History of coastal protection on the German Baltic coast

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The history of coastal protection on the German Baltic Sea coast differs significantly from the history of coastal protection on the nearby North Sea coast . The reason for this is the different topography of the two seas. Since, in contrast to the North Sea coast, there are neither mudflats nor marshland areas, the underwater level drops more steeply and greater water depths reach the coast.

The first evidence of planned coastal protection on the German Baltic Sea coast is available for the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . Coastal protection with the help of dunes has played an important role here since the early 13th century. In Schleswig-Holstein there are first records of coastal protection in the form of dyke construction since 1581. In addition to coastal protection through dunes and dykes, groynes were also widely used from the 19th century.

In 1872 there was a catastrophic storm flood that destroyed many coastal protection works and resulted in increased construction work on the German Baltic Sea coast. Mostly it was about the construction of tough coastal protection measures. Nowadays, in coastal protection, more attention is paid to soft coastal protection measures. Due to climate change , a necessary adaptation of the coastal protection measures on the German Baltic coast is to be expected.

Basics for coastal protection

The lagoon coast near Rügen, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

Today's Baltic Sea coast of Germany has a total length of 2582 km. Of this, 637 km are on the coast of Schleswig-Holstein and 1945 km on the coast of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. In relation to the total length, the coast of Schleswig-Holstein corresponds to 25% and that of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania to 75%. In Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, most of the coast consists of the Bodden coast , which has a length of 1358 km. 40% of the coast in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania is on the mainland , 60% is made up of over 50 islands . Furthermore, the flat coasts clearly dominate. Cliffs make up only 18% of the coastline in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. In Schleswig-Holstein, on the other hand, steep banks comprise around 30% of the coastline.

The German Baltic Sea coast is subject to constant change, which is characterized by the frequent change between cliffs and flat coasts. These coastal changes are not only caused by storm surges , but are also the result of long-term effects at medium water levels. According to the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, storm waters are spoken of in the Baltic Sea when the water levels are increased by 1.5 m. In the case of severe events, the level can rise up to 2 meters, in very severe events it is over 2 m. On the outer coasts of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania there is talk of a severe storm flood from a level of 1.71 m above sea level, on the lagoon and lagoon coasts from 1.31 m above sea level.

Since the tidal influence on the Baltic Sea is largely constant, most of the water level fluctuations are caused by the influence of wind. These short-period, coastal shape-related oscillations of the inland sea of ​​the Baltic Sea are called seiche . The Baltic Sea is constantly shaping its shoreline and balancing the coast through the transport of sediment. The coastline is characterized by the interaction of swell , surf , reef , beach and beach wall formation.

In contrast to the German North Sea coast, the area at risk of flooding on the Baltic Sea coast is relatively small, but there are high concentrations and population figures in the potentially affected areas. In Schleswig-Holstein around a quarter of the land area as a coastal lowland area is at risk in the event of a storm surge without adequate coastal protection. Around 354,000 people are at home in these flood-prone areas. In addition, real assets totaling 48 billion euros are available in the endangered coastal lowlands. Measures to protect the population and property are therefore necessary and effective coastal protection for the economic and living space of the coast is essential. Above all, densely populated coastal cities such as Kiel or Lübeck have a high number of inhabitants and a high potential for damage compared to their area. Because of the narrow development, no flat sloping earth dikes can be built, so that flood protection walls with closable openings for traffic have to be used as an alternative . However, these are associated with high costs.

Display boards on the topic of coastal protection on Schönberger Strand, Schleswig-Holstein.

Coastal flood protection and coastal protection

The term coastal protection primarily includes the protection of people and their property from the destructive attacks of the sea . A distinction is made between coastal flood protection and coastal protection . Coastal flood protection serves to protect the lowland areas from sea flooding by building, reinforcing and maintaining dikes, barrages and other flood protection systems. Coastal protection is used to protect the coasts against bank decline and erosion by building, strengthening and maintaining groynes and safety dams , for example, and by maintaining the foreland of the dike. Coastal protection measures thus serve the basic need of the population to protect the coastal area as an important settlement, economic and cultural area against flooding and irreversible land loss.

The beginnings of coastal protection up to the storm surge in 1872

Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania

Coastal dune overgrown with beach grass in Dierhagen, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

The beginnings of dune construction represent the beginning of systematic coastal protection on the Baltic Sea coast. Its objectives were initially to take precautions against the silting up of waterways and ports and to prevent land losses in front of navigation signs , pilot stations, settlements and agricultural areas. The first documented coastal protection measures on the German Baltic Sea coast emerged in the 13th century. This involved securing the port entrance to the city of Rostock by building dunes. The seaside city of Rostock takes its importance primarily from its port and the wide area of ​​the Rostock Heath , which is washed by the sea. However, these two factors were permanently threatened by the sea, which is why the city went to great lengths to protect them.

In 1423 the first fences were erected on dunes in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania to hold the sand and thus raise the dunes. These consisted of wicker that was anchored in the sand with stakes. In the 16th century, dune building and protection in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania was promoted further by planting pine seeds in the dunes, planting willows , using beach grass to fortify the dunes and obliging the farmers to fertilize and fortify the dunes. In 1579 seeds of the beach grass were verifiably planted in the Warnemünder Ostdüne. A mature dune culture was created in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Seeds and plants were planted together in the dunes, fences were erected for protection and the vegetation made permanent. As a further example, the dunes on the island of Usedom were subjected to a planned dune construction in 1826 . In 1847, in addition to driving, riding, driving cattle and grazing in the dunes, the dune regulations of the Ribnitz Office also expressly prohibited grass and dune grain cutting and beach officers were given the right to impose severe penalties if they were violated . In 1864 the management of the dunes was transferred to the hydraulic engineering administration.

The early beginnings of dyke construction

Dike construction in earlier times. In the 19th century, dyke building was associated with hard physical labor.

The actual dyke construction began around 1581 with the embankment of the Geltinger Noors in Schleswig-Holstein. The location of the dike and its exact shape are no longer verifiable today because it is said to have sunk in one of the storm surges of 1625 or 1694. Nevertheless, it can be seen that beach walls thrown up by the surf formed the starting point for the dyke construction. However, these dikes are at risk due to the natural decline of the beach. Massive foot fortifications and groynes were therefore only effective if the natural sand transport supplied sufficient sediment so that there was no undercutting. In order to be able to preserve all beaches, the sand supply of the coastal aprons was again too low. The negative sand balance also posed problems for the population in protecting the existing cliffs.

Dike construction from the middle of the 19th century

Historic dykes in the provost's office.

From the middle of the 19th century, the construction of the dyke actually began. The second dike in the Geltinger Noors between 1821 and 1828 was more permanent. At the same time, the construction of dykes began in the provost . In 1821 the Wendtorfer dike and the Wischer dike and in 1826 the Barsbeker dike were built. The dyke work in the provost was carried out by village communities, the members of which usually came together voluntarily to form a building community in order to protect their property and themselves. These associations were a preliminary stage of the dike and drainage associations that were later founded. For the construction of the dyke, soil had to be removed from the surrounding area and the work equipment consisted mainly of carts and digging equipment. Therefore, the dykes could not be built much higher than the existing beach walls , so that the dyke protection itself was poor. In 1866, after the incorporation of Schleswig-Holstein into the Prussian state, regional cultural support for increased dyke construction began, through which the following plans were drawn up, partially implemented, but not completed because the storm surge of 1872 destroyed them again:

  • 1866/67 The provost is dyed along the beach wall
  • 1868 The abbey lowlands are dammed
  • 1871 Covering of the northern lake basin on Fehmarn
  • 1871 Covering of Fastensee near Westermarkelsdorf on Fehmarn.

The aforementioned groynes were already in widespread use before this time. In 1843 the first groynes were built on the island of Rügen . Others were built on the island of Ruden and later on the island of Usedom in the years 1859 to 1862. The wooden pile groyne found the most use.

The development of coastal protection measures on the Baltic Sea from 1872 to the middle of the 20th century

After the severe storm surge in 1872, many dunes could no longer withstand the enormous amounts of water. For this reason, increased construction work began along the Baltic Sea coast, in which dykes were built with a grass cover. The Prerow-Pramort sea dike built in 1884 was intended to protect the Darß- Zingst peninsula in particular from storm surges. In addition to dikes with crown heights of up to NN + 5.0m, concrete ceilings were built in Heringsdorf and a stone wall made of granite with a length of 1.3 km in front of Hiddensee .

Wooden groynes in Warnemünde, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

The totality method designed in 1938 is also worth mentioning . Here groynes made of steel sheet pile walls were to be created at a distance of 500 meters on a demolition edge. The large groynes would enlarge themselves with demolition material and thus contribute to the maintenance of the beach, as this would interrupt the coastal current. However, it was doubted that this way really wider and longer beaches could be created. That is why this planned project was never implemented.

From 1950 onwards, the first attempts to build reinforced concrete pile groynes started off the coast of Eckernförde . However, these groynes were never as common as the wooden pile groynes. For this reason, the single-row wooden pile groyne predominates on the Baltic Sea coast to this day, as this form does not weaken the stability due to rust.

Coastal protection measures on the Baltic Sea from 1950 until today

Beach section near Graal-Müritz 1987, coastal protection measures: groynes seaward and dune planting on the land side.

Coastal and flood protection in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania from 1949 to 1990

In 1952, the VP-See (Volkspolizei-See) was formed from the ranks of the FDJ with several thousand members, mostly consisting of trainees such as officer and non-commissioned officers and sailors. These were used in the storm flood in January 1954 when dikes in the coastal sections of Börgerende, between Markgrafenheide and Graal-Müritz, Ahrenshoop and Wustrow, Prerow and Zingst as well as Zempin and Kölpinsee on Usedom were flooded or severely damaged on the Mecklenburg coast. "Land under" was also reported on Hiddensee, Ummanz, Zudar and Mönchgut on Rügen. Low-lying districts in Wismar, Rostock, Warnemünde and Stralsund were also under water. The VP-See fought together with the border police and KVP (Barracked People's Police) against the floods. The first washings from the lake took place in 1968 off Graal-Müritz, the installations on the Schorre . From 1968 to 1991 a total of 6.5 million m³ of sand was washed up by the sea. These sand bodies served to compensate for the negative sediment balance and thus the aim of protecting the banks and creating wide beaches. The sand washes were considered environmentally friendly structures and, in addition to compensating for the coast, served as a source of income for the expansion of gentle tourism. The flat coast of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania was also protected by dunes for 167 km. The sand washes mainly served to preserve the dunes in sections with a recognizable risk of breakthrough in severe storm surges. Between 1972 and 1981 the 2.15 km long asphalt roughing works Vitte was built. The first breakwaters parallel to the coast were built in 1978 near Dranske on Rügen. These stood parallel to the shore line in 2 to 4 meters water depth. Between 1965 and 1983 the expenditure for coastal protection amounted to 250 million marks, in the years 1986 to 1989 the annual expenditure averaged 27 million marks. In 1990, revetments made up the largest part of the bank's longitudinal structures with 50%. In 1990, there were around 900 groynes on the coast of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Of these, 783 were on the flat coasts (87%) and 117 on the steep coasts (13%). In total, around half of the outer coast length of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania will be secured by coastal and flood protection systems by 1990.

Legal basis: Initially, the technical coastal protection tasks lay with the Coastal Protection Office of the Rostock District Council. However, the events of the storm surges of 1954 and 1958 required central decisions about measures in the Rostock district. In the course of restructuring the water management, the Water Management Directorate (WWD) Coast-Warnow-Peene, based in Stralsund, was formed on July 1, 1958 . It was not until the 1st Water Act of the GDR of April 17, 1963 that coastal protection became a public responsibility of the state, due to its supra-regional importance. The sea beach was the property of the people (Journal of Laws of 1 No. 5, p. 77). In 1965, the tasks of technical coastal protection were transferred to the coastal water management department.

Coastal protection in Schleswig-Holstein from 1949 and in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania from 1990

Levees

Historical dike profiles.

In 1963, Schleswig-Holstein drew up a general plan for dike reinforcement, dike shortening and coastal protection , which is regularly updated to reflect the prevailing storm surge water level. As a result of the general plan, 85% of the dikes on the Schleswig-Holstein North and Baltic Sea coasts were reinforced or shortened by dikes.

A distinction can be made between three different types of dike. The target dimensions of state protection dikes (Schleswig-Holstein) are made up of the decisive storm surge water level , the decisive wave run-up height and a climate surcharge. The safety status of the existing dykes is checked regularly, about every 10 to 15 years, with regard to water levels and waves. The dikes that do not meet the respective safety standards are included in a priority list for dike reinforcement.

Dike with dunes on Schoenberger Strand, Schleswig-Holstein.

Regional dikes are defined in Schleswig-Holstein's state water law and have a lower protective effect than state protective dikes. Accordingly, their profile dimensions are designed to be less capable of defense. Regional dykes are generally the responsibility of water and soil associations.

Central dikes form the second line of dikes in Schleswig-Holstein. The ownership of central dikes lies either with the water and soil associations, municipalities or in private hands. The second line of the dike is to be dimensioned, built and maintained in such a way that it is able to contain a possible flooding in the event of the failure of the state protection dike in front.

Sand washes

Steep coast near Niendorf on the Baltic Sea. Cliffs are an important source of sediment for flat coasts.

In order to protect the coasts, sand washes have been carried out since the 1960s , with which the existing beaches are to be increased and widened in order to be able to withstand the stresses of the sea. The first sand flushing in Europe took place in 1951/52 on Norderney (North Sea). Sand flushing is necessary because the German Baltic coast has a negative sediment balance overall. In relation to one year, more material is removed than deposited. A positive or balanced sediment balance is only found on 30% of the Baltic Sea coast in Germany. On the German Baltic Sea coast, it is mainly the steep coasts that are being eroded. In the Bay of Kiel, on Rügen and Usedom and east of Rostock, there is an average erosion of around 20 to 40 cm per year. The cliffs are followed by flat coasts. Depending on the wind and wave conditions, the eroded sands of the cliffs are transported parallel to the coastline and thrown up at a suitable point to form beaches, sand walls and sand hooks. Therefore, the sediments of the cliffs are of enormous importance for the preservation of the flat coasts. Successful shallow coast protection can only take place if the cause of the coastal decline, the natural lack of sediment supply, is addressed. The main priority is to maintain the natural sediment supply of the flat coasts with material from falling cliffs. Coastal protection measures for securing steep banks are therefore only acceptable in exceptional cases. These exceptions are the active protection of closed places near the coast and the prevention of breakthroughs in lagoon landscapes. The undeveloped cliffs are generally not subject to any special protection. Its importance as a sediment supplier for the neighboring flat coast must not be hindered. Interventions mean selective protection, but this has a negative impact elsewhere, as the sediment transport is interrupted.

However, since the natural supply from the steep banks is generally inadequate, the existing sediment deficit has to be artificially compensated in the form of sand washes. The sand required is obtained from the sea floor. The extraction is only carried out from the designated sand deposits, which have previously been extensively explored and checked for suitability. They are in water depths of 10 to 15 meters. Sands built for coastal protection must meet certain requirements. For sands to be extracted, only mixed-grain sediments without organogenic or cohesive components (e.g. silt ) are suitable. Ammunition residues as well as other harmful substances must also be excluded. A sensitive ecosystem is influenced spatially and temporally by the extraction of marine raw materials . For this reason, the environmentally relevant effects are recorded through a series of studies as part of a monitoring process. The knowledge gained from the evaluation is used to minimize future impairments.

However, swell and currents, especially during storm surges, repeatedly lead to the swept up sand being carried away. This means that repeated irrigation is necessary at irregular intervals. The time interval between the repeated flushings must not be selected too short and should be at least 5 years, since the construction site equipment is very complex with sand pre-flushing and the process would otherwise become ineffective. Repeated flushing takes place on average every 6 years on intensively flushed sections. Between 1990 and 2008 on the coast of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania approx. 14 million m³ of sand were washed up over a total length of about 124 km in 78 wash-up measures.

Further coastal protection measures

Furthermore, many breakwaters have been built in the last few decades. They are arranged parallel to the coast and serve to reduce the surf speed on heavily loaded sections, such as on cliffs. These breakwaters cannot be seen on the surface of the water because they are 2–4 meters deep.

Structural longitudinal works such as stone walls and bank walls serve to secure cliff feet on cliffs. On the flat coast sections, revetments, stone walls, embankment walls and, to a large extent, groynes counteract the dynamic water movements through their static mode of action.

Since tourism shapes the economic use of most of the coastal areas on the Baltic Sea, attention has been paid to soft coastal protection since the 1990s. Near-natural, soft coastal protection measures such as sand transport, planting of dunes with grass, conservation and reclamation of the dike hinterland support the hard coastal protection with its technical construction measures. The dead shoring of, for example, artificial revetments such as matting, slab cover, bulk or settling stones can be done with the living shoring z. B. grasses are combined.

Legal basis

Schleswig-Holstein

The responsibilities and tasks in coastal protection are regulated in the Schleswig-Holstein State Water Act (LWG). According to Section 108 of the LWG, the Ministry for Agriculture, Environment and Rural Areas of the State of Schleswig-Holstein (MLUR) is the highest coastal protection authority. As the highest coastal protection authority, it is responsible for overseeing the lower coastal protection authority. The State Office for Coastal Protection, National Park and Marine Protection Schleswig-Holstein (LKN-SH) performs the tasks of the lower coastal protection authority.

The MLUR is responsible for the basic tasks of strategic planning and financing. It defines the target dimensions of the dikes to be observed. The MLUR is also responsible for the planning approval and the planning approval for the construction, removal, reinforcement or essential changes of state protection and regional dikes, safety dams and barriers in the responsibility of the state.

The LKN-SH is responsible for maintaining and monitoring the proper condition of the coastal protection systems, for averting danger and for carrying out aquatic measurements in the coastal waters. Furthermore, the LKN-SH is responsible for the planning approval or planning approval of facilities in the coastal area, unless the responsibility of the highest coastal protection authority is given. The LKN-SH carries out the construction and maintenance tasks incumbent on the state on the state protection dikes, the regional dikes and the structures in these dikes. In the case of coastal protection funding projects sponsored by other institutions, it checks the economic efficiency and appropriateness of the project and approves the funding.

According to the LWG, the principle applies that coastal protection is the responsibility of those who benefit from it, unless the LWG expressly obliges others to do so. The state of Schleswig-Holstein is responsible for the construction and maintenance of the state protection dykes and the regional dykes on the islands and Halligen according to Section 63 LWG. All other regional dikes are to be maintained by the water and soil associations as part of their statutory duties or by the municipalities. In accordance with the principle of the LWG, those in whose interests the project is responsible are responsible for coastal protection measures. Coastal protection measures are carried out, for example, by the municipalities to protect public infrastructure (e.g. promenades, streets, buildings, supply and disposal facilities) or by other third parties, e.g. B. for the protection of private property.

Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania

The relevant legal basis is the state's water law (LWaG). The law determines responsibilities, permissible uses and licensing requirements as well as the continuation of the coastal protection areas that existed before it came into force. Coastal protection is declared a public task, with the duty to protect the coasts being limited to the protection of built-up areas (Section 83 (1)). Responsibility for carrying out coastal protection depends on the respective protective purpose of the coastal protection systems. As a rule, it is assigned to coastal protection associations, which are to be founded according to special statutory provisions. This has not yet happened and so the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania is currently obliged (Section 83 (2)). The construction and maintenance of dykes, which are used exclusively to protect agricultural areas against floods and storm surges, are excluded from the rule of law. This task is incumbent on the existing water and soil associations in the respective association area (Section 83, Paragraph 3). The construction of coastal protection dykes requires planning approval or planning approval, while all other coastal protection measures and the redesign and removal of dykes only require planning approval if an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required (Section 84 (1)).

Further provisions regulate the protection of the dikes and dunes and the use of the beach. The existence of the defined coastal protection areas is of particular importance (Section 136 (1)). There are 32 coastal protection areas on a total of 180 km of coastline. In terms of spatial planning, the coastal protection areas represent reserved areas in which the uses must be compatible with the interests of coastal protection. In the coastal protection areas, measures that go beyond the protection of existing structures and the construction of new structures require a special permit from the water authority responsible for coastal protection (Section 136 (3)).

Climate change on the German Baltic coast

Effects so far

Flood records on the German Baltic coast.

The development of water levels is of great importance for the German Baltic Sea coast. How much the storm surge heights change on the German Baltic Sea coast depends primarily on the rise in sea level and the wind conditions. The wind conditions over the Baltic Sea have so far not changed systematically with climate change, which is why storm surges do not rise any higher than they did 100 years ago. On the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, the mean water level has risen by approx. 14 cm over the past 100 years. Because storm surges today have a higher starting level due to the rise in sea level, high water levels are reached more frequently today. Thus the frequency of storm surges has increased in the last century, this is mainly due to the increase in light storm surges (1 m to 1.25 m above sea level). The water levels of the Baltic storm flood of 1872 have not yet been exceeded at any level on the German Baltic Sea coast.

Possible impact by 2100

On the German Baltic Sea coast, warming of 0.5 ° C to 1.1 ° C is expected within the next 30 years. By the end of the century, warming between 2.1 ° C and 4.8 ° C is to be expected on the German Baltic Sea coast. In addition, climate calculations indicate an increase in precipitation on the Baltic coast, an increase of up to 8% by the end of the century seems plausible. Although the wind climate on the German Baltic Sea coast has not changed systematically so far, climate calculations for the future indicate that the storms can become stronger, especially in winter. Storm speeds on the Baltic coast can increase by up to 14% by the end of the century.

Climate calculations for the future also indicate that the sea level will rise more sharply than before. In the last few decades the global sea level has risen more on average than at the beginning of the last century. So far, no acceleration in sea level rise has been observed on the German Baltic Sea coast. Nevertheless, it can be assumed that the global rise in sea level will also have an impact on the water levels on the southwestern Baltic coast.

It is still uncertain how the changes in the wind can affect the Baltic Sea storm surges. It is certain, however, that the starting level of storm surges on the German Baltic Sea coast will continue to increase with the rise in global sea levels. It can be assumed that storm surges will occur even more frequently in the future, since with rising sea levels, less wind congestion is necessary to raise the water level. Due to the increased water levels, action may therefore arise by the end of the century and coastal protection measures would have to be adapted.

Web links

literature

  • Rolf Meurer: Coastal protection on the Baltic Sea in recent times . In: Rolf Meurer (Ed.): Hydraulic engineering and water management in Germany: past and present . Parey, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-322-80214-0 , pp. 297-303 .
  • Kramer, Johann., Rohde, Hans, Dr.-Ing., German Association for Water Management and Cultural Building .: Historical coastal protection: dike construction, island protection and inland drainage on the North and Baltic Seas. K. Wittwer, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-87919-163-8 .
  • Meier, Dirk: Our Baltic Sea coast landscape and history . Boyens, Heide 2015, ISBN 978-3-8042-1411-8 .
  • Brosin, Hans-Jürgen: On the history of marine research in the GDR. In: Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (Ed.): Marine Science Reports, No. 17. 1996.
  • Pfeiffer, Ingo: Naval Forces of the GDR: Demolition 1950–1990. Norderstedt, 2014. ISBN 978-3-937885-85-8

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Coastal Protection Regulations Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Retrieved January 21, 2018 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Meurer, Rolf .: Hydraulic engineering and water management in Germany: past and present . Parey, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-322-80214-0 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa The Baltic Sea Coast in Climate Change. (PDF) Retrieved February 22, 2018 .
  4. ↑ a b c d Meier, Dirk: Our Baltic Sea coast landscape and history . Boyens, Heide 2015, ISBN 978-3-8042-1411-8 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Kramer, Johann., Rohde, Hans, Dr.-Ing., German Association for Water Management and Cultivation. Historical coastal protection: dyke construction, island protection and Inland drainage on the North and Baltic Seas . K. Wittwer, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-87919-163-8 .
  6. ↑ Risk management as a concept for risk reduction using the example of areas at risk of flooding in Schleswig-Holstein. (PDF) Retrieved December 20, 2017 .
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n General Plan Coastal Protection of the State of Schleswig-Holstein Update 2012. (PDF) Retrieved on December 20, 2017 .
  8. ↑ a b c Kramer, Johann (1978): Coastal protection works on the German North and Baltic Seas. In: The coast 32nd Heide, Holstein: Boyens. Pp. 124-139
  9. ^ A b Hugo Cordshagen: The coastal protection in Mecklenburg: Its history from the beginnings to 1945 . tape 3 . Petermänken-Verlag, Schwerin 1964.
  10. ↑ a b c Ingo Pfeiffer: Naval Forces of the GDR: Demolition 1950-1990 . Miles-Verlag, Norderstedt 2014, ISBN 978-3-937885-85-8 .
  11. ↑ a b c d Ministry for Construction, Rural Development and Environment Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania: General Plan Coastal and Flood Protection Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . 1994, p. 3-108 .
  12. ↑ a b c d Hans-Jürgen Brosin: On the history of marine research in the GDR . In: Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (Hrsg.): Marine science reports . No. 17 , 1996.
  13. ↑ a b c coastal protection in Schleswig-Holstein. (PDF) Retrieved February 5, 2018 .
  14. ↑ a b c d cliffs in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Retrieved January 22, 2018 .