Hamburg Cathedral (Alter Mariendom)

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Coordinates: 53 ° 32 ′ 57.3 "  N , 9 ° 59 ′ 51.7"  E

Hans Bornemann , Archbishop Ansgar from St. Marien Cathedral, original today in St. Petri
Cathedral with St. Petri and St. Jacobi , around 1800
Ruins of the cathedral, 1806
Location in Hamburg
Fragment of the Celsa in the Museum of Hamburg History
Christmas scene from the cathedral's main altar, now in the National Museum in Warsaw
Cathedral Square with a view of St. Petri . The park set up in 2009 with replica Domburg ramparts and pillars.

The Hamburg Cathedral , also known as Mariendom or Alter Mariendom within Hamburg , was a cathedral church that was demolished in 1805. It was originally the seat of the bishopric of the Archdiocese of Hamburg , which was united with the Diocese of Bremen in the 9th century . Bremen became the seat of the archbishop , only one chapter remained in Hamburg and the church kept the name "Dom". After a few previous buildings, a mighty Gothic style church was built in the 13th century . After Hamburg became Lutheran in the course of the Reformation in 1529 , the cathedral formed an enclave of the Bremen archbishopric in the Hamburg city area. At the beginning of the 19th century the church fell to Hamburg and was demolished shortly afterwards.

The Alte Mariendom is named for the Hamburg Cathedral festival of the same name . In the 11th century, traders and craftsmen who had their stalls in the neighboring market looked for shelter in the cathedral during “ Hamburger Schietwetter ”. After the church was demolished, the traders and showmen distributed themselves to the city's marketplaces: the Gänsemarkt , the horse market , the armory market and finally the Großneumarkt . It was not until 1893 that the Heiligengeistfeld was assigned to them as a new location, where the famous folk festival still takes place today.

location

The cathedral was located in Hamburg's oldest settlement area on the Geestrücken between the Alster and Elbe, south of the younger Petrikirche at Speersort . Today the street names Domstrasse and Curienstrasse as well as the - only informally named - Domplatz remind of the former building.

history

Previous buildings

The first church was built around 811 as a mission church for Northern Germany and Scandinavia. However, the bishopric was moved to Bremen as early as 845, two years after the church was destroyed by the Vikings . In Hamburg only the cathedral chapter remained as the local representative of the bishop. The church was destroyed and rebuilt twice in the following two centuries, for the first time in stone under Archbishop Bezelin / Adalbrand 1035-1043. The sequence of the previous buildings cannot be precisely proven archaeologically. The cathedral remained the only church in a wide area until the Petrikirche was founded.

The cathedral chapter exercised church supervision over Hamburg and the Sprengel , which consisted of Dithmarschen and the duchies of Stormarn and Holstein . It could elect the pastors of the city churches in Hamburg and had jurisdiction over the clergy. The canons themselves enjoyed immunity since 834. The cathedral and cathedral chapter were furnished with numerous prebends from farms and villages in the surrounding area, mostly in Stormarn. The canons mostly came from the Holstein nobility or families from the Hamburg upper class.

basilica

Foundation stone of the old Hamburg Cathedral in the Sankt-Marien-Dom in Hamburg

From 1245 a three-aisled basilica was built in the early Gothic style, which was consecrated on June 18, 1329. At the end of the century it was extended by two naves and redesigned into a brick Gothic hall church . This building was essentially preserved until it was demolished in 1806. In 1443 the church received a spire. Another hall was added at the beginning of the 16th century. It closed off the cloister to the north and was first mentioned in 1520 as Nige Gebuwte (New Building). It was probably used as a sermon hall. Later it was named Schappendom , so named after the cabinets (nd. Schappen ) that the Hamburg carpenters later exhibited here. Sales fairs were also held here during the Christmas season. Today's fair, the Hamburg Cathedral on the Heiligengeistfeld , inherited its name from there.

reformation

The Reformation found its way into Hamburg from 1522 . Since 1526 almost the entire citizenry, from 1528 also the city council, had become Lutheran . At the request of the Senate, Martin Luther sent his companion Johannes Bugenhagen to Hamburg. Here he worked out the Protestant church regulations for the city until 1529. The cathedral monastery became Protestant, and Catholic masses were banned. He originally wanted to collect the income from the cathedral and the cathedral chapter in return for annuities and add it to the treasury of the town church, from which preachers and teachers were to be paid. However, he could not reach an agreement with the canons, who in 1529 were not yet part of the Reformation. Many canons then left Hamburg, and the cathedral was even temporarily closed. The dispute, which was also pending at the Reich Chamber of Commerce, could only be settled after the Schmalkaldic War and the Peace of Augsburg . The members of the cathedral chapter had also become Protestant in the meantime. On the mediation of Emperor Ferdinand , the Bremen settlement was concluded in 1561 : The cathedral chapter largely renounced its influence on the Hamburg city church, but retained sovereignty over the cathedral and its income and jurisdiction over the canons.

Since then, the cathedral has formed an enclave in Hamburg that was subordinate to foreign powers until 1648 to the (Lutheran) archbishop-administrator of Bremen. Since the Peace of Westphalia , the cathedral, like the Archbishopric of Bremen, first passed to Sweden , and in 1715 to the Electorate of Hanover . No parish belonged to the cathedral.

Church robbery

Shortly before Christmas (December 20th) 1697, the Hamburg Cathedral was haunted by the group of Nikol List , who were around a dozen sometimes specialized predators and were almost notorious throughout Germany - a gang that was also responsible for the break-ins in a short time the Katharinenkirche in Braunschweig and the spectacular robbery of the Lüneburg church treasure ( Golden Plate ) was responsible. Here they captured silver seals in two nights, fourteen silver pictures, "so Johannis, Petri, Marien, Pauli ... picture in vain silver" represented. The precious stones were broken out of other pieces. A crystal crucifix and another small, a chalice "with a gilded plate" disappeared. The silver was stolen from the misery horn. This deed went down in the history of the cathedral as the robbery of the silver apostles and the large silver crucifix. The latter alone weighed a good 12 pounds and featured a large sapphire. All together weighed 56 pounds.

cancellation

The reputation of the cathedral chapter in the city was bad, not least because of the crumbling houses around the cathedral. The city's first plans to acquire the cathedral property were started as early as 1772, but were not implemented immediately. In 1784, at the urging of the Hanover government, the cathedral chapter sold the valuable cathedral library , which had previously been open to the public , including the Hamburg Bible , which is now part of the world's document heritage . After the death of Pastor Moldenhauer in 1790, the two preaching positions were also saved. The few services that still took place at the cathedral were held by poorly paid candidates . With this, the dilapidated church, which according to the judgment of the taste of the time was regarded as an "enormous, dark, terrible cave", had lost all value for the city population.

After the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss 1803, the Hamburg Cathedral was also secularized and thus fell to the city of Hamburg. The cathedral immunity in the middle of the city, which was incumbent on the Archbishop of Bremen or his political successors, had made the cathedral a foreign body in the middle of the city area, which could no longer be integrated into the city-republican church constitution. With the secularization , its legal basis ceased to exist. In 1804 the demolition was decided and officially justified with the enormous construction load and the reference to the insignificant small cathedral community. There was no interest in the art-historical significance of the cathedral and its precious furnishings. Even the writing View of the Cathedral Church in Hamburg (1804) by Canon Friedrich Johann Lorenz Meyer looks nostalgically at the memories associated with the cathedral, but welcomes the space gained for the city, even if Meyer would have liked to have the Schappendom.

The last service took place in June 1804. Then the first thing to do was to recover the remains of the approximately 25,000 corpses that had been buried in and next to the cathedral over the centuries. In May 1805 the actual demolition began with the lowering of the bells and the removal of the tower. On July 11, 1805, the church and all of its inventory were sold. By the end of 1806 - Hamburg was already occupied by the French - the entire structure had been demolished. Even the foundations were dug up so that the stones and grave slabs could be used as cheap building materials. The original shape of the church can therefore no longer be reliably reconstructed. After all, thanks to the efforts of Philipp Otto Runge, some of the furnishings were salvaged and sold, including late medieval altars from the workshops of Hamburg masters such as Absolon Stumme and Hinrik Bornemann . The remains are now in the National Museum in Warsaw . The Altar of St. Luke from the Office of Painters is still preserved in Hamburg and was allowed to transfer it to the Jakobikirche. Several windows with stained glass from the 15th century were taken over in the newly built Catholic Church of St. Helena and Andreas (Ludwigslust) . Only the Celsa bell (1487), now in the Church of St. Nicolai in Hamburg-Altengamme , has survived.

Reuse of the site

Shard from the shard of Pope Benedict V's cenotaph in Hamburg, terracotta, probably France, 13th century

Between 1838 and 1840 a classicist new building for the Johanneum School of Scholars was built on the site of the Mariendom , which moved there from the medieval St. John's Monastery (at today's Rathausmarkt), which was demolished at the same time. The building designed by the architects Carl Ludwig Wimmel and Franz Gustav Forsmann survived the Great Fire in 1842 , but was destroyed by bombs in the Second World War, together with the Hamburg State and University Library, which was last housed in it. By 1955, the remaining wings of the building and the arcade at Speersort were finally torn down to make room for street extensions. Since then, the completely newly built Domstrasse has led from Speersort over the site of the cathedral to Ost-West-Strasse (today Willy-Brandt-Strasse). The rest of the site, a sandy area, was used as a parking lot for decades. Another use was discussed again and again. Archaeological excavations took place on the site several times (1947–1957, 1980–1987 and 2005–2007). In addition to individual finds, parts of the cenotaph of Pope Benedict V , who died in Hamburg and was deposed in 964, were found.

After protests about the eventually planned development with a modern glass building, this plan was also discarded and in 2007 a public discussion was held on the Internet. As a result, an archeology park was created in 2009 as an interim solution. The otherwise simply designed green area is framed by a walk-on wall made of steel plates, which traces the contours of the Domburg. It was part of a ring wall 140 meters in diameter that protected the first church before the first urban development was built there. 39 white, square benches, which are illuminated from inside at night, mark the locations of the pillars of the five-aisled main hall of the cathedral, of which a single remaining foundation can be seen through a small window in a bench.

In 1893, the St. Marien Church in the St. Georg district , outside the old town, was built as the new Roman Catholic main church of the city of Hamburg. In 1995, after the Archdiocese of Hamburg was rebuilt, it became a cathedral church.

Personalities at the cathedral

Bishops

For the bishops of the Archdiocese of Hamburg see: List of Bishops .

Priests, pastors and vicars

After his demotion to deacon in 964, the deposed Pope Benedict V came to Hamburg Cathedral as an imperial prisoner under the supervision of Bishop Adaldag , where he died. His remains were probably brought to Rome in 988, but his cenotaph was in the cathedral until it was demolished in 1805 .

In the 15th century, two theological lectureships were established at the cathedral, which originally served the theological training of the clergy. After the Reformation, the first lecture ( Lector primarius ) was connected to the position of the Hamburg superintendent , the second lecture ( Lector secundarius ) with the position of a pastor at the cathedral. Well-known pastors or vicars of the cathedral were, for example, Nikolaus Bustorp (1534–1540), Johannes Freder (1540–1547), Paul von Eitzen (from 1548), Henning Conradinus (from 1575) and Johann Heinrich Daniel Moldenhawer (1765–1790). The historian Christian Ziegra was pastor adjuctus and became canonicus minor in 1761 . Johann Otto Thieß was vicar from 1787–1790.

Canons

Among the canons a distinction was made between the younger ( Canonicus minor ) and the older ( Canonicus maior ). The distinction may also have been reflected in the benefices during the Catholic period . In 1499 Heinrich Banzkow was named as a scholastic, in 1550 Johannes Saxonius . Since the Protestant times, the dignity of the canon was no longer necessarily associated with a spiritual office. The last president of the cathedral chapter before secularization was the lawyer Friedrich Johann Lorenz Meyer . He was the last canon still alive when he died in 1844. The smaller benefices were used, for example, to pay church musicians, the teacher Valentin Heins had a vicarie as a Latin teacher at the cathedral school.

For individual canons of the Hamburg chapter: Canon (Hamburg) .

Editors

The owners of the two lectures , of which the first was donated in 1408 by Magister Johannes Vritze and the second in 1430 from the will of Segeberg Stroer, had a special position under the canons . Most of them were professors at the universities of Rostock or Erfurt. These included:

During the Reformation, the first lecture was associated with the position of superintendent :

From 1593 the first lecture remained vacant.

The second lecture was usually connected with the post of cathedral pastor. The lecturer Nikolaus Bustorp was expelled from Hamburg as a Catholic for five years during the Reformation in 1528. After his return he was a Protestant pastor at the cathedral from 1534–1540. The second lecture continued after 1593. However, the work of the editors was hampered by ongoing disputes over jurisdiction and official supervision between the monastery and the Senate. The Lutheran lecturers included Gerhard Grave and Caspar Bussing , whom the disputes even forced to resign in 1707. The last lector secundarius and cathedral pastor was Johann Heinrich Daniel Moldenhawer .

Church musician

The church musicians at and around the Mariendom were often given the dignity of canons. However, their fame as a musician justifies the separate classification. Since the Reformation, however, the cantorat at the Johanneum has been much more important for church music throughout the city. At times both offices were held by one person. Erasmus Sartorius became vicar at the cathedral in 1604, and in 1628 he also took over the cantorat at the Johanneum. The cantor Thomas Selle worked at the cathedral from 1642 to 1663. Friedrich Nicolaus Bruhns was canonicus minor and cantor of the cathedral from 1687 . The music director Johann Mattheson worked from 1715 to 1728 and Johann Valentin Görner from 1756 to 1762. Amandus Eberhard Rodatz was the cathedral's last organist until the secularization in 1803.

Ownership of the cathedral chapter

The cathedral chapter also owned fourteen so-called chapter villages outside of Hamburg. These were lost to the cathedral chapter as a result of the Reformation . The loss of these villages and their transfer to Holstein was finally confirmed in 1648 by the Peace of Westphalia . This included, for example

literature

Web links

Commons : Mariendom (Hamburg)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ So Kurt Dietrich Schmidt: The founding year of the Hamburg Church , in: Journal of the Association for Hamburg History, Vol. 44 (1958), pp. 331–333.
  2. ↑ Materials Reformation in Hamburg pp. 13, 19
  3. ↑ Joachim Lehrmann : Gangs of robbers between Harz and Weser - Braunschweig, Hanover, Hildesheim and southern Lower Saxony, Lehrte 2004, ISBN 978-3-9803642-4-9 , p. 103f.
  4. ↑ Grolle: A thorn in the city's memory: The demolition of the Hamburg Cathedral , p. 5. 11
  5. ↑ Grolle: A thorn in the city's memory: Der Abriß des Hamburger Doms , pp. 12-14
  6. ↑ Grolle: A thorn in the city's memory: The demolition of the Hamburg Cathedral , p. 11
  7. ↑ Grolle: A thorn in the city's memory: The demolition of the Hamburg Cathedral , p. 34
  8. ↑ Hauptkirche St. Jacobi: Kunstschätze , accessed on March 18, 2019.
  9. ↑ HARRI (pseudonym for Harald Richert): The older church bells of the former Bergedorf office . In: Lichtwark booklet No. 69. Verlag HB-Werbung, Hamburg-Bergedorf, 2004. ISSN  1862-3549 .
  10. ↑ Hamburger Abendblatt from January 30, 2008. http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2008/01/30/842263.html
  11. ↑ http://www.hamburg.de/pressearchiv-fhh/1426386/2009-05-06-bsu-domplatz.html Authority for Urban Development and Environment from May 6, 2009: Domplatz opened.
  12. ↑ See Eduard Meyer: History of the Hamburg School and Teaching System in the Middle Ages. Hamburg: Meissner 1843