District administrator Marquard von Brömbsen followed his wife, who died in 1756, to the grave five years later. Heir was the son who had the same first name as the father (Marquard von Brömbsen jr.) And was also a Danish district administrator. In contrast to the previous owners, he did not manage the estate himself; He leased it from May 1, 1764 to April 30, 1780 to Bartram Friedrich Jansen from Bienebek, then to Nikolaus Jansen, probably a son of the first tenant. In the lease, the tenant was given the authority to command and punish the serfs. The two wing extensions on the south side of the castle are likely to date from this period: the extension at the east end was the width of three castle windows and contained the tenant's apartment, including a cellar; asymmetrically to this, a narrower wing, twice as long, protruded from today's west door, which closed off the farm yard to the west and contained carriage shed, horse stables, bath house, etc.

Very drastic changes occurred after Landgrave Carl von Hessen bought the Gereby estate on November 5, 1785. Prince Carl was born in Kassel in 1744 and later raised in Göttingen and Copenhagen. At the age of 22 he was a general; In 1766 he married the youngest daughter of the Danish King Frederick V, Princess Louise. Three years later he became governor of the king, who was also Duke of Schleswig, at Gottorf Castle. In 1770, Louise was given the Tegelhof (Ziegelhof) estate, which was renamed Louisenlund after her; Carl had the castle built there - initially only on one level; so it's a good 50 years younger than the Carlsburger. The plan came from the master builder H. von Motz, a close confidante of the landgrave, who also gave an appraisal of the Gerebyer manor in which he suggested tearing down the disfiguring wing extensions; this plan, however, was not carried out until many years later.

From the estate to the village

Abolition of serfdom and parcelling

Carl's most important act was the abolition of serfdom in 1790 (which a memorial stone in the church still remembers today) and the parceling of the large property. In the document that abolishes serfdom, it says, “that all serf members of the Höchsto Gutes Gerebuy, they are Hufener, Käthener, Insten, or whatever they are called, from serfdom and the services, duties and benefits associated with it themselves and their wives, children and descendants, should be set free for ever. ”In this way, the Landgrave was a leader and example among his contemporaries. Nine estates in Schwansen followed this example by 1800. Serfdom was finally abolished by state law in 1805 for all of Schleswig and Holstein, which ended the unworthy manhunts. Prussia did not follow until 1807, southern Germany in 1817/18, the Saxon Upper Lusatia only in 1832, while serfdom was not lifted in Russia until 1863.

In total, of the more than 1200 hectares that comprised the Gereby estate, around 500 hectares were sold to the 27 “parcelists” mentioned, over 400 hectares were leased to the 35 former serfs, and the remaining 300 hectare estate was continued as previously leased to Nikolaus Jansen, who was followed in 1826 by CA Jansen, probably his son.

The French period

When Napoleon began to occupy Europe little by little, the Danes were always on his side. Fearing a surprise landing by the British, they ordered the formation of a coastal militia for Schwansen. All male residents between 20 and 50 years of age had to take part and arm themselves with “pitchforks, scythes, pikes, sabers, swords, muskets, rifles or other weapons.” The common ones were on a cockade made of white and blue ribbon Hat recognizable, while the subordinates and commanders wore a dark blue coat with yellow buttons and a white collar; on the latter there were silver or gold braids, depending on their rank. A regular guard duty along the Baltic Sea coast was set up and a system of alarm poles with attached tar bins was set up; In the event of an emergency, which never occurred, the tar bins were to be set on fire by the guards; on this signal, the church bells were to ring the storm and alert the militia. - In addition, during the years 1805/07 and 1812/14 the population was again plagued with billeting, food deliveries and transport services for the French army.

When Napoleon's star began to decline after the Battle of Leipzig , the allied Germans, Russians and Swedes also turned against Denmark , which was still in league with Napoleon. On December 21, 1813, the Danish King ordered all coffers, money and monetary values ​​to be brought to Middelfart (on Funen) in a safe place. On January 1, 1814, the Schwansener Güter had to provide 100 two-horse wagons in Schleswig to transport the “Victualien-Magazin” (food depot) of the Danish army north. Soon after, Napoleon's opponents found their way into Schwansen. Bread, meat, salt, brandy, oats, hay and straw had to be delivered to the troops again, later shirts, canvas, calf and sheepskins, boots, horseshoes and even horses. The billeting of Swedish hussars, but especially of Cossacks, was uncomfortable for the population, and they let go of everything that seemed valuable to them (“ Cossack winter ”). Similar to all other goods in the area, Gereby suffered damage of over 800 Reichsthalers, a third of which was replaced after peace had returned. Napoleon's defeat and the Danish “national bankruptcy” caused by it brought many goods into difficulties; for example, Olpenitz, Schönhagen and Grünholz went bankrupt. Nevertheless, building activity began soon after the war: after the Karby Church had been thoroughly renovated in 1817/20, the Landgrave had the Gereby Castle rebuilt, as had been planned for years. The tender was issued in 1822, the renovation then probably began the following year. The two side wings extending to the south were demolished, the stairs were completely redesigned and two more entrances were created on the south side, symmetrical to the already existing central door. Finally, the balcony on the second floor was removed on the north side and the one on the first floor was enlarged, supported by columns and provided with a wrought-iron grille that shows the new name of the property: Carlsburg (the still-received invoice for the "Eisengeländer zum Althan on Carlsburg “Comes from March 28, 1826 from master blacksmith Friedrich Kock from Cappeln). Before the wing extensions of the castle were demolished, a new house had of course been built for the tenant. Carl Adolph Jansen entered into the lease on May 1, 1826, and he held the lease until 1874.

After his beneficial work, Landgrave Carl von Hessen , after whom the rest of the old Gereby's farm was named Carlsburg, died at the old age of 92 on August 17, 1836. In 1809, his youngest daughter Louise had married Prince Wilhelm of Schleswig-Holstein who was given the title "Duke of Glücksburg" in 1825 and who was to die in 1831 at the age of 46. His son, Duke Carl, inherited the Carlsburg , Roest and Buckhagen estates at the age of 23 after the death of his grandfather, the Landgrave .

literature

• Helmut Stubbe da Luz : "French times" in Northern Germany (1803-1814). Napoleon's Hanseatic Departments . Bremen 2003. ISBN 3-86108-384-1 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Wolfgang Laur : Historisches Ortsnamelexikon von Schleswig-Holstein , Karl Wachholtz Verlag 1992. See also fr: Gerville in der Normandie .
2. ↑ No receipt

Coordinates: 54 ° 37 '  N , 9 ° 57'  E