Gustav Julius

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Wilhelm Emil Gustav Julius (born October 8, 1810 in Berlin ; died July 18, 1851 in London ) was a German journalist and revolutionary from 1848/49.

Life

Gustav Julius was the son of the Jewish leather merchant Barthold Julius and his wife Friederike, geb. Sachs . He had three sisters: Johanna , Wilhelmine and Friederike Mathilde Pauline . The father converted to the Protestant faith in 1826, the daughters in 1833 and 1829 respectively. Gustav Julius was baptized in the Nikolaikirche in 1828 . From autumn 1826 to April 1829 he attended the grammar school in the gray monastery . From Easter 1829 to November 1832 he studied theology at the Friedrich Wilhelms University in Berlin. With August Neander he heard a. a. Church history. One of his fellow students was Karl Gutzkow . He also attended lectures by Christian Ludwig Ideler , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Carl Ritter and Friedrich Schleiermacher . From 1834 to 1837 he was the private tutor of four children of the Prussian colonel and landowner Wilhelm von Thümen . For the next few years he was in Italy to restore his health.

His first book publication was his translation The African slave trade and his remedy , which shaped his political convictions. In his pamphlet “On the Elevation of Ecclesiastical Life in the Protestant Church” he came to the conclusion that faith can only be maintained through freedom and without coercion. In April 1842 Heinrich Brockhaus asked Gustav Julius to take over the management of the "Leipziger Allgemeine Zeitung" from November 1842. Johann Jacoby was defended in the newspaper . He published correspondence from Ludwig Buhl . Julius came to the conclusion: “One thing is certain: no government that rules against the press can inspire confidence”. He also published Georg Herwegh's letter to the Prussian king . On December 25, 1842, the newspaper was banned for Prussia. Karl Marx reacted with the article "The prohibition of the LAZ for the Prussian state" in the Rheinische Zeitung . Brockhaus rejected Julius' proposal to Brockhaus to make the paper more resolute in opposition. Julius resigned from the newspaper and wrote his defense in February 1843. The publisher Otto Wigand supported Julius by assigning translations by George Sand and Rousseau as well as by publishing numerous articles in “Wigand's quarterly journal”.

Ignaz Kuranda , the editor of the magazine Die Grenzbote , briefly appointed Julius in 1845 as the magazine's chief editor. Julius' writings on the Prussian sea trading company and the "banking" caught the attention of the head of the Prussian sea trading company Christian von Rother , because in them Julius defended the economic policy of the Prussian government against the criticism of the liberal bourgeoisie. Gustav Julius met with positive interest in founding a new daily newspaper in Berlin. In March 1846 he declared that he did not intend to “undermine the existing constitution”, nor was he “constitutional, republican, socialist, or anything else.” Julius received permission to publish the “Berliner Zeitungs-Halle”. Abendzeitung ”and a loan of 20,000 thalers from the government for the establishment of the newspaper. When the newspaper appeared, reading rooms were opened in October 1846. The financial dependence on the government was already known to contemporaries. For the newspaper hall was also in the national press, such as B. the one advertised in the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung . On August 13, 1847, he published Ludwik Mierosławski 's speech given to the Criminal Senate of the Berlin Supreme Court in the newspaper hall. The Polish trial of 254 defendants was a highlight of the freer reporting. Poland was not lost for Julius. Rather, he defended the basic rights of the accused and the right of Poles to have their own state.

On March 1, 1848, the newspaper hall informed its readers about the February Revolution in Paris and about the demands of the people for freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of petitions and freedom of association. From now on there was daily reports on the progress of the revolutionary events in Germany. The authors of the newspaper included a. Karl Ludwig Bernays , Georg Jung , Theodor Fontane , Hermann Maron a . a. Julius was instrumental in the meeting In den Telten on March 7, 1848, which prepared a petition to the king. On March 18, when fire opened on the unarmed crowd in Berlin's Schlossplatz, Julius was present. A barricade was also erected in front of the newspaper hall at Oberwallstraße 12/13. The military shot two employees and a maid who was looking out the window. Julius himself was neither active nor armed. On March 22nd, in the Berlin newspaper hall, he wrote that Prussian soldiers must be "exterminated, completely exterminated", that "every man of legal age should be a voter and be eligible for election" and that a "Ministry for the investigation and regulation of employment relationships" should be assigned be founded. From March 24, 1848, the motto "Everything for the people - Everything through the people" was added to the title of the newspaper. On April 6, the newspaper hall published the "17 demands of the Communist Party in Germany" of the League of Communists . On June 4, 1848, Julius demonstrated with tens of thousands of Berliners on the Schloßplatz , where the victims of March 18 were laid out. He carried a flag that read "Free Press". Julius described the appointment of General von Wrangel as commander in chief of the troops, the appointment of General von Pfuel as a “project of a bloody coup d'état”. Julius was then to be arrested for insulting majesty and inciting displeasure. Julius had been on the run ever since. On April 27, 1849, he wrote to Karl Marx from Koethen . They met personally during Marx's visit to Berlin in August 1848.

In May 1849 Julius fled to London. There he tried to make a living through newspaper correspondence. Together with Marx he visited the extensive library in the British Museum . On March 1, 1850, he was sentenced in absentia to one year in prison and the loss of the national cockade. On July 18, 1851, he died of a chronic sore throat. On July 24th, Gustav Julius was buried in the cemetery of the German Protestant Church of Savoy in London. Gottfried Kinkel , Julius Faucher and Isidor Gerstenberg spoke at his grave. and Ferdinand Freiligrath and Karl Marx were present.

Publications

Independent publications

  • On the elevation of ecclesiastical life in the Protestant church. A canonical and practical discussion . Leipzig. FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1842. MDZ Reder
  • Defense of the Leipziger Allgemeine Zeitung . Friedrich Otto, Braunschweig 1843. MDZ Reader
  • The Royal Prussia. Sea trade and civil commercial franchise . Otto Wigand, Leipzig 1845. MDZ Reader
  • Sylvester Jordan 's Life and Sorrows. According to his own writings and a few other sources. With Jordan's portrait . Described by Ferdinand Trinks and Gustav Julius. CWB Naumburg, Leipzig 1845 digitized
  • The Jesuits. History of the foundation, expansion and development, constitution and effectiveness of the Society of Jesus .
    • First volume. CWB Naumburg, Leipzig 1845 MDZ reader
    • Second volume. Julius Meißner, Leipzig 1854. MDZ Reader
    • Third volume. Julius Meißner, Leipzig 1854. MDZ Reader
  • Banking, a new ghost in Germany . Otto Wigand, Leipzig 1846. MDZ Reader
  • The banking movements in Germany, continuation of the pamphlet Spuk des Bankgespenstes . L. Fernbach jun. Leipzig 1846.
  • The latest Poland conspiracy and the Poland process . Berendsohn, Hamburg 1848. Digitized
  • The Poland Trial. Trial of 254 Poles (at first instance) accused of high treason by the public prosecutor at the Royal Court of Appeal, at the company for the restoration of a Polish state within the borders of 1772, negotiated in the building of the state prison in Berlin . Edited by Gustav Julius. Hayn, Berlin 1848. Digitized
  • Tax refusal in Prussia . Published by Paul Schettler, Cöthen 1848.

Wigand's quarterly

The border messengers

Berlin newspaper hall

Translations

literature

  • Robert Prutz : Gustav Julius. A contribution to the characteristics of our time . In: German Museum . July - December 1851, Leipzig 1851, pp. 513-529. MDZ reader
  • Adolf Wolff : Berliner Revolutions-Chronik, representation of the Berlin movements in 1848 according to political, social and literary relationships . 3 volumes. Gustav Hempel, Berlin 1851–1854.
  • New necrology of the Germans . 29th year 1851. Weimar 1853, p. 1249.
  • Oliver Michalski: On the history of the petty-bourgeois democratic newspaper “Berliner Zeitungs-Halle” in the pre-March period and revolution . In: Theory and Practice of Socialist Journalism . Leipzig, 16th year, 1988, No. 5. ISSN  0323-3294
  • Heinz Warnecke: Gustav Julius (1810-1851) - Biographical information about a man whom Marx paid his last respects in July 1851 in London . In: Contributions to Marx-Engels research . New series 2000. Argument Verlag, Hamburg 2000. ISBN 3-88619-686-0 , pp. 217-230.
  • Heinz Warnecke: Gustav Julius (1810-1851). Champion for a "free press" . In: Actors of a Change. Men and women of the revolution of 1848/49 . Fides, Berlin 2003. ISBN 3-931363-11-2 , pp. 295-360.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Heinz Warnecke (2003), p. 296 f. and 348 f.
  2. ↑ Karl Gutzow: Berlin memories and experiences . Edited by Paul Friedländer. The New Berlin 1960.
  3. ↑ Heinz Warnecke (2003), p. 297.
  4. ↑ p. 148.
  5. ↑ “Herwegh claims that Prutz published the letter in the 'Leipziger Allgemeine Zeitung'. […] Brockhaus […] had to make do with dismissing the main editor Julius. ”Confidential report by Hermann Friedrich Georg Ebner of January 2, 1843. (Hans Adler (Ed.): Literary Secret Reports. Protocols of the Metternich Agents . Volume I. 1840–1843 . CW Leske, Cologne 1977. ISBN 3-434-00297-9 , pp. 190 f.)
  6. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition . Department I. Volume 1. Dietz Verlag 1975, pp. 291-293.
  7. ↑ “When Kaufmann left the editorial association in 1845, he was replaced by Dr. Gustav Julius († 1852 as a refugee in London) replaced. At Kuranda's express request, however, as his official representative at the 'Grenzboten', Dr. Hermann Jellinek (shot in Vienna in 1848). 'I prefer', "it says in a letter to Grunow," that one thinks that the insignificant Jellinek is my factotum than that the radical Julius counts for it. - The call of the 'border messengers' must not be radical'. "(O. Doublier .:  Kuranda, Ignaz . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 51, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1906, pp. 445–450.) .
  8. ↑ Quoted from Heinz Warnecke (2003), p. 308 and Robert Prutz, p. 521.
  9. ↑ "That Julius is in the Prussian pay and is writing for Rother was already indicated in German newspapers." Friedrich Engels to Karl Marx September 18, 1846. ( Marx-Engels-Werke . Volume 27, p. 48.)
  10. ↑ Allgemeine Zeitung . Augsburg No. 189 supplement of July 8, 1847, p. 1512.
  11. ↑ v. Mieroslawski's speech delivered to the Criminal Senate of the Berlin Court of Appeal on August 5th, 1847 . From the French. (Berlin newspaper hall of August 13, 1847. Jacob Sohn, Posen 1847.)
  12. ↑ The Poland Trial and Heinz Warnecke (2003), p. 314 f.
  13. ↑ Bernays to Marx. After May 20, 1847. ( Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe . Division III. Volume 1, Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1975, p. 338.)
  14. ↑ Heinz Warnecke (2003), p. 333.
  15. ^ Roland Berbig: Theodor Fontane in literary life. Newspapers and magazines, publishers and associations . de Gruyter, Berlin 2000. ISBN 3-11-016293-8 , p. 20 ff.
  16. ↑ Heinz Warnecke (2003), p. 327 ff.
  17. ↑ Heinz Warnecke (2003), p. 331.
  18. ^ Robert Prutz, p. 527.
  19. ^ Official gazette of the Royal Government of Potsdam and the City of Berlin Profiles from August 17, 1848, December 21, 1848, January 12, 1849 and January 26, 1949.
  20. ↑ Neue Passauer Zeitung . No. 23 of January 23, 1849, p. 91.
  21. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Volume 4. Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1981, p. 349.
  22. ↑ Hitzig's Annals of Criminal Law . New episode. Edited by Hermann Theodor Schletter. Volume 20, Leipzig 1850, p. 296.
  23. ↑ Heinz Warnecke (2003), p. 346.
  24. ^ New necrology of the Germans .
  25. ↑ Ferdinand Freiligrath to Isidor Gerstenberg July 24, 1851: “I wish you had been able to not attend the funeral through Julius' sisters. It was too upsetting for her. Cut your crying yourself other hard hearts like a knife through souls. This dog-like dying! "( JA Stargardt . Catalog 703, 2016 No. 86.)
  26. ↑ “Julius was buried about a week ago. I was present at the funeral. The noble Kinkel held a seich over the grave. Julius was the only one in the emigration who studied and moved more and more from idealism to our field. ”Karl Marx to Friedrich Engels July 31, 1851 ( Marx-Engels-Werke . Volume 27, p. 293.)
  27. ↑ Review of The Holy Family by Engels and Marx.
  28. ^ Course of publication: Sample number September 1846, October 1, 1846 to March 17, 1849.
personal data
SURNAME Julius, Gustav
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Julius, Wilhelm Emil Gustav (full baptismal name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German journalist, revolutionary 1848/49
DATE OF BIRTH October 8, 1810
PLACE OF BIRTH Berlin
DATE OF DEATH July 18, 1851
Place of death London