Hamburg artists

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The Hamburgische Künstlerschaft eV was from 1920 to 1932 an umbrella organization of the Hamburg Artists' Association and the Hamburg Secession, and from 1929 to 1933 the Hamburg district group of the Reich Association of Visual Artists . It then lost its influence and importance.

The Union

Weimar Republic

From May 15 to July 18, 1920, the Kunstverein in Hamburg organized a spring exhibition of the Hamburg artists' association in the Hamburger Kunsthalle . A collaboration between the Hamburg Artists' Association and the Hamburg Secession was only possible because the Secession was granted exceptional special rights. Instead of one jury in the painting and graphics section , there were now two, one of which consisted of members of the Secession. In addition, members of the Secession had to be identified as such in the exhibition catalog. Of the 16 illustrations in the catalog, 8 were assigned to the Secession, although only 17 of the 152 participants in the exhibition belonged to the Secession.

According to Volker Detlef Heydorn , the successful course of the joint exhibition led to the founding of an umbrella organization in autumn 1920, which was given the name Hamburgische Künstlerschaft and entered in the register of associations . Disputes within the Secession led to the resignation of 14 members from the Secession in 1920, most of whom, mostly in 1920, joined the Hamburg Art Association or, according to Maike Bruhns , all of them together founded the Hamburg Art Association . The 14 were Ludolf Albrecht , Lotte Benkert, Willy Davidson , Lore Feldberg-Eber , Fritz Flinte , Fred Hendriok , Paul Henle , Maximilian Jahns , Hugo Johnsson, Ludwig Kunstmann , Alexandra Povòrina , Karl Prahl , Emil Smidt and Heinrich Steinhagen .

The articles of association of the Hamburg artists' association were drawn up on September 23. According to the statutes, the aim of the association was "... the promotion of the fine arts, as well as the general public representation of the artists." On November 1st the association had 247 members. The first chairman of the association was from 1920 to April 1924 the painter and graphic artist Arthur Illies . He was followed from April 1924 to 1930 as 1st chairman by the painter Friedrich Ahlers-Hestermann .

During the preparation of a comprehensive exhibition of the Hamburg artists in the Hamburger Kunsthalle, major differences arose with the Secession in 1927. The secession demanded a separate hanging in its own rooms, which the exhibition management refused. The members of the Secession, with the exception of Ivo Hauptmann, decided not to take part in the exhibition, which was regrettable for the artists because the exhibition wanted to emphasize the need to create their own exhibition space.

After several months of negotiations, the Hamburger Künstlerverband Kartell was founded on February 20, 1929 . The cartel was an amalgamation of all free artists in Hamburg to form an umbrella organization that aimed to influence legislation dealing with art and was also a professional representative. Members of the association were, in addition to the Hamburg Art Association, the Hamburg Art Association , the Hamburg Secession , the Altona Art Association , the Reich Association of Fine Artists , the Writers' Protection Association of Northwestgau and the Association of Hamburg Composers . The chairman was the writer Hans Henny Jahnn .

In the same year, the Hamburg Artists' Association merged with the Northwest Germany Gaugruppe of the Reich Association of Visual Artists and now represented their district group Hamburg. In its areas of work it corresponded roughly to today's professional association of visual artists , but in contrast to this it had funds for social assistance, since She was also responsible for the administration of the funds from the aid for artists , the Prussian Central Cooperative Fund ( Preußenkasse ) and the Reichsbeihilfe , which totaled around 3,000 Reichsmarks (RM) per year. Among other things, it was now possible for her to arrange small loans to artists who provided her with works as security or compensation, which she then partially sold or tried to sell in return for payment. For example, between January 11, 1932 and July 5, 1933, a total of 25 oil paintings , 69 watercolors , 60 drawings and graphics , 15 sculptures and a small number of commercial graphics and works of art were sold by her.

The special concern of the Hamburg artists , the fulfillment of the wish for their own exhibition house, was also a wish of the Kunstverein. The joint efforts were successful. In 1928 the Kunstverein acquired the villa property Neue Rabenstrasse 25/26 in Hamburg-Rotherbaum for 180,000 RM . The renovation costs were estimated at 120,000 Reichsmarks. The Hamburg Senate granted an interest-free loan of 180,000 RM to partially cover the costs. More than 100,000 RM were raised through the acquisition of donations by the Hamburg artists and the art association. For example, the Association of Artists' Festivals donated RM 30,000–35,000. The building was rebuilt according to the plans of the architect Karl Schneider . On May 4, 1930, the building was opened with an exhibition of Hamburg artists. The opening speeches were given by the first chairman of the Kunstverein, government director Robert Johannes Meyer , the first mayor Rudolf Roß and the new first chairman of the Hamburg Art Association, Ludolf Albrecht. The Hamburg artistry was assured by a Senate disposal an exhibition right in the building.

The exhibition committee was divided into factions with different interests. It consisted of two representatives of the umbrella organization Hamburgische Künstlerschaft , two representatives of the Hamburger Künstlerverein , two representatives of the Hamburg Secession and two delegates of the Kunstverein, namely its chairman Robert Johannes Meyer and its managing director, art dealer Hildebrand Gurlitt . The management of the art association, represented by Meyer and Gurlitt, felt the contractual relationship with the Hamburg artists as an obstacle to free decisions. At the meeting of the exhibition committee on January 15, 1932 it came to a break. According to a report on the meeting that Ludolf Albrecht wrote on January 19, the Secession decided that its members would have to leave the Hamburg artists at a time that was entirely at the discretion of the Secession Board. The Secession also rejected the planned exhibition in Cologne as part of the Hamburg Artistic Society , which was the topic of the session. The representatives of the Kunstverein declared that they would not have any opportunity to organize the Cologne exhibition in the manner discussed so far. The chairman of the Kunstverein Meyer emphasized that with the resignation of the "celebrities" he could no longer recognize the Hamburg artists as a representative of the Hamburg artists and thus also had the option of no longer recognizing the Hamburg artists as a contractual partner for the Hamburg art exhibition building. The report goes on to say that Ludolph Albrecht, as the first chairman of the Hamburg Artists' Association, tried to change the mind of the Secession by granting it its own jury, its own hanging committee and separate hanging for the Cologne exhibition, which the representatives of the secession did, however and the Kunstverein was rejected.

German Empire 1933 to 1945

After the seizure of power of the Nazis organized Ludolf Albrecht, of the local chapter of Hamburg since 1929 or 1930 Combat League for German Culture was engaged, the DC circuit of artists associations whose first president he was, as the Gaugruppe northwestern Germany the Reich Association of Visual Artists of Germany , whose District group Hamburg, which was the Hamburg Art Association and the Hamburg Artists Association . At the joint annual general meeting of the Gaugruppe Nordwestdeutschland and Hamburgische Künstlerschaft , chaired by Ludolf Albrecht on April 25, 1933, both associations committed themselves to the Adolf Hitler government and the conformity with the national cultural structure . Corresponding changes in the statutes were adopted, which, among other things, meant the exclusion of Jewish members. In addition, a new election of the board took place. Ludolf Albrecht was re-elected as 1st chairman, and landscape architect Hermann Koenig as 2nd chairman . The election took place in agreement with the local group leadership of the Kampfbund for German culture . The expelled Jewish members of the Hamburg art community included Alma del Banco , Alice Beck, Lore Feldberg-Eber, Paula Gans , Emma Gold-Blau, David Jacob Goldschmidt, Paul Henle, Gerda Koppel , Luis (also Ludwig ) Neu, Anita Rée , Elisabeth Seligmann, Curt Singer, Lola Töpke , Max Weiss , Gretchen Wohlwill , Rudolf Jacob Zeller and Kurt Löwengard , should he not have resigned beforehand. The same with Erich Brill , who was in Amsterdam in 1933. The half-Jewish member Paul Hamann immigrated to Paris in April 1933.

The Reich Chamber of Culture Act promulgated on September 22, 1933 led, among other things, to the establishment of the Reich Chamber of Fine Arts , which resulted in the dissolution of the Reich Association of German Artists . As a result, the Hamburg artists' body , no longer a district group of the Reich Association, lost the funds it had previously received from the aid for artists , the Prussian Fund and the Reich grant. She had to hand over the money she still had from it and the works of art kept as security for loans to the Reich Chamber of Fine Arts .

Federal Republic of Germany

In autumn 1950 the chairman Ludolf Albrecht called all members who could still be reached to a meeting. 123 were asked to get back on board, but not all of them followed the request. Nevertheless, the association had 152 members again in January 1951.

From 1955 to 1995 the sculptor Jürgen Hinrich Block was 1st chairman. Finding exhibition spaces has always been the focus of his efforts. From 1995 the sculptor Gerhard Selle followed as first chairman.

In 2000 the association exhibited in the Ahrensburg town hall. At that point it had only 20 active members, 17 of whom were exhibiting. The biggest problem at the time was finding showrooms. Without exhibition opportunities, the association could not recruit new members.

Members (selection)

  • Friedrich Ahlers-Hestermann (1883–1973), painter, 1st chairman 1924–1930
  • Ludolf Albrecht (1884–1955), sculptor, goldsmith and silversmith, joined 1920, first chairman from 1930
  • Alma del Banco (1863–1943), painter, joined in 1920, expelled in 1933 because of Jewish descent
  • Alice Beck, also Alisah Bak (1884–1974), painter, advertising artist and decorator, expelled in 1933 because of Jewish descent
  • Lotte Benkert (1896–1941), painter, joined 1920
  • Jürgen Hinrich Block (1904–2002), sculptor, joined 1929, 1st chairman 1955–1995
  • Carl Blohm (1886–1946), painter, graphic artist and sculptor, joined in 1931
  • Rolf Böhlig (1904–1979), painter, graphic artist and press draftsman
  • Paul Bollmann (1885–1944), painter and graphic artist, joined in 1927
  • Franz Breest (1871–1931), painter, graphic artist, drawing teacher, joined 1920
  • Erich Brill (1895–1942), painter and journalist, joined in 1920, possibly expelled in 1933 because of Jewish descent
  • Fritz Bürger (1888–1971), painter, sculptor, art historian, joined in 1931
  • Molly Cramer (1852–1936), painter, joined 1920
  • Willi Dahncke (1888–1971), painter, lithographer and cartographer, joined 1951, several years on the board and on the jury
  • Heinz Düllberg (1909–1976), painter and graphic artist, joined in 1958
  • Emma Gertrud Eckermann (1879–1967), painter, graphic artist and art teacher, joined in 1920
  • Lore Feldberg-Eber (1895–1966), painter, expelled in 1933 due to Jewish descent
  • Alphons Ely (1886–1973), sculptor and ceramicist, joined 1920
  • Arnold Fiedler (1900–1985), painter and graphic artist, joined in 1922
  • Otto Fischer-Trachau (1878–1958), painter, graphic artist, interior designer
  • Fritz Flinte (1876–1963), painter
  • Hans Förster (1885–1966), graphic artist, draftsman and writer
  • Paula Gans (1883–1941), painter, expelled in 1933 due to Jewish descent
  • Emma Gold-Blau (1884–19 ??), painter, sculptor and ceramicist, expelled in 1933 because of Jewish descent
  • David Jacob Goldschmidt (1896–1981), painter, expelled in 1933 due to Jewish descent
  • Willem Grimm (1904–1986), painter and graphic artist
  • Willy Habl (1888–1964), painter and graphic artist, joined in 1920
  • Elsa Haensgen-Dingkuhn (1898–1991), painter and graphic artist, member before 1933
  • Paul Hamann (1891-1973), sculptor, draftsman and graphic artist, joining in 1920, 1933 as a half-Jew with a Jewish woman, Hilde Hamann , emigrated
  • Erich Hartmann (1886–1974), painter, joined 1920
  • Ivo Hauptmann (1886–1973), painter, joined 1920
  • Fred Hendriok (1885–1942), painter, graphic artist, draftsman, joined 1920
  • Paul Henle (1887–1962), painter and sculptor, joined in 1920, expelled in 1933 due to Jewish descent
  • August Henneberger (1873–1961), sculptor
  • Wilhelm Hesselbach (1907–1960), painter, joined 1953
  • Eduard Hopf (1901–1973), painter, joined 1950
  • Arthur Illies (1870–1952), painter and graphic artist, joined 1920, 1st chairman 1920–1924, 1951 appointed honorary member
  • Otto Illies (1881–1959), painter and graphic artist, joined in 1920
  • Martin Irwahn (1898–1981), painter and sculptor
  • Maximilian Jahns (1887–1957), painter and graphic artist, joined in 1920
  • Fritz Jansen (1892–1974), painter, graphic artist, joined 1930 (Johann (also Johannes) Friedrich Jansen)
  • Hugo Johnsson, painter, printmaker, decorative painter, joined 1920
  • Irmgard Kanold (1915–1976), sculptor, joined in 1952
  • Heinrich Kasten (1899–1966 or 1970), painter and graphic artist
  • Hugo Eduard August Klugt (1879–1939), painter, graphic artist and sculptor
  • Karl Kluth (1898–1972), painter and graphic artist
  • Hermann Koenig (1883–1961), landscape architect, 2nd chairman from 1933
  • Gerda Koppel (1875–1941), painter, art trader and art school director, expelled in 1933 due to Jewish descent
  • Fritz Kronenberg (1901–1960), painter and graphic artist, joined in 1931
  • Ludwig Kunstmann (1877–1961), sculptor, joined 1920
  • Richard Kuöhl (1880–1961), sculptor, joined 1920
  • Hans Leip (1893–1983), painter, graphic artist, writer, journalist, joined 1920
  • Kurt Löwengard (1895–1940), painter, draftsman and graphic artist, joined before 1925, possibly expelled in 1933 due to Jewish descent
  • Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler (1899–1940), painter, draftsman, graphic artist, craftsman, joined in 1928
  • Helene Lübbers-Wegemann (1875–1958), painter
  • Arnold Lyongrün (1871–1935), painter
  • Emil Maetzel (1877–1955), painter, graphic artist, sculptor and architect, joined in 1920
  • Dorothea Maetzel-Johannsen (1886–1930), painter, joined in 1920
  • Luis, also Ludwig Neu (1897–1980), painter, graphic artist and photographer, joined in 1921, expelled in 1933 because of Jewish descent
  • Alexander Oskar Noah (1885–1968), painter, member before 1933
  • Hans Northmann (1883–1972), painter, joined 1920
  • Ernst Odefey (1882–1964), painter and graphic artist, joined in 1920
  • Emmerich Oehler (1881–19 ??), sculptor, ceramic and porcelain sculptor, joined 1920
  • Karl Opfermann (1891–1960), sculptor
  • Franz Porsche (1898–1970), painter and graphic artist, joined in 1952
  • Karl Prahl (1882–1948), painter and graphic artist
  • Anita Rée (1885–1933), painter, joined in 1920, expelled in 1933 because of Jewish descent
  • Harry Reuss-Löwenstein (1880–1966), painter, commercial artist, journalist, art critic, expelled in 1933 because of Jewish descent
  • Wilhelm Rex (1870–1944), sculptor, joined 1920
  • Otto Rodewald (1891–1960), painter and graphic artist
  • Hannes (Johannes) Runge (1907–1975), painter, graphic artist and restorer, member 1931–1955
  • Amelie Ruths (1871–1956), painter, member, from 1950 honorary member
  • Hans Martin Ruwoldt (1891–1969), sculptor, joined in 1926
  • Reinhold Schaefer (also Schäfer) (1887–1977), painter, theater painter, stage designer, graphic artist, illustrator, joined in 1962
  • Friedrich Schaper (1869–1956), painter and graphic artist, made an honorary member in 1951
  • Gustav Schmid-Goertz (1889–1965), painter and graphic artist, joined before 1933 and 1950
  • Carl Schümann (1901–1974), sculptor, member before 1933 and from 1950 onwards
  • Martin Schwemer (1894–1986), painter and graphic artist, joined in 1920
  • Paul Schwemer (1989–1938, brother of Martin Schwemer), painter, graphic artist and art teacher
  • Meinhard Seeck (1900–1973), painter and graphic artist, joined in 1957
  • Elisabeth Seligmann (1893–1947), draftsman and sculptor, expelled in 1933 due to Jewish descent
  • Gerhard Selle (* 1938), sculptor (student of Jürgen Hinrich Block), joined in 1989, 1st chairman from 1995
  • Linde Selle (* 1944, wife of Gerhard Selle), painter, graphic artist and sculptor, joined 1979
  • Curt Singer (1905–1938), painter and graphic artist, expelled in 1933 due to Jewish descent
  • Will Spanier (1894–1957), painter and graphic artist, joined in 1920
  • Eylert Spars (1903–1984), painter and graphic artist, joined before 1933
  • Karl Spethmann (1888–1944), painter and sculptor, member before 1933
  • Hertha Spielberg (1890–1977), painter, member 1951–1953
  • Richard Steffen (1903–1964), sculptor
  • Heinrich Stegemann (1888–1945), painter and sculptor
  • Heinrich Steinhagen (1880–1948), painter, graphic artist and sculptor, joined in 1920
  • Paul Storm (1880–1951), painter, joined 1950
  • Marianne Syllwasschy-Hansen (* 1938), painter and sculptor
  • Walther Tanck (1894–1954), painter and graphic artist
  • Otto Thämer (1892–1975), painter and graphic artist, joined in 1920
  • Willy Thomsen (1898–1969), painter, draftsman, caricaturist, graphic artist and illustrator
  • Lola Töpke (1891–1945), sculptor, expelled in 1933 due to Jewish descent
  • Otto Tetjus Tügel (1892–1973), painter, writer, musician, actor and dancer
  • Johann Valett (1888–1937), painter
  • Federico Voltmer , also Fritz Voltmer (1854–1921), painter
  • Willi Voss (1902–1972), painter, member before 1933 and after 1953
  • Else Weber (1893–1994), painter
  • Hermann Wehrmann (1897–1977), painter, graphic artist and restorer, joined in 1951
  • Max Weiss (1884–1954), painter and graphic artist, joined in 1920 or 1922, expelled in 1933 due to Jewish descent
  • Friedrich Wield (1880–1940), sculptor, joined in 1922
  • Oskar Witt (1892–1957), painter, sculptor and ceramist, joined before 1933
  • Albert (Christian Friedrich) Woebcke (also Wöbcke) (1896–1980), sculptor, painter and graphic artist, joined in 1920
  • Gretchen Wohlwill (1878–1962), painter, joined in 1920, excluded in 1933 because of Jewish descent
  • Harriet Wolf (1894–1987), painter
  • Hans Wrage (1921–2012), painter and graphic artist, member 1963–1987
  • Johannes Wüsten (1896–1943), painter, draftsman, graphic artist, ceramist, writer, journalist, joined 1920
  • Rudolf Jacob Zeller (1880–1948), painter, expelled in 1933 due to Jewish descent

Exhibitions (selection)

  • 1927: Hamburger Kunsthalle , 193 oil paintings, 69 watercolors and etchings, 45 sculptures, 43 arts and crafts objects and photos
  • 1953: Autumn exhibition, in the skylight room of the Museum für Völkerkunde , Hamburg, 69 works by 32 artists
  • 1957: Spendhaus , Reutlingen
  • 1957: Town house in Freudenstadt
  • 1958: Annual exhibition, Hall of Nations (demolished), Planten un Blomen , Hamburg
  • 1959: Annual exhibition, Hall of Nations, Planten un Blomen , Hamburg
  • 1960: Annual exhibition, Hall of Nations, Planten un Blomen , Hamburg
  • 1961: Annual exhibition, Hall of Nations, Planten un Blomen , Hamburg
  • 1962: Annual exhibition, Hall of Nations, Planten un Blomen , Hamburg
  • 1964: Annual exhibition, Hall of Nations, Planten un Blomen , Hamburg
  • 1967: Annual exhibition, Kunsthaus Hamburg
  • 1970: 50 years of Hamburg artists , Kunsthaus Hamburg
  • 1974: Kunsthaus Hamburg, with a memorial exhibition of Willi Dahncke and Franz Porsche, as well as on the occasion of Heinz Düllberg's 65th birthday in the glass aisle
  • 2000: Ahrensburg , town hall, works by 17 artists

Publications

  • Various exhibition catalogs

literature

  • Annual reports of the Kunstverein in Hamburg 1920–1927. PDF, pp. 9–10, 58. ( PDF file )
  • Hamburg's creative artists in need - formation of a cartel Hamburg artist associations. In: Altonaer Nachrichten. March 18, 1928, p. 7. (digitized version)
  • The Reich Association of German Artists ... and ... the Hamburgische Künstlerschaft eV ... In: Hamburger Nachrichten. Evening edition April 29, 1933, p. 1. (digitized version)
  • Volker Detlef Heydorn : Painter in Hamburg. Volume 1: 1886-1945. Ed .: Professional Association of Visual Artists, Hamburg. Hans Christians Verlag, Hamburg 1974, ISBN 3-7672-0230-1 , pp. 122, 158-160, 172, 177.
  • Volker Detlef Heydorn: Painter in Hamburg. Volume 2: 1945-1966. Ed .: Professional Association of Visual Artists, Hamburg. Hans Christians Verlag, Hamburg 1974, ISBN 3-7672-0277-8 , p. 38.
  • The Hamburg artists . In: Maike Bruhns : Art in the Crisis. Volume 1: Hamburg Art in the “Third Reich”. Dölling and Galitz, Munich / Hamburg 2001, ISBN 3-933374-94-4 , pp. 19-21.
  • Maike Bruhns: Fled Germany - Hamburg artist in exile 1933–1945. Edition Temmen, Bremen 2007, ISBN 978-3-86108-890-5 , pp. 20, 41, 46, 70, 76, 119, 124, 131, 170, 178, 191, 212, 229, 242.
  • Family Rump (ed.): The new Rump. Lexicon of the visual artists of Hamburg . Revised new edition of Ernst Rump's lexicon ; supplemented and revised by Maike Bruhns. Wachholtz, Neumünster 2013, ISBN 978-3-529-02792-5 .

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Annual reports of the Kunstverein in Hamburg 1920–1927 , PDF - pp. 9–10.
  2. ↑ a b The establishment of the “Hamburg Artists” (1). In: Volker Detlef Heydorn : Painter in Hamburg , Volume 1: 1886–1945. Ed .: Professional Association of Visual Artists, Hamburg. Hans Christians Verlag, Hamburg 1974, p. 158.
  3. ↑ a b The foundation of the Hamburg Secession. In: Volker Detlef Heydorn: Painter in Hamburg. Volume 1: 1886-1945. Ed .: Professional Association of Visual Artists, Hamburg. Hans Christians Verlag, Hamburg 1974, p. 100.
  4. ↑ Uta Schoop: Arnold Fiedler (1900–1985) - Eine Künstlermonographie (PDF) Hamburg 2011, p. 56, footnote 321.
  5. ↑ Various artist biographies. In: Family Rump (ed.): The new Rump. Lexicon of the visual artists of Hamburg . Revised new edition of the lexicon by Ernst Rump , supplemented and revised by Maike Bruhns . Wachholtz, Neumünster 2013, ISBN 978-3-529-02792-5 .
  6. ↑ Maike Bruhns: marginalized avant-garde: Becket in the artistic circles of the former Hamburg secession. In: The Raubauge in the city - Beckett reads Hamburg. Edited by Michaela Giesing, Gamy Hartel, Carola Veit , Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-8353-0193-1 , p. 89 (restricted view books.google.de ).
  7. ↑ Hamburg artists and secession (1). In: Volker Detlef Heydorn: Painter in Hamburg. Volume 1: 1886-1945. Ed .: Professional Association of Visual Artists, Hamburg. Hans Christians Verlag, Hamburg 1974, p. 159.
  8. ^ Hamburg's creative artists in need - formation of a cartel Hamburg artist associations. In: Altonaer Nachrichten. March 18, 1928, p. 7. (theeuropeanlibrary.org)
  9. ^ Social activity of the "Hamburgische Künstlerschaft" (1). In: Volker Detlef Heydorn: Painter in Hamburg. Volume 1: 1886-1945. Ed .: Professional Association of Visual Artists, Hamburg. Hans Christians Verlag, Hamburg 1974, p. 159.
  10. ↑ a b The Reich Association of German Artists ... and ... the Hamburgische Künstlerschaft eV .... In: Hamburger Nachrichten. Evening edition April 29, 1933, p. 1 ( theeuropeanlibrary.org digitized version ).
  11. ^ A b Sociopolitical activity of the HK up to 1933 (1). In: Volker Detlef Heydorn: Painter in Hamburg. Volume 1: 1886-1945. Ed .: Professional Association of Visual Artists, Hamburg. Hans Christians Verlag, Hamburg 1974, p. 159.
  12. ^ Third phase of National Socialist cultural policy 1936–1945. In: Volker Detlef Heydorn: Painter in Hamburg. Volume 1: 1886-1945. Ed .: Professional Association of Visual Artists, Hamburg. Hans Christians Verlag, Hamburg 1974, pp. 177–178.
  13. ↑ Hamburg artists and secession (1). In: Volker Detlef Heydorn: Painter in Hamburg. Volume 1: 1886-1945. Ed .: Professional Association of Visual Artists, Hamburg. Hans Christians Verlag, Hamburg 1974, p. 160.
  14. ^ Maike Bruhns: Albrecht, Ludolf. In: Family Rump (ed.): The new Rump. Lexicon of the visual artists of Hamburg. Revised new edition of Ernst Rump's lexicon; supplemented and revised by Maike Bruhns. Wachholtz, Neumünster 2013, p. 11.
  15. ↑ Uta Schoop: Arnold Fiedler (1900–1985) - An artist monograph. (PDF) Hamburg 2011, p. 226, below.
  16. ↑ Maike Bruhns: Fled from Germany - Hamburg artists in exile 1933–1945. Edition Temmen, Bremen 2007, ISBN 978-3-86108-890-5 , pp. 20, 41, 46, 70, 76, 119, 124, 131, 170, 178, 191, 212, 229, 242.
  17. ↑ From the establishment of the Reich Chamber of Culture to the Hitler speech at the 1936 Reich Party Congress. In: Volker Detlef Heydorn: Maler in Hamburg. Volume 1: 1886-1945. Ed .: Professional Association of Visual Artists, Hamburg. Hans Christians Verlag, Hamburg 1974, p. 172.
  18. ↑ Hamburgische Künstlerschaft exhibits in Ahrensburg - A thank you to the sculptor Block . In: Hamburger Abendblatt. September 28, 2000.
  19. ^ Exhibition watercolors and sculptures by Jürgen Hinrich Block . On: myheimat.de , 2009.
  20. ^ Jürgen Wittern: A painter in Meiendorf - Willi Dahnke . In: Rahlstedter Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur 2002. S. 8 (PDF-S. 10)
  21. ^ Carsten Meyer-Tönnesmann : Kasten, Heinrich. In: Family Rump (ed.): The new Rump. Lexicon of the visual artists of Hamburg. Revised new edition of Ernst Rump's lexicon; supplemented and revised by Maike Bruhns. Wachholtz, Neumünster 2013.
  22. ^ Box, Heinrich. In: Volker Detlef Heydorn: Painter in Hamburg. Volume 3: 1966-1974. Ed .: Professional Association of Visual Artists, Hamburg. Hans Christians Verlag, Hamburg 1974, ISBN 3-7672-0290-5 , p. 130.
  23. ↑ or 1958 according to the National Library
  24. ^ Exhibitions , art association in Reitlingen
  25. ^ Exhibitions at the Kunsthaus Hamburg
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